Alpha Q Anatomy PDF Past Paper

Alpha Q Anatomy This is Alpha Q Anatomy file for final exam you will get most of the questions from here and work on these Questions Carefully because you will have situational MCQ questions in Exam. #1: Location of the motor cortical center:  The motor cortical center is located in the pr...

Alpha Q Anatomy This is Alpha Q Anatomy file for final exam you will get most of the questions from here and work on these Questions Carefully because you will have situational MCQ questions in Exam. #1: Location of the motor cortical center:  The motor cortical center is located in the precentral gyrus (also called the primary motor cortex) of the frontal lobe, in the left hemisphere of the brain, specifically in the motor area (Brodmann area 4). The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, hence the paralysis of the muscles on the right side of the body. #2: Anatomical formations related to the sense of smell: 1. Peripheral olfactory brain: The peripheral olfactory system consists of the olfactory epithelium, olfactory receptor neurons, olfactory bulb, and olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I). 2. Central olfactory brain: The central olfactory brain structures include the olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, and olfactory cortex, specifically the piriform cortex, amygdala, and parts of the entorhinal cortex. #3: Anatomical structures of the stria-pallid system:  The stria-pallid system involves several key structures, including: o Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) o Globus pallidus (internal and external segments) o Subthalamic nucleus o Substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata) o Thalamus (motor relay nuclei) o Cerebral cortex (involved in motor and emotional regulation) #4: Cavity of the telencephalon: 1. The cavity of the telencephalon is the lateral ventricles. 2. The anatomical structures of the telencephalon cavity include the lateral ventricles, foramen of Monro, and surrounding structures like the caudate nucleus, putamen, and corpus callosum. #5: Anatomical and functional explanation of speech issues: 1. The patient likely has a Broca’s aphasia (expressive aphasia), which is due to damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. This area is responsible for speech production. 2. The motor center for speech articulation is located in Broca’s area, located in the posterior part of the frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 44, 45) of the left hemisphere. #6: Visual dysfunction in occipital lobe damage:  The occipital lobe houses the visual cortex, which processes visual information. Damage to the occipital lobe impairs visual processing, leading to visual dysfunctions such as blindness or visual field deficits. The pupillary reflex is controlled by the midbrain (especially the Edinger- Westphal nucleus), which can remain intact despite damage to the occipital lobe. #7: Subcortical center and extrapyramidal pathway: 1. The subcortical center of vision is located in the superior colliculus of the midbrain, while the subcortical center for hearing is in the inferior colliculus. 2. The extrapyramidal pathway for visual and auditory reflexes involves the tectospinal tract, which originates in the superior colliculus and affects motor responses to visual and auditory stimuli. #8: Outcome of obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius:  The aqueduct of Sylvius (cerebral aqueduct) connects the third and fourth ventricles. Obstruction can lead to hydrocephalus, a condition where cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulates in the ventricles, causing increased intracranial pressure. #9: Brain region damaged in the patient with changes in fingers, nose, and ears:  The patient likely has damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus (related to the growth hormone regulation), specifically in the somatotrophic centers. Acromegaly can result from excessive growth hormone secretion. #10: Premature puberty and epithalamus tumor: 1. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland, which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle via melatonin. A tumor could disrupt hormonal regulation and lead to precocious puberty. 2. The structures that make up the epithalamus are the pineal gland, habenular nuclei, and the stria medullaris. #11: Pupillary reflex and its pathway: 1. The pupillary reflex involves the midbrain, particularly the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Light entering the eye stimulates retinal ganglion cells, sending signals to the optic nerve and then to the pretectal area of the midbrain, which then communicates with the oculomotor nerve to constrict the pupil. 