الحقوق الاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية PDF

‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣ...

‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴـﺔ ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﲏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪١٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻭﺟﻨﻴﻒ‪٢٠٠٥ ،‬‬  ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬ ‫ﻟـﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﻭﻻ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱٍ ﻟﻸﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻷﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﺃﻱٍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻮﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﳚـﻮﺯ ﺍﻗﺘـﺒﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﲟﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩ ﻃﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪Office ،‬‬ ‫‪of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Palais des Nations, 8-14 avenue de la‬‬ ‫‪.(Paix, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland‬‬ ‫‪HR/P/PT/12‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻊ ‪A.04.XIV.8‬‬ ‫‪ISBN 92-1-654013-3‬‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ‪ :‬ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﻏﻨﺴﻦ‪/‬ﺻﻮﺭ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫)‪(A‬‬ ‫‪GE.04-44337‬‬ ‫‪130705‬‬ ‫‪050106‬‬  ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪................................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲏ ‪.......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪......................‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪................................................................‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪.....................................................................‬‬ ‫"ﺗﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻃﺮﻑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ‪...‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ‪...‬ﺳﺎﻟﻜﺔ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎﹰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ" ‪................‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫"ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ" ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫"ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ" ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬ ‫"ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ" ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫"ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﲔ" ‪..............................................‬‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ‪.....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ‪..............................................................‬‬ ‫‪٢٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ‪...........................................................‬‬ ‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﳏﻠﻴﺎﹰ ‪........‬‬ ‫‪٣٢‬‬ ‫ﲢﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺟﻌﻴﺔ ‪..............................................................‬‬ ‫‪٣٣‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎﹰ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪..................................................‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ‪............‬‬ ‫‪٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ‪........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻝ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.....‬‬ ‫‪٣٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ‪........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٣٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ‪............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ‪.................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪iii‬‬  ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ‪..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ‪...........................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺀﻟﺔ ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟـﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﳍﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪....................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٤٧‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﹰﺎ ‪-‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪٤٩‬‬ ‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟ ‪..................‬‬ ‫‪٥١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ‪.......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻃـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘـﺎﺋﻢ ﻋـﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﺎﻭﻯ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٥٣‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ‪..............................................‬‬ ‫‪٥٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨُُﻈﻤﻴﺔ ‪......................................................‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺀ ‪ -‬ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪٦٣‬‬ ‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟ ‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪٦٤‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٦٦‬‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺪ ‪..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫ﺟﻴﻢ ‪ -‬ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪٨١‬‬ ‫ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؟ ‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٨٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ‪..........................................................................‬‬ ‫‪٩١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪....‬‬ ‫‪٩٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬ ‫‪٩٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﲔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.......................................‬‬ ‫‪٩٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪..‬‬ ‫‪٩٩‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪..............‬‬ ‫‪١٠٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻼﺻﺔ ‪...............................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪iv‬‬  ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷُُﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﺎﻓﺔﹰ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﻠﱠﱠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺩﺍﻧﻴﻠﻮ ﺗﻮﺭﻙ ‪........................................‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﺧﻼﺀ ﺑﺎﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ ‪..........................................‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫‪٢٤‬‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ‪ -‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ‪............................................‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬ ‫‪٧٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻜﱠﻠﱠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪............‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫‪٣٠‬‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺭﺻﺪ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪٣٦‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺠﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫‪٣٨‬‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫‪٤١‬‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻏﻨﺪﺍ ‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬ ‫‪٥٢‬‬ ‫ﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺒﲔ ‪..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬ ‫‪٦٠‬‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻧﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬ ‫‪٦٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ‪..................................‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬ ‫‪٦٥‬‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪..................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٩‬‬ ‫‪٦٩‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪.............................................................‬‬ ‫‪- ١٠‬‬ ‫‪٨٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪- ١١‬‬ ‫‪٨٧‬‬ ‫ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺎﺕ ‪.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪- ١٢‬‬ ‫‪٩٣‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳍﻨﺪ ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ‪...........................‬‬ ‫‪- ١٣‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪............‬‬ ‫‪- ١٤‬‬ ‫‪٩٥‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.......................