Alpha.odt

Alpha Low nutrients makes nitrogen for others Aerobes Unusual intracellular extensions (prostheca) Azospirilium Ag important, symbiotic relationship with sugarcane, tropic grass Rhizobium Nitrogen to legumes, alfaha (N2 ---> NH4) Makes amino acids and proteins Nitrobacter 1st step convert ammonia...

Alpha Low nutrients makes nitrogen for others Aerobes Unusual intracellular extensions (prostheca) Azospirilium Ag important, symbiotic relationship with sugarcane, tropic grass Rhizobium Nitrogen to legumes, alfaha (N2 ---> NH4) Makes amino acids and proteins Nitrobacter 1st step convert ammonia (NH3) ----> into nitrites (NO2) Nitrosomonas 2nd step breakdown nitrites more (No2) into nitrate (NO3) Use inorganic chemicals as energy source Co2 only carbon source Pathogenic Alpha Agrobacterium Tree tumor Bartonella Cat scratch fever – bite, scratch, licking open wound Rickettsia Obligate intracellular parasite – rocky mountain fever Wolbachia Causes zika, doesn’t harm human/animal affects the egg development Male mosquitoes released to counteract Brucella Parasite – zoonose – from raw dairy/products Coccobacillius – treated with antibiotics Brucella abortus – spontaneous abortions in ungulates All 50 states free in domesticated animals (vaccine) Herds in Yellow Stone monitored Beta Low levels of nutrients Thiobacillus Soil bacteria that recycles sulfur using hydrogen. Miners with leach pads Zoogleal Sewage – flock and sink (good) Sphacontus Sewage – flock and float (bad) Pathogenic Beta Burkholderia – use to be in gamma B. cepacia – best known Uses 100 different organic molecules for energy Infect medical equipment and drugs Bordetella aerobic – very fastidious B. Pertusiss – whooping cough Niesseria Fimbriae attach to mucus membranes 2 human pathogens N. gonorrhea – 2nd most common STD/STI Infect mucus of urogenital (oral/anal) Conjunctiva – moms pass to babies at birth if untreated Can cause PID (pelvic inflammatory) N. meningitis – causes meningitis Attacks the meniges and spinal cord Stick neck/coma/fever College students and kids Gamma Largest and most diverse group. All shapes/sizes/arrangements/metabolic path HUMAN PATHOGENS!!! Ribosomal studies done to differentiate between serovars Because of this there are now five subgroups of Gamma Purple sulfur Obligate anaerobes – uses hydrogen sulfide --> sulfur granules not 02 Do not need oxygen – in hot springs ect Intracellular pathogens Facilitative intracellular parasites. Reproduce inside/outside host. Legionella – difficult to grow Does in water, streams, AC units, hot tubs L. pneumophilia – vets got sick at conference, 25 died it was linked to AC unit Coxiella burneti – obligate intracellular pathogen Causes Q fever Zoonose – ranchers/vet/slaughter house workers Methane Oxidizers Methane is carbon source Facilitative anaerobes Three families: Enterobacteriaceae (enterics) Human intestines, ferment sugar, produce protein bacteriocins Can inhibit other bacteria Vibrionaceae Found mostly in aquatic habitats – untreated water/brackish water Pasteurella Pathogen of domestic animals Cepsis in cattle/fowl, cholera in chicken, other birds pneumonia Haemophiles Enterics Escherichia coli Work horse of micro, fecal contamination – can cause UTI 0157:H7 – deadly – hemolytic uremic syndrome (RBC/Kidney failure) Wash your fruits and veggies Salmonella Almost all are pathogens. Two species but many serovars (variants) These are in the intestines of animals S. bongori – in reptiles and the chickens/onto eggs S. enterica – warm blooded animals 2500 serovars. Must do a serology test to see the difference. Typhimurium – not a species but a serovar (salmonella enterica serovar typhus) Causes typhoid fever – lives in the gall bladder. Shingella Only takes a little bit to infect a lot a bit 450,000 cases per year Happens a lot in day care and to travelers Oral/fecal route Can cause dysentery (blood stool) Yersinia 2 types Y. enterolitica – found in domestic animals Undercooked pork Fever/diarrhea/abdominal pain – mistaken for appendicitis Y. pestis – bubonic plague/black death Killed millions in middle ages Ticks vectors ---> rodents resivours Three kinds Bubonic – golf ball sized lymph nodes Septicemia plague – blood pooling in skin and organs – gives black appearance Pneumonic plague – worst spread from human to human – droplet Cronobacter Recall to formula in 21-22 Caused meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants Nosocomial infections from Gamma E. aerogenes UTI’s respiratory infections, soft tissue, osteomyelitis, endocarditis Serratia marcescens Infection from respiratory equipment, poor cath care, can also be in sterile solutions. Proteus P. uulgaris and P. mirabilis – most commonly found, not the most common to infect. B. Vibrionales Found in aquatic habitats V. cholera Causes cholera Bacteria causes enterotoxins in intestines (rice water stool) Large