2. The nerve that constricts the pupil is the oculomotor nerve (CN III), originating from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus located in the midbrain. #12: Morphological structures of the diencephalon that belong to the limbic system:  The structures of the limbic system in the diencephalon include: o Thalamus (specifically the anterior thalamic nuclei) o Hypothalamus (including the mammillary bodies) o Fornix and cingulate gyrus #13: Cisterns of the subarachnoid space:  The cisterns of the subarachnoid space include:  o Cisterna magna o Pontine cistern o Interpeduncular cistern o Cerebellopontine cistern o Lumbar cistern #14: Motor pathways and spinal cord columns: 1. The motor pathways involved in central paralysis include the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract) and the extrapyramidal pathways (such as the rubrospinal and reticulospinal tracts). 2. These pathways primarily pass through the lateral and anterior columns of the spinal cord. #15: Cranial nerve nuclei located in the pons:  The pons houses the nuclei of several cranial nerves, including: o Trigeminal nerve (CN V): Sensory and motor nuclei o Abducens nerve (CN VI): Motor nucleus o Facial nerve (CN VII): Motor and sensory nuclei o Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII): Sensory nuclei Let's address each question one by one: #16 Cranial Nerve and Branches Checked  Cranial Nerve: Trigeminal nerve (V).  Branches: o Ophthalmic nerve (V1): Checked at the supraorbital notch. o Maxillary nerve (V2): Checked at the infraorbital foramen. o Mandibular nerve (V3): Checked at the mental foramen. Determining Pressure Points  Supraorbital notch: Located above the orbit, palpated on the forehead.  Infraorbital foramen: Found below the orbit, about 1 cm beneath the lower eyelid.  Mental foramen: Located on the chin, about 2 cm below the lower lip. #17 Lacrimal and Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Trigeminal Nerve Lesions  Lacrimal Gland: The trigeminal nerve (V) provides sensory innervation to the lacrimal gland. Its parasympathetic fibers, via the facial nerve (VII), control tear production. Damage to V1 or V2 can affect sensory input to the lacrimal gland, leading to dry eyes.  Salivary Glands: The parasympathetic fibers controlling the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands travel with the mandibular nerve (V3) through the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve. Damage to the mandibular nerve can disrupt these fibers, leading to reduced salivation. #18 Fracture of Lower Jaw and Nerve Damage  Nerve Involved: Inferior alveolar nerve (a branch of the mandibular nerve, V3).  Anatomical Explanation: The inferior alveolar nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the chin, lower lip, gums, and teeth. A fracture of the mandible, especially around the body of the jaw, can compress or damage this nerve, leading to loss of sensation in the affected areas. #19 Facial Paralysis Due to Mumps (Infectious Parotitis)  Nerve Involved: Facial nerve (VII).  Anatomical Explanation: The facial nerve passes through the parotid gland, and inflammation of the gland during mumps can compress or damage the facial nerve. This leads to facial muscle paralysis, particularly on the side of the affected gland. #20 Facial Muscle Paralysis After Hypothermia  Nerve Involved: Facial nerve (VII).  Paralysis of Muscles: o Frontalis (loss of forehead folds). o Orbicularis oculi (inability to close eyes tightly, widening of palpebral fissure). o Zygomaticus major/minor (sagging of cheeks, drooping of mouth corner). o Buccinator (drooping of mouth corners). Functional Disorders: The facial nerve innervates all muscles of facial expression. Hypothermia can cause damage to the facial nerve, leading to paralysis of these muscles and functional disturbances. #21 Facial Nerve Branches and Incision Locations  Facial Nerve Branches Involved: o Temporal branch: To the forehead and temples. o Zygomatic branch: To the muscles around the eyes. o Buccal branch: To the cheeks and upper lip. o Marginal mandibular branch: To the lower lip and chin. o Cervical branch: To the platysma muscle. Incision Areas: These branches' areas correspond to the fan-shaped incisions along the facial nerve's distribution. #22 Oculomotor Nerve Lesion and Symptoms  Muscles Involved: o Levator palpebrae superioris (upper eyelid ptosis). o Sphincter pupillae (mydriasis, pupil dilation). o Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique (divergent strabismus due to paralysis). Anatomical Basis: The oculomotor nerve (III) innervates these muscles. Damage causes ptosis (upper lid drop), mydriasis (dilated pupil), and strabismus (misalignment of the eyes). #23 Structure of the Auricle  The auricle (pinna) consists of: o Cartilage: The outer framework made up of elastic cartilage. o Skin: Covers the cartilage and is continuous with the skin of the face and neck. o Lobule: The soft lower part, lacking cartilage. o External auditory canal: The tube leading to the eardrum. #24 Cranial Nerve Nuclei in the Pons  Nuclei in the Pons: o Trigeminal nerve (V): Sensory nuclei (principle sensory, spinal nucleus), motor nucleus. o Abducens nerve (VI): Motor nucleus. o Facial nerve (VII): Motor nucleus and sensory (nucleus of solitary tract). o Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII): Vestibular and cochlear nuclei. #25 Brain Damage in Occipital Lobe and Pupillary Reflex  Visual Disturbances: The occipital lobe processes visual information, so lesions here lead to visual disturbances like blindness or visual field deficits.  