‬‬ ‫‪- ١٥‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬  ‫ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺗﺎﺑﻊ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻜﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪١٠٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪..............................‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫‪١١٩‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ١٠‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬ ‫‪١٢٣‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪...‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ٣‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬ ‫‪١٢٥‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ‪.............................................................‬‬ ‫‪١٢٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﳜﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪....‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬ ‫‪١٣٥‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻟﻴﻤﺒﻮﺭﻍ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬ ‫‪١٤٧‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ‪.........................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪vi‬‬  ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﲟﺎ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﻜﻲ ﳛﻴﻮﺍ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﲎ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﴰﻮﱄ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‪.‬ﻓﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺴﱠﻠﱠﻢ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺑﺄﻬﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺭﺩ ﺃﺻﻼ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺻﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪.(١)١٩٤٨‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻬﻧﺞ ﴰﻮﱄ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻔﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻛﺄﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﲔ ﻭﲤﺘﻌﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﲜﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﳘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﱯ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪.‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٣‬ﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﱠﱠﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻄـﻮﺭﹰﺍ ﻫﺎﻣـﹰﺎ ﰲ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﺚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ "ﳚﺐ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻜﻔﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ")‪.(٢‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓـﻴﺔ ﺗـﺰﺍﻳﺪﹰﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﹰﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍ ًﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺪﻣﺞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇ ﱠﻻ ﺃﻥ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫" ُﺧُﻤـﺲ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻳﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻌﻬﻢ ﻳﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﱀ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻠﺜﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﻓﻘﺮ ﻣﺪﻗﻊ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺎﻣﺶ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺗﻌﺠﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺻﻔﻪ")‪.(٣‬‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜـﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻡ ﰲ ﳎﻬﻮﺩ ﻣﺘﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﻼﺯﻡ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﺮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴ ﹰﺔ‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩١‬ﻋﻘﺪﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘـﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌـﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ "ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ" )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ(‪.‬ﻭﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﲟﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٩٢‬ﻭﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٣‬ﻭﰲ ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺠﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺎ ًﺀ‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻃﻠـﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪(١‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺃﻥ ﳝﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻴﻞ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻬﻧﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻬﺪﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﲔ ‪ -‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋـﻼﻥ ﻭﺑـﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻴﻨﺎ‪ ٢٥ ،‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ ‪١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫)‪(٢‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(A/CONF.157/23‬ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪.٩٨‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٤‬ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.٢‬‬ ‫)‪(٣‬‬ ‫‪vii‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﳎﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺍﻧﻜﻮﻓﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﻬـﺪ ﺍﻟـﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜـﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻷﻣﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﱂ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺪﱐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏـﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺒﺎﻳﻦ ﻭﻋـﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ)‪.(٤‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻋﻤﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺾ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ)‪.(٥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻹﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻔﺸـﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺜﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬ﺑﻴﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺇﻳﻼﺀ ﻗﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﹸﺃﹸﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﺆﺧﺮﹰﺍﹰ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫)‪(٤‬‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳌﺰﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺻـﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﳛﺪﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﳝﻜـﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻀﻌﻔﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﱂ ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﲜﺪﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨـﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﻼ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﰲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺼﺎﺀ ﻭﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ؛ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻭﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺳـﺒﻞ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪International Council on Human Rights).‬‬ ‫‪) (Policy, Performance and Legitimacy: National Human Rights Institutions‬ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ، ،‬ﻓﲑﺳﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻳﺴﺮﺍ‪.(٢٠٠٠ ،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺜﲑﹰﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﺰﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﻟﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ُﻳُﺰﻋََﻢ ﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫)‪(٥‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ﹰﺔ ﲟﻀﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻤـﹰﺎ ﻟـﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﺑﻠـﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻓﻮﺭﹰﺍﹰ؛ ﻭﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﳏﻀﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺠِﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺿﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﻫﺎ‪.‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴ ِ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠـﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯُُﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﳌﻨﺎﺻﺮﻱ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﲡﺎﻭﺯﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﰲ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪viii‬‬  ‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺭﻛﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺷﱴ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﺑـﻪ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ)‪.