amounts of diarrhea causing: Severe dehydration, hypervolemic shock C. Pasteurellaes Pathogen in domestic animals – haemophiles H. influenza – causes earaches, bronchitis, pneumonia in small kids 5. Pseudomonadales Not normally animal/human pathogenic but very opportunistic! Breakdown 80 different organic compounds (plastic/rubber/oil) Universal carbon source Medical concern Becoming resistent to antibiotics Now able to grow on antiseptics P. aeruginosa Major cause of nosocomial infection Especially to burn and wound pts Causes mortality and morbidity in cystic fibrosus pts. Epsilon Campylobacter – causes campylobacteriosis Animals/animal products to humans Microaerophilic and comma shaped Cross contamination of cutting boards C. jejuni – foodborne pathogen – food poisoning C. fetus – spontaneous abortion in domestic animals Heliobacter H. pylori – causes stomach ulcers/stomach cancer Non-proteobacteria (gram -) Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) It is bacteria not algae (eukaryote) Photosynthetic and nitrogen fixing Huge o2 output Heterocyst – enzymes that fix N2 --->NH4 Pond scum Green sulfur bacteria and green non-sulfur bacteria Do not provide 02 Use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) instead of H2O and produce sulfur granules instead of O2 2(H2S) +Co2 ---> light---> (Ch2O) + H20 + 2S Non proteobacteria Gram + They are classified by DNA composition of base pairs Low G-C ratio = Firmicutes High G-C ratio = Actinobacteria Firmicutes Low G-C ratio Clostridium Produce endospores and toxins Are obligate anaerobes Most are soil organisms C. tetani (tetanus) Neuotoxins cause painful muscle spasms Can cause death Vaccine to prevent – no cure C. botulinum (botulism) Neuotoxins that block nerve functions Respiratory and muscle paralysis, loss of muscle tone. Dermatology can used purified for botox and migraines. C. perfrigens (gas gangrene) Found everywhere Bacteria growing emit gas and cytotoxins that damage the body/tissue/cells and blood vessels C. difficile (C. Diff) Produce enterotoxins Antibiotics kills all the good c.diff takes over Hard to get rid of Bacillus Gram + Rods endospore forming facultative anaerobes non-motile B. anthracix (anthrax) Zoonose infection Animals become infected by breathing or eating spores in soil/plant/water Humans become infected by spores in cuts/scrapes/breathing from infected animals Lactobacillus No spores Aerotolerant anaerobe Acidophils Sour food – pickles/yogurt L. acidophilus Probiotics Staphlyococcus Grape like clusters Gram + Cocci Tolerates high osmotic environments (salt/sugar) On skin/nasal passages S. aureus (antibiotic resistant MRSA) Food contamination – toxins in food Oppurtunistic in wounds Nosocomial infections Streptococcus Two types A & B Complex – responsible for more infections and disease than any other Group A S. Pyogenes Aerotolerant Found in skin/throat Produces hemolysis, toxins and extracellular enzyems Causes – parayngitis, tonsilitis, scarlet fever, strep, toxic shock, bacteremia Group B S. agalactia Facultative anaerobe Found in digestion and vagina Prouduce few virulent agents Causes – mastitis in cattle, severe neonatal infections, UTI’s, pneumonia and endocarditis Enterococcus Formerly Strep D E. faecalis Nosocomial infection like UTI’s and wounds Found in root canal Listeria L. monocytogenes (listeriosis) Food borne pathogen Very serious to pregnant woman Cannot eat sushi, deli meat, unpasteurized products Babies get listeria from mom in utero Mycoplasm No cell wall DNA related to Gram + Pleomorphic Like a fried egg M. pneumoniae Walking pneumonia Arthritis in goats M. hominis Urogential infections and complications of pregnancy 2. Actinobacteria – High G-C Ratio Common source of antibiotics Obligate aerobes – facultative anaerobes Capable of nitrogen fixation Fresh dirt smell Streptomyces S. aurofaciens ----> chlortetracycline S. rimosis ----> tetracycline S. griseus ---> streptomyocin S. erythraeus ----> erythromycin S. venezulae ---> chloramphenicol Mycobacterium Waxy walls, acid face, very slow growing M. tuberculosis (TB) Tubercules of connective tissue surround bacteria (white death) M. leprae (leprosy – hansen’s disease) Still around today 200 cases per/yr Causes: disfiguring, circulatory problems, nerve damage Treatable Miscellaneous Chlamydia Obligate intracellular bacteria (STD) Some can cause trachoma and pneumonia C. trachomatis Cause of chlamydia Goncocal urethritis Trachoma in newborns (blindeness) Spriochetes Spiral with axial filaments Move like drill, free living, water environments, various o2 requirements Borrelia b. burgdorferi (lymes disease) Tick ----> deer ----> humans Bullseye rash Fever joint pain, neuro issues Treponema T. pallidum (syphilis and yaus) Syphilis 1st stage Sores on genitals/rectum/mouth Sores heal 2nd stage Damage to nerves/eyes/heart Yaus – infects skin/bone/joints/hand swelling