Pupillary Reflex: This reflex is mediated by the midbrain, specifically by the pretectal area and oculomotor nerve. If the occipital lobe is damaged, it does not affect the pupillary reflex, as this pathway is independent of visual processing. #26 Valsalva Maneuver in Upper Respiratory Tract Infections   Why Not Recommended: The Valsalva maneuver increases pressure in the upper respiratory tract, which can force infected material into the middle ear or sinuses, worsening inflammation or causing infection spread. It can also exacerbate a blocked Eustachian tube. #27 Bone Landmarks for Rib Counting and Thoracic Organs 1. Anterior Chest: o Clavicle (top), Sternum (middle), Costal arch (formed by ribs 7-10), Ribs 11-12 are floating and do not contribute to the costal arch. 2. Sternum Angle: The angle forms at the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum and corresponds to the second rib. 3. Posterior Chest: o C7 (at the base of the neck), T1-T12, and scapular angle. 4. Scapular Angle: It usually aligns with T7 and the 7th rib. #28 Absence of Xiphoid Process in Child  The xiphoid process may not fully ossify in a 4-year-old child, which is normal. Full ossification occurs around the age of 40 years. #29 Most Mobile Part of the Spinal Column  Cervical Spine: The cervical vertebrae allow the greatest range of movement, especially rotation and flexion/extension, due to their structure and the presence of intervertebral discs that facilitate movement. #30 Physiological Curves in the Spine 1. Curves: o Cervical curve (lordosis). o Thoracic curve (kyphosis). o Lumbar curve (lordosis). o Sacral curve (kyphosis). 2. Formation of Curves: o The cervical curve develops when the baby starts lifting the head.  o The lumbar curve develops when the baby starts walking. The thoracic and sacral curves are present at birth. #31 Carotid Tubercle Location  Carotid Tubercle: This tubercle is located on the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra (C6). It is also known as Chassaignac's tubercle. Pressing on this area helps to compress the carotid artery, which can temporarily reduce bleeding in emergencies. #32 Bones of the Lower Limb Girdle and Fusion Age  Bones of the Lower Limb Girdle: The pelvic girdle consists of the ilium, ischium, and pubis. These three bones fuse to form a single hip bone (coxal bone).  Fusion Age: The complete fusion of these three bones typically occurs around the 16-18 years of age. #33 Sensory Organs Disrupted by Temporal Bone Injury  Sensory Organs Affected: o Hearing: The cochlea and auditory ossicles (located in the petrous part of the temporal bone) can be affected, leading to hearing loss. o Balance: The semicircular canals and vestibule (also in the petrous part) may be damaged, resulting in balance disorders. #34 Endocrine Gland Visible in Lateral Projection of Sphenoid Bone  Gland: The pituitary gland.  Formation: The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, a saddle-shaped depression at the base of the skull. #35 Hole and Nerve Damage in the Upper Jaw 1. Name of the Hole: The hole is the infraorbital foramen. 2. Channel Ending at This Hole: The infraorbital nerve, a branch of the maxillary nerve (V2), passes through this foramen to innervate the upper lip, wing of the nose, and part of the cheek. #36 Cavity of the Upper Jaw and Communication with Nasal Cavity 1. Cavity of the Upper Jaw: The cavity is the maxillary sinus. 2. Communication with Nasal Cavity: The maxillary sinus communicates with the nasal cavity through the semilunar hiatus located in the middle meatus of the nasal cavity. #37 Damaged Bone Formation in Lower Jaw Trauma  Bone Formation Damaged: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which connects the mandible to the temporal bone. This joint's injury can lead to pain, swelling, and dysfunction, as described in the case. #38 Canal Passing Through the Body of the Lower Jaw  Bone Canal: The mandibular canal.  Openings: The mandibular canal opens at the mental foramen (on the external surface of the mandible) and the mandibular foramen (on the internal surface, for the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels). #39 Bones of the Skull with Air Cavities  Bones with Air Cavities (Sinuses): o Frontal bone (frontal sinus) o Maxillary bone (maxillary sinus) o Ethmoid bone (ethmoidal sinuses) o Sphenoid bone (sphenoidal sinus) #40 Orbit Connections  With the Anterior Cranial Fossa: Through the optic canal (for the optic nerve).  With the Middle Cranial Fossa: Through the superior orbital fissure (for oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves).  With the Lower Nasal Passage: Through the nasolacrimal duct (draining tears from the eye into the nasal cavity).  With the Pterygopalatine Fossa: Through the inferior orbital fissure (for the infraorbital nerve and vessels). #41 Spread of Pus into the Orbital Cavity in Acute Ethmoiditis   Anatomical Rationale: The ethmoid sinuses are very close to the orbit. Inflammation (like ethmoiditis) can easily spread to the orbital cavity through the thin bony septa between the ethmoid cells and the orbit, causing orbital cellulitis or other complications. #42 Structures Limiting the Pituitary Fossa  Limiting Structures: o Superiorly: The diaphragma sellae (a dura mater structure). o Anteriorly: The sphenoid bone and sella turcica. o Posteriorly: The clivus (part of the occipital bone). o Laterally: The cavernous sinuses. o Inferiorly: The pituitary gland. #43 Damaged Anatomical Formation with Blood and Air Bubbles  Anatomical Formation Damaged: The antral communication (between the maxillary sinus and the oral cavity).  Explanation: After tooth extraction, the root of the tooth might have perforated into the maxillary sinus, leading to an air passage between the sinus and the oral cavity. The air bubbles are an indication of a sinus-oral communication. #44 Nasal Septum Bones and Openings 1. Bones Forming the Nasal Septum: o Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. o Vomer. o Cartilage (septal cartilage). 2. Openings: o Anteriorly: The external nares (nostrils). o Posteriorly: The choanae (openings to the nasopharynx). #45 Curves of the Spinal Column 1. Role of Curves: The curves of the spine help to absorb shock, distribute mechanical stress, and maintain balance in the upright position. 2. Physiological Curves: o Cervical lordosis (develops as the child lifts the head). o Thoracic kyphosis (present at birth).  o Lumbar lordosis (develops as the child starts walking). o Sacral kyphosis (present at birth). 3. Pathological Curves: o Scoliosis: Lateral curvature of the spine, often idiopathic or caused by congenital deformities. o Kyphosis: Excessive outward curvature of the thoracic spine, often due to degenerative conditions or poor posture. o Lordosis: Excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine, often caused by obesity or muscle imbalances. #46 Connections and Types of Joints in the Spinal Column 1. Connection of Vertebral Bodies and Arches: 2. 1. The vertebral bodies are connected by intervertebral discs, which act as symphyses (cartilaginous joints). 2. The vertebral arches are connected by ligaments and facet joints (synovial joints). 3. Connection of Spinous, Transverse, and Articular Processes: 4. 1. Spinous processes: Connected by interspinous ligaments and the supraspinous ligament (ligamentous connections). 2. Transverse processes: Connected to adjacent transverse processes by intertransverse ligaments. 3. Articular processes: Connected to each other via synovial joints (facet joints), which allow for movement between vertebrae. 5. Connection of Articular Processes: 6. 1. The articular processes (superior and inferior facets) of adjacent vertebrae are connected by synovial joints (facet joints), allowing for gliding movements and rotational movements of the spinal column. #47 Fontanelles in a Newborn Skull 1. What are Fontanelles? 2. 1. Fontanelles are soft, flexible regions on a newborn's skull where the bones have not yet fused. They are membranous connections between the bones of the skull, allowing for flexibility during birth and subsequent brain growth. 3. Fontanelles, Their Number, Topography, and Closure Time: 4. 1. Fontanelles: 1. Anterior fontanelle: Located at the junction of the frontal and parietal bones. It is diamond-shaped and the largest fontanelle. It typically closes around 18-24 months of age. 2. Posterior fontanelle: Located at the junction of the parietal and occipital bones. It is triangular and smaller than the anterior fontanelle. It usually closes around 2-3 months of age. 3. Sphenoidal fontanelles: Located at the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones, just lateral to the anterior fontanelle. These close around 6 months of age. 4. Mastoid fontanelles: Located at the junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital bones. These close around 6-18 months of age. #48 Movement Axes of the Spinal Column in Healthy Individuals  In a healthy person, the spinal column moves around three axes: 1. Vertical Axis (Rotation): The spinal column rotates around the vertical axis, allowing for twisting movements (e.g., turning the head). 2. Transverse Axis (Flexion/Extension): This axis allows for bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of the spine. 3. Sagittal Axis (Lateral Flexion): The spinal column can also bend laterally (side-to-side movement). #49 Ligaments Crossed During Spinal (Lumbar) Puncture  During spinal puncture, the needle passes through the following ligaments in sequence: 1. Supraspinous ligament: Located over the spinous processes. 2. Interspinous ligament: Between adjacent spinous processes. 3. Ligamentum flavum: A strong ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae. After passing through these ligaments, the needle enters the epidural space and then reaches the dura mater to access the subarachnoid space for spinal anesthesia. #50 Shapes of the Chest Based on Body Type  The shape of the chest is influenced by a person's body type and skeletal structure. The common constitutional shapes of the chest are: 1. Ectomorph: A narrow, long, and thin chest with less overall body mass. 2. Mesomorph: A more muscular and balanced chest, wider and well-proportioned. 3. Endomorph: A broad, rounded chest, often associated with higher fat deposits and a larger overall body type. Each chest shape affects the position and movement of the organs inside the thoracic cavity, and can influence surgical planning or clinical assessments (such as interpreting X-rays or ultrasound). Question Part #1 The patient has a hemorrhage in the area of the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere of the brain.During the examination, it was discovered that the muscles on the right half of the torso were paralyzed. Question: Name the location of the motor cortical center #2 The patient complained about the lack of smell. Upon examination of the nasal cavity, no defects were found. The patient earlier had a brain injury with impaired olfactory centers Question: 1.Name anatomical formations of the peripheral olfactory brain.  2.Name the anatomical formations of the central olfactory brain #3 The stria-pallid system regulates complex motor acts, muscle tone, vegetative functions, and emotions. The main movements of young children are influenced by impulses from the pallidum, which controls the tone and motor activity of the muscles. With the development of the striatum, emotional manifestations (laughter and smile) appear, statokinetic functions become more complicated, and the movements of the limbs are coordinated. Question: Describe the anatomical structures of the stria-pallid system. #4 During the operation, the surgeon entered the cavity of the telencephalon Question: 1.What is the cavity of the telencephalon 2.Name the anatomical structures of the telencephalon cavity #5 The patient understands speech addressed to him, but cannot speak himself. The general condition is good, there is no physical weakness. The muscles associated with speech production and their innervation are intact (not involved in the pathological process). Question: 1. Give an anatomical and functional explanation of the clinical picture. 2.Name the location of the motor center of speech articulation. #6 Why does a patient have visual dysfunctions when the brain is damaged in the occipital lobe? Question: Give an anatomical explanation #7 When in rainy weather we see dirt suddenly flying out from under a car wheel in our direction, we automatically try to dodge it. Or, having heard an unexpected, sharp beep from a car while crossing the street, we reflexively, before we even have time to understand, jump to the side. Give an anatomical explanation of the projection pathway, which carries out an unconscious motor reaction in response to visual and auditory stimuli. Question: 1.Where is the subcortical center of vision and hearing located? 2. Name the extrapyramidal pathway that carries out visual and auditory reflexes #8 A patient has an impassable aqueduct of Sylvius as a result of the development of a brain tumor. Question: What could be the outcome of obstruction of the aqueduct? Give anatomical justification. #9 As a result of the development of a brain tumor, the patient experienced an increase in the size of his fingers, nose and ears Question: Which part of the brain is damaged? Give an anatomical explanation #10 The girl showed signs of premature puberty. During her examination, a tumor was discovered in the epithalamus region. Question: 1. Give an anatomical explanation for premature puberty 2.Name the structures that make up the epithalamus. #11 When the brain is damaged in the region of the occipital lobe, where the cortical end of the visual analyzer is located, the patient experiences visual disorders, but the pupillary reflex not disappeared (constriction of the pupil of the eye in the light) Question: 1.Give an anatomical explanation for the pupillary reflex 2. Name the nerve that constricts the pupil , its nucleus, and location. #12 The limbic system is a morphological substrate that controls a person’s emotional behavior and controls his general adaptation to environmental conditions. Removing part of the limbic system in an experiment leads to emotional passivity of the animal, and stimulation leads to hyperactivity. The limbic system triggers eating behavior and creates a sense of danger Question: 1.Name the morphological structures of the diencephalon that belong to the limbic system #13 X-ray examination of the central nervous system allows you to see the brain of a living person without opening the skull. To do this, air or an inert gas is introduced into the subarachnoid space by suboccipital puncture of the cerebellocerebral cistern, which, spreading through the subarachnoid space, creates a light background. Against this background, the shadow of the brain becomes visible. At the same time, the basal cisterns of the subarachnoid space are identified. Question: Name the cisterns of the subarachnoid space #14 When neurons in the cerebral cortex and motor pathways are damaged, central paralysis (loss of motor function) or paresis (weakening of motor function) occurs. Central paralysis is characterized by increased tone of paralyzed muscles, increased tendon reflexes, and the presence of uncontrolled small movements, since these pathways carry not only conscious motor nerve impulses that provide control of the skeletal muscles of the trunk and limbs, but also inhibitory impulses from the cerebral cortex to the neurons of the motor nuclei anterior horns of the spinal cord. Central paralysis with damage to these pathways is due to the lack of an inhibitory effect on the segmental apparatus of the spinal cord. Question: 1. Name these pathways, 2. In which columns of the spinal cord do they pass? #15 The patient complains to the neurologist about poor coordination of movements. The examination revealed focal damage to the pontine nuclei, including the olivary nucleus, which is the intermediate nucleus of balance. Question: The nuclei of which cranial nerves are located in the pons, determine their topography. #16 To check the function of one of the cranial nerves, the neurologist presses his fingers on the areas of the face corresponding to the supraorbital notch, infraorbital and mental foramina. Question: which cranial nerve and which of its branches are checked by this technique? How to determine the points of digital pressure of the branches of this nerve? #17 With lesions of the trigeminal nerve (V pair), various disorders of autonomic functions occur. Of diagnostic significance is the absence of tear production and dry eye when the optic nerve is damaged, and impaired salivation when the mandibular nerve is damaged. Question: Give an anatomical explanation for the dysfunction of the lacrimal and salivary glands when the branches of the trigeminal nerve are affected. #18 In a patient with a fracture of the body of the lower jaw, there is a violation of the sensitivity of the skin of the chin and lower lip, the mucous membrane of the gums and teeth. These clinical manifestations indicate the possibility of compression or damage to which nerve. Question: Give topographical and anatomical explanation. #19 A child suffering from infectious mumps (inflammation of the parotid gland) developed a complication in the form of paralysis of the facial muscles. Question: What nerve damage is this associated with? Give an anatomical basis for the development of this complication in infectious parotitis. #20 After hypothermia, the patient developed paralysis (loss of motor function) of the facial muscles of the left half of the face with the following symptoms on the affected side: smoothing of the frontal folds, widening of the palpebral fissure, sagging cheeks, drooping of the corner of the mouth, inability to close the lips tightly Question: Inflammation of which nerve and its branches caused the appearance of such symptoms? Paralysis of which facial muscles led to such functional disorders? #21 For purulent processes on the face, incisions are made from the external auditory canal in a fan-shaped manner along the branches of the “greater crow’s foot” of the facial nerve (up to the temporal region, forward to the corner of the eye, to the wing of the nose, to the corner of the mouth, down to the corner of the lower jaw and along its bottom edge Question: Name the groups of branches of the facial nerve, taking into account the topography of which incisions are made. #22 A patient with damage to the oculomotor nerve has a triad of symptoms described: drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), dilated pupil (mydriasis), and divergent strabismus. List the muscles that make up the auxiliary apparatus of the eye and name the sources of their innervation. Question: Give an anatomical basis for the appearance of the listed symptoms in this patient. #23 In cases of violation of the structure of the auricle, otoplasty is performed, which involves surgical intervention affecting the cartilaginous and soft tissues of the auricle. Otoplasty can be aesthetic or reconstructive. The first changes only the shape of the auricle, the second sets itself a more complex task - creating a completely or partially absent auricle. Question: 1. Describe the structure of the auricle. #24 The patient complains to the neurologist about poor coordination of movements. The examination