(٦‬ﻭﲡﺪﺭ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ ١٠‬ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ(‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﳑﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺳﻒ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﱂ ُﻳُﺴﻨََﺪ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﰎ ﲡﺎﻫﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﻼﺅﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺇﻳﻼﺀ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎ ّﻣّﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋـﻠﻰ ﳓـﻮ ﳑـﺎﺛﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺷﺪﺩﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﺮﳜﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪) ١٩٩٨‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳍﻴـﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻭﺝ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺻﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻈﺎﱂ ﻭﳉﺎﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﲑ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﲑﻩ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪).‬ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﻲ ‪(٢٥‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻭﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ)‪.(٧‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﲔ ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺣﺜﻮﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﳉـﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻴﺴﲑ‬ ‫)‪(٦‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔـﻴﺬ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗـﻴﺔ ]ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ[ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ "ﺗﻨﺸﺊ ﳉﺎﻧﺎ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧـﺮﻯ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲟﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ ٥٤/١٩٩٢‬ﺍﳌﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ٣‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ،١٩٩٢‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﲢﻘﻖ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﲨﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪) :‬ﺃ( ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﲝﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﲤﻴـﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﳌﺒّﻴّﻦ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ"‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﳉـﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳋﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ )‪ ١٠ ،E/C.12/1/Add.31‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫)‪(٧‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴـﻤﱪ ‪ (١٩٩٨‬ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺍﻟـﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻟﻜﻨﺪﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺭﺣﺒﺖ ﺑﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﲟﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺈﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﺑﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺗﻪ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﱵ ﺃﻭﻧﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻴـﺒﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺿـﻲ ﺑﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﹰﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﻼﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﳉﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺼَﺘﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛﻴـﺒﻚ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻧﺘﺎﺭﻳﻮ َﺧﻠﹸ َ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﺤﻮ ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ‪.‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ‪National Human Rights Institutions: Articles and Working Papers: Input into the‬‬ ‫‪Discussions on the Establishment and Development of the Functions of National Human Rights Institutions,‬‬ ‫)‪.Lindsnaes, Lindholt and Yigen, eds. (Copenhagen, Danish Centre for Human Rights, 2000‬‬ ‫‪ix‬‬ ‫ﻋـﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ)‪.(٨‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳـﺮ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﻩ ﰲ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬ﻋﻦ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺷﺮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﻹﻗﺼﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻊ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ)‪.(٩‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﲤﻮﺯ‪/‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ،٢٠٠٠‬ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﺳﺎﺗﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﺗﻘﺮ ﲜﻮﺍﺯ ﺑﺖ ﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻮﻇﻒ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻬﻮﺽ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ)‪.(١٠‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨـﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒـﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﺎﻭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘـﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸـﺄﻥ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺜﻘﻴﻒ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻫﲑ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻬﻧﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺇﻳﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻼﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒـﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﳌﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪.‬ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﲝﺚ‬ ‫ﻧﻄـﺎﻕ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﻬﺗـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻄﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻼﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﳍﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻪ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﳌﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﲤﻜﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪"National human rights commissions and economic, social and cultural rights" (Module 23),‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ‬ ‫)‪(٨‬‬ ‫‪in Circle of Rights: Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Activism: A Training Resource Rights (International‬‬ ‫‪Human Rights Internship Program and Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development, 2000). See also Mario‬‬ ‫‪Gomez, "Social economic rights and human rights commissions" in Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 17, No. l‬‬ ‫‪.(February, 1995), p. 155-169‬‬ ‫‪International Council on Human Rights Policy, Performance and Legitimacy: National Human‬‬ ‫)‪(٩‬‬ ‫)‪.Rights Institutions (Versoix, Switzerland, March 2000) (www.ichrp.org‬‬ ‫‪Protecting Human Rights: The Role of National Institutions, Commonwealth Conference of‬‬ ‫)‪(١٠‬‬ ‫‪.National Human Rights Institutions, 4-6 July 2000 (Cambridge, Commonwealth Secretariat), p. 20‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳـﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﱠﺮ ﻬﺑﺎ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺴﲎ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺳﻴﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗُُﻔ ﱠ‬ ‫ﳍـﺎ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺴﱢﱢﻦ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺻـﻼﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻓـﻴﻤﺎ ﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻘﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ُﻧﻬُُﺠﻪ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﳛﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺸـﻜﻞ ﺃﻳﻀـﹰﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﲔ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺒﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺪﻟـﻴﻞ ﻣﺼـ ﱠﻤﱠﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﻭﺫﺍ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺎﳉﺖ ﻬﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺔ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﺩﻟﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪ ﱢﺭﱢﺑﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻟـﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﳍﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﻤﻘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺻﻼﺣﻴﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ُﻳُﺠ ِﻤِﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﺣﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻭﻫـﻮ ﻳﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪xi‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ‪ -‬ﻃﺒـﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻘـﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﲢﻈـﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳑﺎ ﺣﻈﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗـﺖ ﺍﻟـﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﺁﺧـﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋـﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﻗﹶﹶﺶ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻟﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﳛـﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﻇﻔﻮﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﻟﻼﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲏ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﺮﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬  ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ‪ -‬ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲏ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀً ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺰﺃ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺻﺮﺍﺣﺔﹰ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )‪(١٩٤٨‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮﻱ )‪(١٩٦٥‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪(١٩٦٦‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )‪(١٩٦٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ )‪(١٩٧٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻼﻥ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ )‪(١٩٨٦‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ )‪(١٩٨٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫)‪( ١١‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﺳﺮﻫﻢ )‪. (١٩٩٠‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺻﻜﻮﻙ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻮﺏ )‪(١٩٨١‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﰲ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ )ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻔﺎﺩﻭﺭ( )‪(١٩٨٨‬؛‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻴﺜﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ )ﺍﳌﻨﻘﺢ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (١٩٩٦‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﲟﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﺻﺮﳛﺎﹰ ﺑﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳚﻮﺯ ﲤﺎﻣﺎﹰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺳﺎﺗﲑ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺴﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ‪.‬ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻻ ﻳﺸﻮﺑﻪ ﺷﻚ‪.‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﺿﺌﻴﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺻﺎﺩﻗﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١١‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟـﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩﺍﹰ ﻫﺎﺋﻼﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣـﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ )ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ( ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻸﻏﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺃﺭﺳﺖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ١٩٥١‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺟﺌﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬  ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻛﺎﻓﺔﹰ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﺔﹰ ‪ -‬ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻣﺒﺪﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﹸﺃﻋﻴﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﳘﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻞ ﺃﺑﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪.(١٢)١٩٩٣‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‪.‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﺿﻄﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺟﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺮﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪.‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺪﺁﻥ ﳏﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺄﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﺄﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻌﲎ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻬﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻬﺑﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺬﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻣﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻓﺤﱴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﰲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫)‪ (١٢‬ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛـﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﺠﻤﻟﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻳﺮﺩ ﰲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫‪ ١٣٠/٣٢‬ﺍﳌـﺆﺭﺥ ‪ ١٦‬ﻛـﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ‪ ١٩٧٧‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ )ﺃ( ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺮﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗـﺘﺠﺰﺃ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻔـﻴﺬ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻈﻰ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺟﻠـﺔ؛ )ﺏ( ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘـﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ؛‬ ‫)ﺝ( ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣـﺮﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﱘ ﳓﻮ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺭﻫﻦ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﳕﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻛﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺳﻠﻤﺖ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴﺄﻟﺔ)‪.(١٣‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻗﺮﺕ ﳏﺎﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﺎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺻﻠﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺘﲔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺮﺡ ﻳﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻐﺰﺍﻩ ﻭﻣﱪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳓﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻬﻧﺞ ﻣﻌﺘﻞ ﰲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﺎﻬﺗﺎ‪.‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺩﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ)‪.(١٤‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﺴﲎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﺒﺪﺃﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺸﻜﻼﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺁﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﻔﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﺃﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻬﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺳﺘﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﳉﻮﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺪﻝ ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﲟﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ)‪.(١٥‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪ (١٩٦٦‬ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻝ ﳝﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻫﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﳊﻖ ﰲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٣‬ﲟﻮﺟـﺐ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ‪ Airey‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻬََﺪ ﻬﺑﺎ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﺄﻥ‪.‬ﻓﻠـﺌﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ "ﺗﻨﺺ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﳕﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ]ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ[‪ ،‬ﺷﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻼ ﺣﺎﲰﹰﺎ ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ؛ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﲦﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﳝـﺘﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻣ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣُُﺤﻜﹶﹶـﻢ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ"‪Airey judgment (9 October 1979), ،.Eur. Ct. H.R).‬‬ ‫‪.