All Chapters Review For Final Exam PDF

All Chapters in Class Review Review Week 1- Week 14 Topics and answer the following Questions Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1.1 Matching Questions Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 1) Thoracic cavity. 2) Cranial cavity. 3)...

All Chapters in Class Review Review Week 1- Week 14 Topics and answer the following Questions Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1.1 Matching Questions Figure 1.1 Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 1) Thoracic cavity. 2) Cranial cavity. 3) Abdominal cavity. 4) Vertebral cavity. Match the following cavities and organs: A) Cranial B) Pelvic C) Abdominal D) Thoracic Stomach. Heart. Uterus. Brain. Lungs. A) Integumentary B) Nervous C) Skeletal D) Muscular Provides the force to move bones about their joints. Responds to environmental changes by transmitting appropriate electrical impulses. Provides a rigid framework to support the body and stores minerals such as calcium. Prevents water loss, entry of germs into the body and synthesizes vitamin D Match the following systems to their functions: A) Immune B) Endocrine C) Lymphatic D) Cardiovascular E) Digestive System F) Urinary System Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. A functional organ system which provides a means of protecting us from foreign invaders. Picks up and cleans excess fluid from tissues. rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces removes nitrogen-containing metabolic waste in urine. Match the following systems and organs: A) Urinary B) Endocrine C) Digestive D) Cardiovascular E) Respiratory Arteries, veins, heart. Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. Kidneys, bladder, ureters. Match the following regional terms and common terms: A) Patellar B) Thoracic C) Brachial D) Gluteal E) Cephalic Arm. Buttock. Head. Knee (anterior aspect). Chest. Match the regional/directional terms and examples: A) Lateral B) Proximal C) Anterior D) Distal E) Medial The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. The lungs are ________ to the heart. The fingers are ________ to the wrist. The navel is ________ to the spine. 1.3 Multiple Choice Questions 1) Histology would be best defined as a study of ________. A) cells B) tissues C) cell chemistry D) the gross structures of the body 2) The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy. A) microscopic B) gross C) developmental D) systemic 3) A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________. A) complex tissue B) organ system C) organ D) complex cell 4) The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) body erect B) arms at sides C) palms turned posteriorly D) thumbs pointed laterally 8) A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________. A) body temperature regulation B) regulating glucose levels in the blood C) enhancement of labor contractions D) blood calcium level regulation 9) Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? A) a transverse cut just above the knees B) two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves C) any sagittal plane except in the midline D) any cut dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions 10) Which of the following organs or structures would be found in the left iliac region? A) appendix B) stomach C) liver D) intestines 11) Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli? A) muscular B) lymphatic C) immune D) nervous 12) Choose the correct anatomical topic and definition that is correctly match A) Gross anatomy: study of structures visible to the eye. B) Microscopic anatomy: study of structures too small to be seen by the naked eye. C) Cytology: study of the cell D) Embryology: study of the changes in an individual from conception to birth. E) All of the above 13) Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________. A) the lowest possible energy usage B) a relatively stable internal environment, within limits C) a static state with no deviation from preset points D) a dynamic state within an unlimited range, depending on circumstances 14) In which body cavities are the lungs located? A) pleural, ventral, and thoracic B) mediastinal, thoracic, and ventral C) pleural, dorsal, and abdominal D) pericardial, ventral, and thoracic 15 Which of these is NOT part of the dorsal cavity? A) cranial cavity B) thoracic cavity C) spinal cord D) vertebral cavity 21) Which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance? A) It is considered the cause of most diseases. B) The internal environment is becoming more stable. C) Positive feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed. D) Negative feedback mechanisms are functioning normally. 23) The dorsal body cavity is the site of which of the following? A) intestines B) brain C) lungs D) liver 24) Select the most correct statement. A) The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system. B) Organ systems operate independently of each other to maintain life. C) The endocrine system is not a true structural organ system. D) Organ systems can be composed of cells or tissues, but not both. 25) What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called? A) frontal B) regional C) sagittal D) transverse 26 What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called? A) frontal B) median C) sagittal D) transverse 27) The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ________ cavity. A) cranial B) dorsal C) vertebral D) thoracic E) ventral 28) Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels? A) systemic anatomy B) cardiovascular anatomy C) systemic physiology D) cardiovascular physiology 29) It is wise to study anatomy alongside physiology because ________. A) it makes for more efficient use of students' and teachers' time B) to understand anatomy requires complete understanding of physiology C) physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy D) anatomy and physiology are practically the same thing 30) The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity. A) heart and lungs; anterior B) digestive viscera; inferior C) kidneys and spleen; deep D) stomach and liver; superficial —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ - Chapter 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Match the following particles to the correct description: A) Atom B) Proton C) Electron D) Neutron Negatively charged subatomic particles. Neutral subatomic particles. Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties. Positively charged subatomic particles. Subatomic particles having an AMU (Atomic Mass Unit) of zero. (ELectron) Multiple Choices Questions Building block is the monosaccharide in A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid Nucleotides form the building blocks of these organic compounds A. carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid Triglycerides, steroids, and fat-soluble vitamins are types of these organic compounds A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid Antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes are types of these organic compounds A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Protein D. Nucleic Acid Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding are collectively termed __________ compounds. A. Saturated B. Unsaturated C. Organic D. Inorganic Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called __________. A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Polysaccharides D. None of the above —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 3 Cells: The Living Units MCQs: Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis B) steroid-based hormone synthesis C) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose D) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes Mitochondria ________. A) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolysis B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell Peroxisomes ________. A) are functionally the same as lysosomes B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis sometimes function as secretory vesicles 34) Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes? A) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles C) help in the formation of cell membranes D) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins destined for export from the cell? A) endoplasmic reticulum B) Golgi apparatus C) lysosomes D) peroxisomes —---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 4 Tissue: The Living Fabric Match the following: - The type of muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily is called __________ muscle. - __________ glands possess ducts that transport secretions onto epithelial surfaces - The cell type found in nervous tissue is the __________. - Stratified Squamous epithelium consists of __________ layer of epithelial cells. - Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of cells flattened like fish scales is called a __________ epithelium. - Many layers of cube-shaped cells should be termed __________ epithelial tissue. - The specific serous membrane covering the digestive organs is called the __________  A. Peritoneum B. Stratified Cuboidal C. Simple Squamous D. More than one E. Neuron F. Exocrine G. Skeletal Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Hypodermis. Epidermis. Reticular layer of the dermis. Papillary layer of the dermis. Match the following: A) Keratinocytes B) Keratin C) Merkel cells D) Dendritic cells E) Melanocyte The most abundant cells of the epidermis Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin. Cells plus a disc-like sensory nerve ending that functions as a sensory receptor for touch. Skin macrophages that help activate the immune system. The fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties. Multiple Choice Questions Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________. A) race B) genetics C) use of farm chemicals D) overexposure to UV radiation Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? A) Pacinian corpuscle B) tactile cells C) Ruffini body D) free nerve ending The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed B) bind the hair root to the dermis C) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance? A) merocrine glands B) apocrine glands C) sebaceous glands D) eccrine glands The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy? A) melanoma B) squamous cell carcinoma C) basal cell carcinoma D) adenoma Chapter 23 The Digestive System Match the following: A) Hydrolysis B) Peristalsis C) Digestion D) Absorption Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube. Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into simpler units Enzymatic breakdown of any type of food molecule. Process by which simpler chemical units pass through the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph. Using the attached Figure 23.3, match the following: Produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs. Increases surface area for absorption via villi and microvilli. Bacteria process undigested chyme from the small intestine. Only digestive structure with three muscle layers. : Produces intrinsic factor which is important in Vit B12 absorption Produces a mucoid barrier to prevent self-digestion. Receives blood via the hepatic portal system. Answer: Main function is to filter and process the nutrient-rich blood delivered to it. Multiple Choice Questions The process of chewing is known as __________. A. Micturition B. Mastication C. Defecation The process of physically and chemically breaking food particles down is referred to as __________. A. Ingestion B. Digestion C. Absorption The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called __________. A. Micturition B. Defecation C. Mastication —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue Label the following diagram Compact bone. Location of the epiphyseal line. Area where yellow marrow is found. Epiphysis of the bone. Match the following: A) Spiral B) Comminuted C) Greenstick An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. Common in children. Bone fragments into many pieces. Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force. Multiple Choices Questions: Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. A) fat B) blood-forming cells C) elastic tissue D) perforating fibers The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. A) osteocyte B) osteoblast C) osteoclast D) chondrocyte What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? A) inadequate calcification of bone B) decreased osteoclast activity C) decreased epiphyseal plate activity D) increased osteoclast activity A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. A) epiphysis B) metaphysis C) diaphysis D) articular cartilage Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? A) poor posture B) estrogen deficiency due to menopause C) heritage such as African or Mediterranean D) abnormal PTH receptors —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CH 7 The Skull Multiple Choices Questions - The bones in the skull have many different names but what are the boundaries of each bone? Where do they start and stop? A) Boundaries for skull bones are seen only in the infant skull. B) The boundaries are indistinct and are simply vague generalized regions. C) Bones of the skull are separated by immobile joints called sutures. D) Bones of the skull are continuous but named for their specific markings. - Which of the bones of the skull would you also refer to as a cheekbone? A) the temporal bone B) the parietal bone C) the occipital bone D) the zygomatic bone - Which of the following would be most associated with housing the special sense organs? A) hyoid bone B) the temporal bones C) the cranial bones D) the bones of the inner ear - Which of the following would be most associated with the process of warming, humidifying, and filtering the air we inhale? A) hyoid bone B) the nasal cavity C) the cranial bones D) the bones comprising the orbits  CH 8_Joints Match the following: A) Abduction B) Flexion C) Adduction D) Circumduction Moving a limb so it describes a cone in a space. Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. A bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint. MCQs -Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. A) attach tendons B) produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis) C) provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints D) form the synovial membrane  Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membranes that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________. A) menisci B) bursae C) ligaments D) tendons -The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. A) tend to run parallel to one another B) are also called collateral ligaments C) prevent hyperextension of the knee D) attach to each other in their midportions - Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________. A) flexion B) extension C) hyperextension D) circumduction - In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? A) Immovable joints are called amphiarthrosis. B) All synovial joints are freely movable. C) Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. D) In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present. —------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissue Match the following: A) Myosin B) Z discs C) A band D) I band A sarcomere is the distance between two ________ The ________ contains only the actin filaments. The thicker filaments are the ________ filaments. Both actin and myosin are found in the ________ The myosin filaments are located in the ________. —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Muscular System & Major Group of Muscles CH 10 Match the following muscles with their actions: Muscles of Facial Expression: 1- Frontalis Muscle: 2- Orbicularis oculi: 3- Nasalis Muscle: 4- Zygomaticus Muscle: 5- Buccinator Muscle: 6-- Orbicularis oris Muscle: 7- Platysma Muscle: A. Wrinkle forehead B.Closing eyes and blinking C.Flare nostrils D,Smiling muscle E,Tenses Cheeks F, Close mouth/ Pucker lips/ whistling G.Tens skin of the neck —-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 11 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Label the following diagrams using the related options: Dendrites Showan Cells Nucleus Axon Axon terminals Cell body Rod of Renvier Myelin sheath  Synapse Diagram Receptor Neurotransmitters Synaptic vesicles Pre- synaptic membrane Match the following: A) Action potential B) Depolarization C) Repolarization - The interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions. -The specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability. -Also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons. Multiple Choices Questions Nerve impulses are sent to slow the heart's rate of contraction. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division Nerve impulses leading to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division Cranial nerve II, the optic nerve sends nerve impulses to the brain carrying information about the things we see. These nerve fibers most likely belong to which division of the nervous system? A) sensory (afferent) division B) somatic nervous system C) sympathetic division D) parasympathetic division Some nerve fibers of the peripheral nervous system have the ability to regenerate after damage has occurred. Which of the following cells is most responsible for aiding in this regulation? A) satellite cells B) astrocytes C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes Meningitis can be caused by infection of the central nervous system by bacteria. Which cells would be most responsible for removing the infection? A) microglia B) satellite cells C) Schwann cells D) oligodendrocytes —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Fill in the Blanks: Nervous System is composed of ____________& ____________ CNS is composed of ______________&__________________ PNS is composed of _______________& _______________ Peripheral nervous system (PNS) has two functional divisions: ____________ & ______________ Somatic division of PNS is ________________While the autonomic division of PNS is ____________ Autonomic Division of PNS is composed of___________&_____________ The sympathetic system controls_________________While The Parasympathetic system controls________________ A- Central Nervous System (CNS)& Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) B- Brain & Spinal Cord C- Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves D- Sensory (afferent) division & Motor (efferent) division E-Voluntary, involuntary F- Sympathetic & Parasympathetic G- Fight or Flight, Rest and Digest —--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  CH 12 & CH 13 Nervous System Part ll Label the attached diagram of the brain: A. Occipital lobe B. Frontal Lobe C. Temporal Lobe D. Cerebellum E. Brain Stem F. Parietal lobe * Note: The brain is composed of Cerebrum, Cerebellum and BrainStem *The Largest Part of the Brain is Cerebrum which contains the following Lobes Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal. *Cerebellum is responsible for balance. *Brain stem is composed of Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata Label the different parts of the brain stem:  Special Senses Label the following Diagrams