revealed focal damage to the pons nuclei Question: Which cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pons, determine their topography. #25 When the brain is damaged in the occipital lobe, does the patient experience visual disturbances, but the pupillary reflex remains intact? Questions.Give an anatomical explanation #26 The Eustachian tube patency test is named after the Italian anatomist Antonio Valsalva (1666-1723). The procedure aims to increase pressure in the upper respiratory tract so that air can pass through the Eustachian tubes into the middle ear cavity. The Valsalva maneuver is an attempt to exhale forcefully while the mouth and nose are pinched and the vocal cords are closed. Question: Why is it not recommended to do this exercise for colds of the upper respiratory tract? #27 To determine the serial number of the rib in clinical practice, certain bone landmarks are used. On the anterior surface of the chest, such landmarks are the clavicle, sternum, costal arch, and on the posterior surface of the chest - the spinous processes of the seventh cervical, all thoracic vertebrae, and the lower angle of the scapula. To determine the projection of the thoracic cavity organs onto the chest wall and localize the pathological process on the chest, bone landmarks are used in clinical practice. Question: 1. Sequentially from top to bottom, name the bony landmarks on the anterior surface of the chest along the sternum line, which ribs form the costal arch, which ribs are not part of the costal arch 2. Determine the formation of the sternum angle and which rib it corresponds to 3. Sequentially name the bony landmarks on the posterior surface of the chest along the midvertebral line. 4. Name the level of location of the angle of the scapula in relation to the vertebrae and ribs #28 In a 4-year-old child, a chest x-ray shows the absence of the xiphoid process. Question: Is this a manifestation of a developmental abnormality? #29 It is known that the range of movements in each part of the spinal column is not the same. Question: 1. Name the most mobile part of the spinal column (explain why). #30 In a newborn, the spinal column has the appearance of a dorsally convex arch without physiological bends. Question: 1.What physiological curves of the spine do you know? 2.When the formation of curves of the spinal column in a child occurs. #31 In case of bleeding in the head area in an emergency situation, it was possible to temporarily reduce it by pressing the carotid artery to the “carotid” tubercle. Question: Where exactly is this tubercle located? #32 Due to the upright posture, the human pelvis acquired a supporting function for the lower extremities and, as a result, it was necessary to connect the three bones of the lower extremity girdle into a single pelvic bone. Question: Name the bones of the lower limb girdle. At what age does their complete fusion occur? #33 When the temporal bone is injured, its integrity is disrupted and, as a consequence, the functioning of certain sensory organs. Question: Which sensory organs have been disrupted and in what part of the temporal bone are they located? #34 On radiographs in the lateral projection of the sphenoid bone, the structures between which one of the endocrine glands is located are clearly visible. Question: What kind of gland is this and in what formation is it located? #35 If the upper parts of the anterior surface of the body of the upper jaw are damaged (in the area of ​ ​ the hole located here), damage to the nerve passing through it is possible and, therefore, disruption of the innervation of the upper lip, wing of the nose, etc. Questions: 1. What is this hole called? 2. Which channel ends with this hole? #36 During the removal of the fang, it turned out that the tooth root was located in the cavity of the upper jaw. Questions: 1.Name the cavity of the upper jaw. 2. How does it communicate with the nasal cavity #37 A 35-year-old man consulted a traumatologist with complaints of impossible movement of the lower jaw. He cannot eat or talk due to pain in the temporomandibular joint. On examination, there is swelling and hematoma in the cheek area. Question: What bone formation is damaged? #38 When the body of the lower jaw is fractured, damage to the lower alveolar nerve occurs, in which there is a violation of the sensitivity of the skin of the chin and lower lip, the mucous membrane of the gums and teeth. Questions: Name the bone canal that passes through the body of the lower jaw and its openings, their location. #39 Pneumatization of bones reduces the mass of the human skull while maintaining its strength. Question: Name the bones of the skull that have cavities inside filled with air. #40 In clinical practice, communications between the orbit and neighboring areas are of great interest, since pathological processes can spread from the orbit and back along these paths. Questions: Name the connections of the orbit - with anterior cranial fossa - with the middle cranial fossa - with the lower nasal passage - with pterygopalatine fossa #41 The patient was admitted to the otorhinolaryngology department (ENT department) in serious condition with a high fever. Upon examination, a diagnosis was made of acute ethmoiditis (inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid bone). Despite the treatment, a purulent inflammation of the orbit on the right developed after a few days. Question: Give an anatomical rationale for the path of spread of pus into the orbital cavity. #42 In clinical practice, knowledge of the size and shape of the sella turcica is very important for diagnosing diseases of the pituitary gland. For this purpose, the sagittal and vertical dimensions of the pituitary fossa are measured on x-rays and its shape is assessed, which correlates with the shape of the skull (dolicho-, brachy-, mesocranial). Question: Name the anatomical structures limiting the pituitary fossa #43 A patient was admitted to the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery with blood with air bubbles coming out of the alveolus of an extracted tooth in the upper jaw. When you exhale through your nose, pinched with your fingers, the air whistles out of the dental alveoli. Question: What anatomical formation is damaged? Give a topographic-anatomical explanation for this complication? #44 Nasal breathing problems may be associated with a deviated nasal septum, which requires surgical treatment. Questions: 1) List the bones that form the nasal septum. 2) What openings open the nasal cavity in front and behind? #45 The human spine has curves that distinguish it from the spine of other animals and are associated with the vertical position of the body and upright posture. The functional significance of the bends is very great. Questions: 1.What role do the curves of the spinal column play? 2.Name the physiological curves of the spinal column and the time of their formation, their topography 3. What pathological curves of the spinal column do you know, what is the reason for their formation. #46 In healthy people, the spinal column, although it is the support of the body, is very flexible and has great mobility. This is facilitated by elastic intervertebral discs, the structure of the vertebrae and their articular processes, the ligamentous apparatus, as well as a large number of joints, the movements in which throughout the entire spinal column are, as it were, summed up. The spinal column contains all types of joints: continuous, semi-joints and discontinuous (joints). Questions 1. Name how the vertebral bodies and arches are connected, the type of connection 2. Name how the spinous, transverse and articular processes of the vertebrae are connected, the type of connection 3. Name how the articular processes of the vertebrae are connected, the type of connection # 47 The skull of a newborn has a number of significant differences compared to the skull of an adult, which must be taken into account in clinical practice. The bones of the base of the skull are separated by layers of cartilage; sutures are not formed. The most characteristic feature of a newborn’s skull is the presence of fontanelles located in the widened spaces between the bones of the arch in certain places. Thanks to this, the bones of the cranial vault can move, which is important during childbirth. Determine the topography of the newborn's fontanelles. Questions: 1.What are fontanelles? Name this type of connection 2. Name the fontanelles, their number, determine their topography and closure time # 48 In some diseases, in particular ankylosing spondylitis, significant deformation of the vertebrae and their joints occurs. They become inactive, and sometimes even completely lose the ability to perform any movements. With this disease, the spinal column becomes fused into one bone block, and the patient is unable to turn his head, bend over, or even move independently. Question: Around what axes does the spinal column of a healthy person move? #49 When performing spinal (lumbar) anesthesia, the puncture needle passes between the spinous processes of the vertebrae in a strictly sagittal plane to the epidural space (between the periosteum of the spinal canal and the dura mater of the spinal cord). Question: Name sequentially the ligaments that the needle passes through during a spinal puncture #50 The constitutional forms of the chest are in accordance with the shape and position of the organs of the chest cavity. Therefore, individual differences in the shape of the chest should be taken into account by the general practitioner when examining patients (determining the boundaries of organs), correctly assessing radiographs, computed tomograms, and interpreting the results of ultrasound examinations (ultrasound). Thoracic surgeons take into account the shape and size of the chest when choosing surgical approaches. Question: Name the shapes of the chest depending on the body type.