(Series A, No. 32, p. 15, para. 26‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﻗﻀﻴﺘََﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪Feldbrugge v. the Netherlands (Eur. Ct. H.R. Series A, ١٩٨٦‬‬ ‫)‪ No. 99, 8 EHRR 425) and Deumeland v. Germany (Eur. Ct. H.R. Series A, No. 100, 8 EHRR 448‬ﺍﻟﻠـﺘﲔ ﺧﻠﺼـﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﶈﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲦﺔ ﺃﺷﻜﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ (١)٦‬ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺑـﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺿﺎﺓ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﻧﻈﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪Broeks v The Netherlands :‬‬ ‫‪(Comm. No. 172/1984), United Nations document CCPR/C/29/D/172/1984 of 16 April 1987; L.G. Danning v. the‬‬ ‫‪Netherlands (Comm. No. 180/1984) United Nations document CCPR/C/29/D/180/1984 of 16 April 1987; and Zwaan de‬‬ ‫‪.Vries v. The Netherlands (Comm. No. 182/1984) United Nations document CCPR/C/29/D/182/1984 of 16 April 1987‬‬ ‫‪Craig Scott, "The interdependence and permeability of human rights norms: towards a‬‬ ‫)‪(١٤‬‬ ‫‪partial fusion of the International Covenants on Human Rights" in Osgoode Hall Law Journal, vol. 27,‬‬ ‫‪.No. 4, 1989; see in particular pp. 851-878‬‬ ‫ﻼﹰ‪Schacter v. Canada (1990), Federal Court of Appeal of Canada, 2 F.C. 129 ،‬‬‫)‪ (١٥‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬ ‫)‪. (Ct. App‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺃﻳﻀ ﺎﹰً ‪Paul Hunt, Reclaiming Social Rights: International and Comparative Perspectives‬‬ ‫‪.(Aldershot, Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1996), pp. 95-106‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬  ‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺼﲑ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(٣‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﺎﻥ ‪ ٦‬ﻭ‪(٧‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(٨‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١٠‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﻲ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳌﺄﻭﻯ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١١‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١٢‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١٣‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ ﻭﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺘﻪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪(١٤‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ؛ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺑﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ؛ ﻭﲤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﰊ ﺃﻭ ﻓﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻟﻴﻔﻪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪.(١٦)(١٥‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣـﱴ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪/‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪ ،٢٠٠٤‬ﺍﻧﻀﻤﺖ ‪ ١٤٩‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻬﺪﺕ ﻃﻮﻋﺎﹰ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﺫ ﻭﺇﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳـﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‪.‬ﻭﻭﻗﻌﺘﻪ ﺳﺖ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺒﻠﺖ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﱂ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪.‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺻـﺪ ﺍﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪.‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻟﺖ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺧﺘﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻟﻪ‪.‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٣‬ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻬﺪ ﳝﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻼﻏﺎﺕ )ﺷﻜﺎﻭﻯ( ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻌﻬﺪ‪.‬ﻭﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻘﺪﻬﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺟﻨـﻴﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،١٩٩٦‬ﺍﺧﺘﺘﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ)‪.(١٧‬ﻭﻗﺪﻣﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻬﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻤﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﻘﺪﻬﺗﺎ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.١٩٩٧‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻛﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٦‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﲝﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻬﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬـﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺯﺍﺋﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﱪﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺼﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻬﺑﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‪.‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺿﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﲟﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺗﲔ ‪ ٤‬ﻭ‪ ٥‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﺩﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺧﺎﺓ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﺪﺧﻼ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﻳﺎﺕ؛ ﻭﺃﻻ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺃﻱ ﲤﻴﻴﺰ ﺗﻌﺴﻔﻲ ﺿﺪ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﲨﺎﻋﺔ؛ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻭﳍﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﱪﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ ،E/CN.4/1997/105 (١٧‬ﺍﳌﺮﻓﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺃﺣﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻀﻔﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﻬﺗﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻌـﺘﻤﺪﻫﺎ ﻫﻴـﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﱢﻴﱢﻤﺔ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﺤﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﳉﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻐﺰﺍﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﱐ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ)‪.(١٨‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١‬ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮﻫﺎ )‪(١٩٨٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٢‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩٠‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٣‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩٠‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٤‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩١‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٥‬ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗﻮﻥ )‪(١٩٩٤‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٦‬ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ )‪(١٩٩٥‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٧‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋـﻢ )ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮﺓ ‪ ١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬـﺪ(‪ :‬ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺧـﻼﺀ ﺑﺎﻹﻛﺮﺍﻩ )‪(١٩٩٧‬؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٨‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋـﻴﺔ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪(١٩٩٧‬؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :٩‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻬﺪ )‪(١٩٩٨‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻡ ﺭﻗـﻢ ‪ :١٠‬ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ )‪(١٩٩٨‬؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١١‬ﺧﻄﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٤‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١٢‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﰲ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١١‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١٣‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٣‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ( )‪(١٩٩٩‬؛‬ ‫!‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١٤‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﻪ )ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ‪ ١٢‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ(‬ ‫!‬ ‫)‪(٢٠٠٠‬؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :١٥‬ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ )‪.(٢٠٠٢‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫)‪ (١٨‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠـﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩ ﰲ ﻭﺛﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ‪.HRI/GEN/1/REV.6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬  ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲝﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﺤﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻬﻧﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺎﰿ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍ?