Sociology Past Paper PDF

V1 What is an Achieved Status? 1 A social position that an individual earns or chooses 0 A social position assigned at birth. 0 The process of learning social norms. 0 The ability to act independently. 0 A system where power is divided. V1 Who introduced the concept of Anomie? ----...

V1 What is an Achieved Status? 1 A social position that an individual earns or chooses 0 A social position assigned at birth. 0 The process of learning social norms. 0 The ability to act independently. 0 A system where power is divided. V1 Who introduced the concept of Anomie? ---- --------------------------------------- 1 Émile Durkheim 0 Max Weber 0 Karl Marx 0 Auguste Comte 0 Herbert Spencer V1 What does \"Alienation\" refer to according to Karl Marx? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 A feeling of separation or estrangement from society 0 A state of lawlessness 0 The transition from rural to urban life 0 emergence of social norms 0 A sense of connection to one's workplace V1 What type of authority did Max Weber NOT identify? ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Legal-rational 0 Traditional 0 Charismatic 0 Divine 0 None of the above V1 What is Bourgeoisie according to Karl Marx? ---- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 The capitalist class that owns the means of production 0 The working class selling their labor 0 A community of individuals sharing interests 0 The system of beliefs in society 0 The ruling class V1 What is Cultural Relativism? ---- ------------------------------------------ 1 Judging a culture by its own standards 0 Believing one\'s own culture is superior 0 Enforcing social norms 0 Promoting global culture 0 Prioritizing material goods V1 What is Social Stratification? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The hierarchical organization of society into classes or groups 0 Equality among all members of society 0 A system without class differences 0 A random grouping of individuals 0 A form of economic stability V1 What does \"Ethnocentrism\" mean? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 The belief that one's own culture is superior to others 0 Accepting all cultures equally 0 Blending multiple cultures together 0 Separation of state and religious institutions 0 The state of normlessness V1 What term describes the set of shared beliefs that unify a society? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Collective Conscience 0 Individual Agency 0 Bureaucracy 0 Cultural Relativism 0 Social Stratification V1 What is Consumerism? ---- ----------------------------------------- 1 Emphasis on acquiring goods 0 Advocating for class equality 0 Valuing social relationships 0 Rejecting material possessions 0 Supporting environmental sustainability V1 What does \"Deviance\" refer to? ---- --------------------------------------- 1 Behavior that violates social norms 0 Legal regulations in a society 0 Adherence to social values 0 Emphasis on cultural diversity 0 Participation in community activities V1 What is a Subculture? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 A group within society with distinct norms and values 0 The dominant cultural group 0 A group without any cultural values 0 A formal governmental organization 0 A group that follows the same norms as the main culture V1 What is Discrimination? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Unequal treatment of individuals based on group membership 0 Social equality among all groups 0 Encouragement of diversity 0 A process of cultural assimilation 0 An economic system V1 What is meant by the Division of Labor? ---- ----------------------------------------- 1 Specialization of work tasks in society 0 Equal sharing of all tasks 0 Government control of labor markets 0 Reduction of labor force 0 Socialization within the workforce V1 What does \"Gender\" refer to in sociological terms? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Social roles and behaviors associated with being male or female 0 Biological distinctions only 0 Cultural beliefs about children 0 Classification of age groups 0 Psychological identification V1 What does \"Globalization\" refer to? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The interconnectedness of the world through trade, communication, and cultural exchange 0 Isolation of countries from one another 0 A process of creating localized economies 0 Decline in international relations 0 Elimination of cultural diversity V1 What is the concept of \"Hegemony\"? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Dominance of one group over others, often maintained through cultural means 0 Equality among all social groups 0 A system where all cultures are valued equally 0 Separation of classes within a society 0 A political theory promoting freedom V1 What is an Ideology? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A system of beliefs, values, and ideas that influences perceptions and behavior 0 Random thoughts without consistency 0 Knowledge shared only within families 0 Economic prosperity of a society 0 Scientific theories without practical application V1 What is Industrialization? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The transformation from an agrarian society into an industrial one 0 Process of reducing manufacturing 0 Movement towards environmental sustainability 0 Return to traditional forms of economy 0 Increasing cultural diversity V1 What is Suburbanization? ---- ---------------------------------------- 1 Movement from urban centers to suburbs 0 The expansion of rural areas 0 Migration to foreign countries 0 Movement of people to city centers 0 Isolation in remote areas V1 What does \"Kinship\" refer to? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The system of social relationships connecting individuals in a family 0 Business relationships in the workplace 0 Social bonds within religious groups 0 Friendship groups based on shared interests 0 Connections between strangers V1 What is the main focus of macrosociology? ---- ------------------------------------------- 1 Largescale social processes 0 Individual interactions 0 Biological explanations of behavior 0 Historical events 0 Local customs and traditions V1 What is Mass Media? ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Means of communication that reach a large audience 0 A small, private discussion group 0 Nonverbal communication methods 0 Political gatherings 0 Government information sources V1 What is Materialism? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The importance placed on material goods and physical comfort 0 Focus on spiritual wellbeing 0 Rejection of physical possessions 0 Promotion of minimalistic living 0 Support for environmental conservation V1 What does Meritocracy mean? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A system in which advancement is based on individual ability or achievement 0 Promotion based on social connections 0 Equal opportunity for all regardless of merit 0 Inherited social status 0 Distribution of resources based on family ties V1 What does \"Micro-Level Analysis\" focus on? ---- ---------------------------------------------- 1 Small-scale social interactions 0 Analysis of global economic trends 0 Large government systems 0 Country-level political structures 0 International relations V1 What is the meaning of \"Modernization\"? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 The transformation from traditional to modern societies 0 Movement towards agrarian lifestyles 0 Decreasing reliance on technology 0 Preservation of ancient cultural practices 0 Shift from urban to rural living V1 What is Multiculturalism? ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Recognition and appreciation of cultural diversity 0 Promotion of a single national culture 0 Resistance to foreign cultures 0 Restriction of cultural practices 0 Assimilation into dominant culture V1 What are \"Norms\" in a sociological context? ---- ----------------------------------------------- 1 Accepted social behaviors and expectations 0 Random cultural preferences 0 Laws established by government 0 Economic theories about markets 0 Scientific hypotheses V1 What does the term \"Patriarchy\" refer to? ---- ---------------------------------------------- 1 A social system where men hold primary power 0 Equal power distribution among genders 0 Leadership by women 0 A society without defined roles 0 A system where age determines power V1 Which concept suggests that knowledge should be based on observable phenomena? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Positivism 0 Symbolic interactionism 0 Functionalism 0 Structuralism 0 Constructivism V1 What is the Proletariat according to Karl Marx? ---- ------------------------------------------------- 1 The working class who sell their labor 0 The class owning production means 0 Political ruling class 0 Middle management 0 Government administrators V1 What does Quantitative Research involve? ---- ------------------------------------------------- 1 Numerical research focusing on statistical data 0 Descriptive analysis of individual experiences 0 The study of cultural values 0 Personal interviews and field notes 0 Non-measurable observations V1 What is Race in sociological terms? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 Socially constructed categories based on physical traits 0 Biologically determined traits 0 A cultural category without physical attributes 0 Primarily a religious classification 0 Classification based on age V1 What is Rationalization according to Weber? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The process of making society more efficient and calculable 0 Dependence on religious beliefs 0 Prioritization of traditions 0 Focus on community relationships 0 Reduction in economic complexity V1 What is Reciprocity in social terms? ---- ----------------------------------------------------- 1 The social norm of exchanging benefits and services 0 Avoiding interactions with others 0 Rejecting societal obligations 0 Emphasis on self-reliance only 0 Competition over resources V1 What does symbolic interactionism focus on? ---- ---------------------------------------------- 1 Social meanings created through interactions 0 Class struggle and power dynamics 0 The role of institutions in society 0 Functional roles of family 0 Biological determinants of behavior V1 What is the definition of Religion in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 An organized system of beliefs and practices around sacred things 0 A government-run institution 0 A philosophical theory 0 Scientific principles for daily life 0 An ideology based on human rights V1 What is a Taboo? ---- ------------------------------------------- 1 Prohibited or restricted social behaviors 0 Accepted norms in society 0 Formal rules of government 0 A celebrated cultural practice 0 An academic subject V1 What does \"Role\" mean in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 The behavior expected of someone in a particular social position 0 A person's personality traits 0 Random social behaviors 0 Individual's personal choices 0 Biological predispositions V1 What are Sanctions in social terms? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Social responses to deviant behavior, which can be positive or negative 0 Economic penalties 0 Government-imposed rules 0 Only positive rewards 0 Strict legal punishments V1 What is Secularization? ---- ------------------------------------------------ 1 The process of society becoming less religious 0 Promoting religious beliefs 0 Increasing religious influence in government 0 Formation of religious institutions 0 Preserving traditional rituals V1 What does \"Self-Concept\" refer to? ---- ------------------------------------------ 1 An individual's perception of themselves 0 Group identity within a culture 0 A government-imposed identity 0 Society's view of a person 0 Traditional community roles V1 What is Sexism? ---- ------------------------------------------- 1 Discrimination based on gender 0 Preference for certain cultural practices 0 Age-based discrimination 0 Economic favoritism 0 Religious discrimination V1 What is Social Capital? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Resources available through social connections and networks 0 Financial capital only 0 Individual skills and talents 0 Government-provided benefits 0 Religious knowledge V1 What does \"Social Change\" refer to in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 The transformation of cultural, economic, and political structures over time 0 Individual personality development 0 Daily routine adjustments 0 Maintenance of social order 0 Personal relationships in a community V1 What is Social Construction? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The creation of social realities through collective agreement 0 A natural biological process 0 A scientific theory about behavior 0 Building physical structures for society 0 Genetic inheritance V1 What is Social Control? ---- ----------------------------------------------------- 1 Mechanisms that regulate behavior and enforce norms 0 Allowing complete freedom of actions 0 Financial incentives only 0 Government-imposed rules 0 Random social interactions V1 What is a Social Fact according to Durkheim? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 A concept or institution that shapes individual behavior 0 A personal belief system 0 Randomly accepted cultural habits 0 Physical traits of individuals 0 A religious doctrine V1 What is Social Inequality? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 The unequal distribution of resources, status, and power 0 Equal opportunities for all 0 Cultural diversity 0 Acceptance of various religions 0 Homogeneous economic conditions V1 What is Social Mobility? ---- -------------------------------------------- 1 The ability to move between social classes 0 Fixed social position from birth 0 Physical mobility in society 0 Legal restrictions on movement 0 Static social roles V1 What does Socialization mean? ---- ------------------------------------------------- 1 The process of learning social norms and values 0 Isolation from society 0 Academic education only 0 Gaining financial independence 0 Developing personal hobbies V1 What is Society in sociological terms? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A group of individuals who live in a defined territory and share a culture 0 An individual's private life 0 A type of government structure 0 Only people in urban areas 0 Genetic community ties V1 What does Solidarity mean? ---- ----------------------------------------- 1 Unity and mutual support within a group 0 Conflict within a community 0 Individual competition 0 Political independence 0 Economic self-sufficiency V1 What is a Status in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 A person's rank or position within a social structure 0 A temporary role or task 0 Physical appearance of a person 0 Random social attribute 0 A community ritual V1 What is a Stereotype? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group of people 0 A unique personal trait 0 A neutral description of an individual 0 A random opinion with no basis 0 An academic theory about diversity V1 What does Stigma refer to in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------ 1 A mark of disgrace or social disapproval 0 A positive societal label 0 An individual\'s accomplishment 0 A neutral form of identification 0 A formal legal status V1 What is the \"Underclass\"? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A group in society below the working class, often marginalized 0 The ruling elite of society 0 Middle-income earners 0 A group with economic stability 0 A group of high-income professionals V1 What does Urbanization refer to? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The process of population movement from rural to urban areas 0 Migration to rural areas 0 Development of new agricultural techniques 0 Isolation from city centers 0 Industrial decline V1 What are Values in sociology? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 Shared cultural beliefs about what is good or desirable 0 Scientific rules in a society 0 Random personal preferences 0 Only material possessions 0 Skills acquired through education V1 What is Victimization? ---- ------------------------------------ 1 The process of being made a victim 0 Gaining social power 0 Providing social assistance 0 Experiencing economic success 0 Achieving professional goals V1 What is Violence in a sociological context? ---- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 The use of physical force to harm or intimidate others 0 Nonphysical conflict 0 Community activities for conflict resolution 0 Peaceful social protests 0 Friendly competition V1 What is a Welfare State? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 A government system that provides social security and welfare services 0 A state that limits social services 0 A form of community volunteerism 0 A state without any government intervention 0 An industrialized nation only V1 What does \"Workplace Culture\" refer to? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Shared values, norms, and practices within a professional setting 0 Random habits of employees 0 Legal requirements in the workplace 0 Private life of employees 0 Management hierarchy only V1 What is Youth Culture? ---- ------------------------------------------- 1 Values and norms specific to young people 0 Traditions passed down from elders 0 Workplace behavior expectations 0 Rural cultural practices 0 Government-imposed regulations V1 What is Accountability in political science? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Responsibility of government officials to the public 0 Private corporate management 0 Public\'s responsibility to government 0 Public opinion on politics 0 Media regulation of politicians V1 What is Citizenship? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 Legal status of belonging to a particular country 0 A temporary residence permit 0 Membership in a political party 0 A form of international travel authorization 0 A system of community service V1 What are Civil Liberties? ---- -------------------------------------------------- 1 Fundamental rights and freedoms protected by law 0 Local government regulations 0 Financial privileges of citizens 0 Only economic rights 0 Religious freedoms exclusively V1 What is Civil Society? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Organizations and institutions outside of government influence 0 Private business organizations 0 Government agencies 0 A military establishment 0 Family-based social structures V1 What are Civil Rights? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 Rights protecting individuals from discrimination 0 Economic rights 0 Obligations towards government 0 Military-related rights 0 Rights related only to property V1 What is Class Struggle? ---- ----------------------------------------------- 1 Conflict between different classes in society 0 A peaceful alliance of social groups 0 An agreement between economic classes 0 The elimination of social classes 0 Cooperative efforts for economic growth V1 What is a Coalition Government? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 A government formed by multiple political parties 0 A single-party rule 0 A monarchy with absolute power 0 A dictatorship with centralized control 0 A government run by citizens directly V1 What is Communism? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 An ideology advocating for classless society and communal ownership 0 An individualistic approach to government 0 A market-driven economic system 0 A system focused on technological advancement 0 A temporary government policy V1 What does Conservatism promote? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 A political ideology favoring tradition and gradual change 0 Rapid and radical social change 0 Elimination of historical values 0 The end of social hierarchy 0 Emphasis on extreme liberalism V1 What is a Constitution? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A document outlining the principles and structure of a government 0 A personal identification document 0 A list of tax regulations 0 A corporate policy manual 0 An educational policy V1 What is a Constitutional Monarchy? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 A system where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government 0 A monarchy with absolute control 0 A republic without any monarchy 0 A dictatorship under a monarch 0 A system with no political leaders V1 What is Democracy? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A system of government by the whole population or eligible members 0 A rule by one single person 0 A hereditary monarchy 0 A government controlled by the military 0 A dictatorship V1 What is Dictatorship? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 A government ruled by a single leader with absolute power 0 A government run by citizens 0 A rule by an elected body 0 A type of democratic leadership 0 A parliamentary system V1 What is sociology primarily concerned with studying? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Human social behavior 0 Language acquisition 0 Physical health 0 Genetic evolution 0 Climate patterns V1 Which of these figures is known as the \"father of sociology\"? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Auguste Comte 0 Karl Marx 0 Max Weber 0 George Herbert Mead 0 Herbert Spencer V1 What does the term "social reality" refer to in sociology? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 The shared beliefs and structures within a society 0 An individual's personal perspective 0 A philosophical interpretation of life 0 An empirical scientific observation 0 The study of political systems V1 Which of these theories focuses on stability and interdependence of societal parts? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Structural functionalism 0 Conflict theory 0 Symbolic interactionism 0 Positivism 0 Rational choice theory V1 Who proposed the concept of \"social Darwinism\"? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 Herbert Spencer 0 Max Weber 0 Émile Durkheim 0 Karl Marx 0 Auguste Comte V1 What is the term for a predictable system that fulfills societal roles, such as family or education? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Social institution 0 Social theory 0 Social stratification 0 Social construct 0 Social cohesion V1 What is the primary purpose of a research question in sociological research? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 To guide the focus of the study 0 To collect numerical data 0 To confirm theories without testing 0 To finalize conclusions 0 To determine sampling methods V1 What is a hypothesis? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A testable statement predicting the relationship between variables 0 A random guess about social behavior 0 An untestable philosophical question 0 A comprehensive explanation of social theory 0 A statistical analysis V1 Which variable in research is considered the \"cause\" or influencing factor? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Independent variable 0 Dependent variable 0 Control variable 0 Descriptive variable 0 Quantitative variable V1 What type of research is typically used to gather initial insights on a topic? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Exploratory research 0 Explanatory research 0 Descriptive research 0 Evaluative research 0 Quantitative research V1 Which method collects in-depth, qualitative data through open-ended questions? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Interviews 0 Surveys 0 Experiments 0 Content analysis 0 Observational studies V1 What type of sampling ensures every individual has an equal chance of selection? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Random sampling 0 Stratified sampling 0 Convenience sampling 0 Snowball sampling 0 Quota sampling V1 What is a null hypothesis (H0) typically used to state? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 No relationship exists between variables 0 A positive effect between variables 0 Theoretical assumptions of society 0 A relationship exists but cannot be tested 0 An alternative explanation for findings V1 Which method is best for studying large groups and identifying patterns? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Quantitative methods 0 Qualitative methods 0 Field research 0 Case studies 0 Ethnography V1 Which of the following is a typical control variable in sociological research? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Geographic location 0 Main hypothesis 0 Sample group 0 Null statement 0 Population statistics V1 What is the final stage in the sociological research process? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Data analysis 0 Hypothesis formulation 0 Sample selection 0 Literature review 0 Variable identification V1 According to Karl Marx, what is the primary determinant of social class? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ownership of the means of production 0 Education level 0 Religious affiliation 0 Family background 0 Political views V1 What is an open society characterized by? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ability for individuals to change social roles and status 0 Fixed social roles from birth 0 Strong barriers between classes 0 Lack of social mobility 0 Economic determinism V1 Who introduced the concept of \"social mobility\"? ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Pitirim Sorokin 0 Auguste Comte 0 Max Weber 0 Karl Marx 0 Emile Durkheim V1 What type of mobility refers to moving within the same social level? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Horizontal mobility 0 Vertical mobility 0 Descending mobility 0 Ascending mobility 0 Fixed mobility V1 What does Weber\'s three-component theory of stratification include? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Class, status, and power 0 Religion, education, and income 0 Politics, economics, and culture 0 Knowledge, skills, and wealth 0 Language, ethnicity, and gender V1 Which system is an example of a closed stratification system? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Caste system 0 Class system 0 Open economy 0 Economic diversification 0 Bureaucratic hierarchy V1 What does \"cultural capital\" refer to? ---- ----------------------------------------------- 1 Material and symbolic goods valued in society 0 Financial wealth only 0 Physical assets like real estate 0 Governmental power 0 Political influence V1 Who is considered a key figure in developing the theory of the \"looking-glass self\"? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Charles Horton Cooley 0 Karl Marx 0 Emile Durkheim 0 Max Weber 0 Sigmund Freud V1 Which stage of socialization is primarily influenced by family? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Primary socialization 0 Secondary socialization 0 Anticipatory socialization 0 Adult socialization 0 Formal socialization V1 What type of socialization involves learning to assume future roles or statuses? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Anticipatory socialization 0 Primary socialization 0 Adult socialization 0 Resocialization 0 Informal socialization V1 Who developed the concepts of \"I\" and \"Me\" in socialization theory? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 George Herbert Mead 0 Max Weber 0 Sigmund Freud 0 Emile Durkheim 0 Herbert Spencer V1 What does gender socialization refer to? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 Teaching individuals expected behaviors for their gender 0 Assigning individuals a fixed role in society 0 Learning about social class differences 0 Emphasizing academic achievements 0 Developing language skills V1 Which term best describes a role that is assigned at birth, such as gender or ethnicity? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Ascribed status 0 Achieved status 0 Temporary status 0 Professional status 0 Role status V1 According to Mead, what does the \"generalized other\" represent? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Society\'s collective expectations 0 An individual's personal desires 0 A family's specific norms 0 Biological inheritance 0 Close personal relationships V1 What is an example of secondary socialization? ---- ------------------------------------------------ 1 Learning norms in a workplace 0 Imitating parents' behavior as a child 0 Following family traditions 0 Establishing initial language skills 0 Developing personal interests V1 What is considered a \"deviant\" behavior in sociology? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 Behavior that goes against social norms 0 An individual's personal preferences 0 Actions accepted by society 0 Financial misconduct only 0 Criminal activities only V1 Which theory suggests deviance results from the disconnection between societal goals and means? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Structural Strain Theory 0 Labeling Theory 0 Differential Association Theory 0 Control Theory 0 Conflict Theory V1 What does Labeling Theory focus on in terms of deviance? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 The societal reaction to behaviors 0 Individual genetic traits 0 Childhood development stages 0 Economic causes of crime 0 Social unity and cohesion V1 According to Merton, what type of adaptation involves accepting societal goals but finding new means to achieve them? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Innovation 0 Conformity 0 Retreatism 0 Ritualism 0 Rebellion V1 Which type of behavior does Travis Hirschi's Control Theory suggest prevents deviance? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Strong social bonds 0 Educational achievements 0 Physical capabilities 0 Financial wealth 0 Legal restrictions V1 What is one example of a behavior labeled as \"positive deviance\"? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Heroism 0 Theft 0 Aggression 0 Dishonesty 0 Fraud V1 Which of the following is an example of material culture? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------- 1 Artifacts like tools and buildings 0 Norms and values 0 Language and dialects 0 Social rituals 0 Ethical beliefs V1 Who introduced the concept of \"cultural hegemony\"? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Antonio Gramsci 0 Emile Durkheim 0 Max Weber 0 Karl Marx 0 George Mead V1 What does cultural diffusion refer to? ---- -------------------------------------------------- 1 The spread of cultural elements across societies 0 The formation of social classes 0 The isolation of cultural groups 0 The replacement of traditions 0 The concentration of power V1 What type of culture includes mass-produced items and entertainment? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Popular culture 0 Folk culture 0 High culture 0 Counterculture 0 Classical culture V1 Which perspective on religion focuses on individuals' interpretations of religious experiences? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Symbolic Interactionism 0 Functionalism 0 Rational Choice Theory 0 Conflict Theory 0 Structuralism V1 What is an example of a counterculture? ---- --------------------------------------------------------- 1 1960s U.S. counterculture challenging traditional norms 0 Contemporary popular music 0 Familycentered traditions 0 Corporate work culture 0 National holiday celebrations V1 **What is cultural relativism?** ---- ------------------------------------------------- 1 Understanding cultures within their own context 0 Judging cultures by universal standards 0 Prioritizing one culture over another 0 Avoiding cultural comparisons 0 Isolating cultural practices V1 **Which element is part of non-material culture?** ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 Beliefs and values 0 Clothing 0 Tools 0 Architecture 0 Artifacts V1 What is ethnicity primarily based on? ---- --------------------------------------- 1 Shared cultural heritage and ancestry 0 Political affiliation 0 Social class 0 Economic status 0 Individual occupation V1 What is the nation-state? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A political entity where nation and state boundaries coincide 0 A group with common ethnicity only 0 A region with no political governance 0 An isolated ethnic community 0 A state that does not allow cultural diversity V1 Which sociologist explored the concept of "Protestant ethic" and its impact on capitalism? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Max Weber 0 Karl Marx 0 Emile Durkheim 0 Auguste Comte 0 Herbert Spencer V1 What is the primary focus of ethno-sociology? ---- ----------------------------------------------- 1 Studying relationships between ethnic groups 0 Analyzing global economic trends 0 Examining individual psychological behavior 0 Defining technological advancements 0 Exploring government structures V1 What is national identity based on? ---- ------------------------------------- 1 A sense of belonging to a nation 0 Individual achievements 0 Global economic standing 0 Family heritage 0 Educational background V1 **Who proposed the theory of \"collective consciousness\"?** ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Emile Durkheim 0 Max Weber 0 Karl Marx 0 George Mead 0 Sigmund Freud V1 **What does globalization often lead to in cultural terms?** ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Increased cultural exchange 0 Reduced cultural influence 0 Cultural isolation 0 Economic stagnation 0 Traditionalist revival V1 **What does the term \"popular culture\" usually refer to?** ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Mass-consumed entertainment 0 Exclusive artistic forms 0 Long-standing traditions 0 Elite cultural preferences 0 Academic institutions V1 Which term describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Urbanization 0 Modernization 0 Migration 0 Globalization 0 Industrialization V1 What is the purpose of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 To promote understanding and cooperation among ethnic groups 0 To enforce national language policies 0 To provide economic benefits to elites 0 To restrict immigration 0 To promote individualism V1 What is a common feature of ethnic identity? ---- ---------------------------------------------- 1 Language, traditions, and shared history 0 Professional occupation 0 Physical characteristics only 0 Exclusive use of local currency 0 Regional isolation V1 Who proposed the concept of \"cultural capital\"? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 Pierre Bourdieu 0 Max Weber 0 Emile Durkheim 0 Karl Marx 0 Talcott Parsons V1 What does political science primarily study? ---- ------------------------------------------------ 1 Theory and practice of politics and government 0 Cultural traditions 0 Natural resources 0 Economic inflation 0 Geological formations V1 Which paradigm focuses on empirical methods to study political behavior? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Behavioralism 0 Constructivism 0 Institutionalism 0 Marxism 0 Postmodernism V1 What does constructivism in political science emphasize? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The influence of ideas and identities on political outcomes 0 Economic inequality as the root of power 0 Traditional governmental structures 0 Statistical methods in research 0 Geological evolution of political landscapes V1 What is the focus of critical theory in politics? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 Identifying and challenging power structures 0 Supporting traditional institutions 0 Analyzing trade patterns 0 Encouraging political compliance 0 Studying voting habits V1 What is the main function of the applied function in political science? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Using knowledge to address real-world problems 0 Analyzing economic patterns 0 Studying ancient texts 0 Supporting political entertainment 0 Calculating historical timelines V1 Who emphasized the concept of the \"ideal state\" with philosopher-kings? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Plato 0 Aristotle 0 Confucius 0 Machiavelli 0 Hobbes V1 Which philosopher introduced the social contract theory advocating a strong, centralized authority? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Thomas Hobbes 0 John Locke 0 Aristotle 0 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 0 Al-Farabi V1 What is \"The City of God\" by Augustine focused on? ---- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 The relationship between earthly and divine authority 0 Democratic governance 0 Class struggle 0 Military strategy 0 Civil rights V1 What did Jean Bodin contribute to political theory? ---- ----------------------------------------------------- 1 Theory of sovereignty 0 Principles of liberalism 0 Human rights advocacy 0 Industrialization policies 0 Environmental ethics V1 Who promoted the concept of \"public ownership\" and \"equality\" in Utopian Socialism? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Thomas More 0 Karl Marx 0 Machiavelli 0 John Locke 0 Jean Bodin V1 What is the primary role of political power? ---- ---------------------------------------------- 1 Influencing and directing societal actions 0 Documenting history 0 Promoting natural science 0 Calculating trade tariffs 0 Supporting religious institutions V1 What is the behaviorist approach to political power? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Focus on observable behaviors in power dynamics 0 Analysis of laws and decrees 0 Creation of power hierarchies 0 Economic study of power 0 Religious interpretation of leadership V1 What does the teleological approach in political science focus on? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The goals behind the exercise of power 0 Cultural traditions 0 Immediate political actions 0 Economic development 0 Art and literature V1 According to Max Weber, what is a key characteristic of political elites? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Democratic elitism requires checks and balances 0 Strict adherence to laws 0 Maintenance of aristocratic hierarchy 0 Isolation from society 0 Financial expertise V1 What is a unique feature of the political elite in Kazakhstan? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The president has significant influence in appointments 0 Lack of regional governance 0 A dominant hereditary elite 0 Exclusively elected positions 0 Decentralized local governance V1 What is a political system? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Structure defining power distribution and governance in society 0 Economic measurement method 0 Scientific study of nature 0 Religious institution 0 System of traditional beliefs V1 Who developed the input-output model in political systems theory? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 David Easton 0 Max Weber 0 Jean Bodin 0 Plato 0 Thomas Hobbes V1 What is the key feature of an authoritarian regime? ---- ----------------------------------------------------- 1 Centralized power with limited political freedoms 0 Complete political decentralization 0 Emphasis on personal liberties 0 Strong adherence to democratic principles 0 Regular citizen participation V1 What distinguishes totalitarian regimes? ---- ----------------------------------------------- 1 Complete control over public and private life 0 Emphasis on free speech 0 Multiparty electoral system 0 Open public debates 0 Extensive social mobility V1 What type of stability refers to the endurance of institutions over time? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Structural stability 0 Cultural stability 0 Functional stability 0 Political adaptation 0 Economic flexibility V1 What is a key characteristic of a democratic regime? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Power rests with the people through free and fair elections 0 Centralized power without citizen participation 0 Military control over government 0 Limited citizen rights and freedoms 0 Single-party rule V1 Which political regime is characterized by total control over public and private life? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Totalitarianism 0 Liberal democracy 0 Federalism 0 Monarchy 0 Authoritarianism V1 Which theory describes political systems as interacting parts within a society? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Systems Theory 0 Rational Choice Theory 0 Cultural Relativism 0 Social Contract Theory 0 Dependency Theory V1 What is an example of a hybrid democracy? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A political system combining democratic and authoritarian elements 0 A fully authoritarian regime 0 A decentralized monarchy 0 A regime with no elections 0 A traditional theocracy V1 What is the main purpose of political stability within a political system? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 To maintain order and adapt to social changes 0 To eliminate diversity in political thought 0 To restrict economic growth 0 To reduce international cooperation 0 To isolate national traditions V1 What is a primary characteristic of a federal state? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Division of power between central and regional governments 0 Centralized governance with limited local autonomy 0 Military control of all territories 0 Regional government independence without central oversight 0 Restricted citizen participation V1 In which political regime is ideological indoctrination common? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Totalitarian regime 0 Representative democracy 0 Monarchy 0 Laissez-faire capitalism 0 Constitutional republic V1 What form of government does Kazakhstan have as a political system? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Presidential republic 0 Absolute monarchy 0 Single-party system 0 Direct democracy 0 Military dictatorship V1 What is political leadership primarily focused on? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Directing a group toward specific goals and public interests 0 Limiting public opinion 0 Managing only economic projects 0 Reducing government expenses 0 Maintaining cultural traditions exclusively V1 Which theory of political leadership emphasizes inherent qualities like charisma? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Trait Theory 0 Situational Theory 0 Transformational Leadership 0 Elite Theory 0 Rational Choice Theory V1 What characterizes transformational leadership? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Inspiring and motivating followers toward positive changes 0 Avoiding change 0 Enforcing strict laws without dialogue 0 Economic isolation 0 Maintaining traditional leadership styles V1 Which type of leadership is based on democratic consultation with followers? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 Democratic leadership 0 Autocratic leadership 0 Laissez-faire leadership 0 Traditional leadership 0 Situational leadership V1 What is the main function of political leadership in a crisis? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Managing and resolving issues to maintain stability 0 Reducing governmental responsibilities 0 Avoiding public involvement 0 Expanding only military influence 0 Limiting international cooperation V1 Which factor influences the nature of political leadership in Kazakhstan? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Focus on national stability, modernization, and unity 0 Complete reliance on foreign policies 0 Strict adherence to traditional economic methods 0 Avoidance of public communication 0 Promotion of political elitism V1 What is characteristic of autocratic leadership? ---- -------------------------------------------------- 1 Power centered on a single authority figure 0 Continuous public consultation 0 Equal power distribution among citizens 0 Limited government intervention 0 Complete economic decentralization V1 What does situational theory suggest about leadership? ---- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Leadership depends on specific situational demands 0 Only charismatic leaders succeed 0 Leadership should avoid change 0 Strict rules ensure leadership stability 0 Leadership is entirely predictable V1 What modern trend has influenced political leadership globally? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Increased reliance on digital communication 0 Reduction in citizen engagement 0 Isolation from international issues 0 Focus solely on traditional leadership styles 0 Limitation on educational reforms V1 What role does political leadership play in shaping public opinion? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Influencing societal views and mediating conflicting interests 0 Reducing public communication 0 Limiting access to information 0 Promoting only economic interests 0 Avoiding involvement in social issues V1 Who holds the highest authority in Kazakhstan's government structure? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The President 0 The Parliament 0 Local governors 0 Regional councils 0 Judiciary system V1 What role does the Kazakh Parliament play in governance? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------- 1 Legislative authority 0 Executive authority 0 Judicial authority 0 Religious authority 0 Social welfare V1 What is the primary function of the judiciary in Kazakhstan? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ensuring justice and legal accountability 0 Only collecting taxes 0 Managing industrial projects 0 Regulating cultural institutions 0 Promoting local businesses V1 What is the primary function of the judiciary in Kazakhstan? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ensuring justice and legal accountability 0 Only collecting taxes 0 Managing industrial projects 0 Regulating cultural institutions 0 Promoting local businesses V1 What is one of the objectives of Kazakhstan's democratic reforms? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Strengthening parliamentary power 0 Limiting public participation 0 Centralizing all governmental power 0 Eliminating regional autonomy 0 Reducing citizen rights V1 Which document serves as the legal foundation for Kazakhstan's state structure? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The Constitution of Kazakhstan 0 The Magna Carta 0 United Nations Charter 0 The Economic Treatise 0 National Educational Policy V1 What is the purpose of Kazakhstan's gradual democratization efforts? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Enhancing public involvement in governance 0 Reducing human rights 0 Promoting a single-party system 0 Eliminating all political opposition 0 Limiting education access V1 Which body holds the judicial power in Kazakhstan? ---- ---------------------------------------------------- 1 The Judiciary, including courts 0 The Executive Branch 0 The Legislative Parliament 0 The Ministry of Defense 0 The National Library V1 How does Kazakhstan's government address the issue of political stability? ---- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Balancing stability with gradual reforms 0 Limiting international cooperation 0 Avoiding political modernization 0 Strengthening centralization exclusively 0 Enforcing strict isolationist policies V1 What is one of the key values emphasized in Kazakhstan's Constitution? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 National unity and social harmony 0 Political isolation 0 Economic competition exclusively 0 Cultural uniformity 0 Restriction of civil rights V1 What does \"Deviance\" refer to? ---- --------------------------------------- 1 Behavior that violates social norms 0 Legal regulations in a society 0 Adherence to social values 0 Emphasis on cultural diversity 0 Participation in community activities V1 What is a Referendum? ---- ------------------------------------------------------- 1 A direct vote by the electorate on a particular issue 0 A regular parliamentary election 0 A type of political debate 0 An annual governmental report 0 A public announcement by the president V1 What is Utopia? ---- ----------------------------- 1 An imagined perfect society 0 A system of government 0 A legal document 0 A political organization 0 A form of economic policy V1 What defines a Republic? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A state where supreme power is held by the people and elected representatives 0 A government run by a monarch 0 A society led by an elite group 0 A type of direct democracy 0 A country governed by religious leaders V1 What is Lobbying? ---- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Seeking to influence politicians on a particular issue 0 Campaigning for public office 0 Voting in elections 0 Serving as a political advisor 0 Organizing public protests V1 What does Federalism mean? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A system where power is divided between national and regional governments 0 A government with no regional authorities 0 A type of dictatorship 0 Complete centralization of power 0 A single ruling party system V1 What is Anarchy? ---- ------------------------------------ 1 Absence of government or authority 0 A democratic form of rule 0 A coalition government 0 A monarchy with limited power 0 A system of judicial control V1 What does Feminism advocate? ---- ------------------------------------ 1 Gender equality and women's rights 0 Male dominance in society 0 Absolute freedom of speech 0 Economic equality only 0 Political control by one gender V1 What is Conformity? ---- -------------------------------------------------------- 1 Adjusting one's behavior to align with group standards 0 Rebelling against societal norms 0 Establishing new cultural traditions 0 Promoting individualism 0 Rejecting all forms of group influence V1 What does Anomie refer to? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 A state of normlessness or lack of social regulation 0 An increase in social order 0 A form of traditional governance 0 A highly structured society 0 A system of moral values V1 What is Charisma? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A personal quality that gives an individual influence or authority 0 An official political role 0 A type of government office 0 A formal position in society 0 An inherited social status V1 What is Habitus according to Pierre Bourdieu? ---- ------------------------------------------------------------ 1 A set of acquired patterns of thought, behavior, and taste 0 An inborn personality trait 0 A formal education system 0 A government policy 0 A social status one is born into V1 What is the primary function of the Executive Branch in government? ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 To implement and enforce laws 0 To create laws 0 To interpret laws 0 To oversee local government only 0 To regulate the economy V1 What is the main purpose of the principle of Checks and Balances? ---- -------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 To ensure that no single branch of government becomes too powerful 0 To support economic growth 0 To strengthen the executive branch 0 To maintain public opinion 0 To promote international cooperation V1 What is Diplomacy? ---- ------------------------------------------------------ 1 Managing international relations through negotiation 0 Conducting military actions abroad 0 Enforcing national laws in foreign countries 0 Promoting domestic policies globally 0 Intervening directly in other governments V1 What is a Coalition Government? ---- --------------------------------------------------- 1 A government formed by multiple political parties 0 A single-party government 0 A monarchy with shared powers 0 A nonelected government body 0 A government led exclusively by the military V1 What does Majority Rule imply in a democratic context? ---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 The majority has the power to make decisions for the whole population 0 The minority holds more power 0 Only the wealthiest citizens make decisions 0 The executive branch has ultimate authority 0 Laws are passed without a vote