Akithmi Koththigoda Kankanamge 2024 Midterm Exam Honors Review Sheet PDF

Modern World History Midterm Exam Absolutism ​ Characteristics of Absolutism - A singular person has complete control over the government (16th and 17th century common form of government in Europe) -​ No checks and balances -​ They had control over everything ​ D...

Modern World History Midterm Exam Absolutism ​ Characteristics of Absolutism - A singular person has complete control over the government (16th and 17th century common form of government in Europe) -​ No checks and balances -​ They had control over everything ​ Divine Right - The right to rule was given by god -​ No checks and balances ​ King Louis XIV - Sun King: Considered he was the central figure of France ​ Palace of Versailles – To get away from social unrest -​ Threatened by the nobles -​ Avoid the common people -​ Extravagant -​ Ridiculous -​ Expensive The Enlightenment - The age of reason ​ Natural Rights - Life, Liberty and Property ​ Philosophes– an enlightenment thinker who starts to question their government - pushing for progress in society ​ Locke - Believer of Natural Rights, absolutism is bad, people are born good, democratic form of government, people have a say in gov and can revolt ​ Hobbes - All people are born evil, selfish and greedy. Supports absolutism because it keeps people in control ​ The Enlightenment's effect on Absolutism - People start to challenge the gov. The French Revolution - 1789-1799 (18th century) ​ Political causes of the revolution - Marie Antoinette & Louis XIV were unsatisfactory leaders and no representation in government ​ Economic causes of the revolution - Inflation in food, poverty, debt from wars and the palace, unfair taxation on the 3rd estate. ​ Social causes of the revolution - Estate System ​ Estate system - Unfair wealth gap and social classes -​ 1st estate: clergy (1%) -​ Collect money from taxes -​ 2nd estate: Nobles (2%) -​ 3rd estate: Common people (97%) ​ Bourgeoisie - Merchants, Lawyers, educated. They had more knowledge and resources to be exposed to enlightenment ideas. ​ Estates-General Meeting–purpose, voting - Legislative body of France to address the financial crisis in France. Proposes to start taxing the 2nd estate (voting was not proportionate to the population) ​ Tennis Court Oath - 3rd estate refused to leave the tennis court until a new constitution was formed. ​ Storming of the Bastille - Marked the start of the French Revolution, prison for political prisoners, seen as an emblem of absolutism bc anyone who spoke against the government, gets thrown in there. The Finance minister under king louis who  was sympathetic toward the 3rd estate was fired and th ​ Women’s March to Versailles - Hangry women protesting against the price of bread -​ National assembly forces the king to sign DORM and are taken as prisoners ​ Flight to Varennes - seen as traitors ​ Reign of Terror - Jacobin party emerges ​ Guillotine - seen as a humane form of execution but later becomes horror ​ Robespierre - leader of the jacobin, gets executed, reign of terror ends Napoleon - 1799 ends the french revolution ​ Coup d’etat - A forceful overthrow of the government with the help of military (Napoleon becomes an emperor of France) ​ Continental System - Wanted to destroy Great Britain’s economy with the help of different countries in Europe to cut off trade with GB ​ Domestic policies: Created a centralized government, national banking system, public education system, napoleonic code, legal framework for france, still used today ​ Invasion of Russia - Withdrew from the continental system and then Napoleon marches into Russia and Russia has a very unique military strategy. Hard to conquer because of the size and weather in Russia ​ Scorched-earth policy - Burns anything down that would be of use to Napoleon. Cut them off from supplies (very effective) ​ 100 Days Campaign - Gets exiled and tries to redeem himself to the people ​ Battle of Waterloo - Leads to the fall of Napoleon ​ Legacy - Military Genius, Protected France from Monarchy but ends up inserting himself with more power than a monarch, Napoleonic code, national banking system, school system, reinstated slavery in the colonies, takes away women’s rights Haitian Revolution - Very close in time period/ Haiti was a French colony (St. Domingue) ​ Social structure of Saint Domingue - Wealthy white landowners ○​ Free people of color (children of slaves) ○​ Petite blancs ○​ Slaves (90%) ​ Economic importance of the island - Coffee and sugar ​ Political causes of the revolution - colony of production ​ Economic causes of the revolution - Wealthy white land owners reap all benefits but they don’t live there, Slaves work in brutal conditions with little to no pay ​ Social causes of the revolution - Oppression, lack of religious freedom ​ Toussaint L’Ouverture - Military general that lead the haitian revolution Industrial Revolution ​ Agricultural Revolution–definition, changes - changes in farming based on new technology (seed drill, plow) ​ Enclosure Movement - Farmland was communal prior this movement however when it happened, wealthy landowners buy the land and it becomes private, typical people have no access so they need to move to cities to find work  ​ Crop Rotation - Corn, wheat, barley, basil. Rotating the crops to keep the soil healthy. Leads to more crops being grown ​ Reasons why it began in Great Britain - Plentiful natural resources and more colonies to provide raw materials. Three factors of production: enough land, Enough labor and capital (money) ​ Textile industry - First to industrialize ​ Factory system - Mass production, price down, quality down, more accessible, heavy machinery ​ Sources of power - Water, Steam power, ​ Important inventions of the Industrial Revolution - makes work easier ​ Importance of railroads - Transportation of goods and people (faster and more efficient) ​ Positives of industrialization - More…items are being sold, access to goods, jobs development of cities, capital ​ Negatives of industrialization - Child labor, disease, overpopulation, poor working conditions, wealth gap increases, larger middle class, quality of goods go down ​ Role of women - women can work, more opportunities ​ Economic Systems (Capitalism, Socialism, Communism) - Capitalism - no government involvement in the workplace, business owners like this because they can do whatever they want with pay and workload. Communism - The government owns everything. No private property, no currency. Working class would like this to protect them from exploitation. Equalize- get rid of wealth gap. Corruption in government. Socialism - Precursor to communism, shrink but not get rid of wealth gap, some government involvement. Protect workers. Labor laws. Factory act of 1883. ​ Unions - Group of workers that fight for better working conditions. Imperialism - taking over land forcefully for your own gain ​ Political causes of imperialism - Spread their ideas, nationalism, keeping up with neighboring countries ​ Economic causes of imperialism - Money, resources ​ Social causes of imperialism - Greed, white supremacy, justifies by saying they're going to civilize the people by being education and religion ​ Africa previous to mid-1800s - Limitations with transportation, disease spreading ​ Factors that contributed to European conquest - new transportation and medicine ​ Use of technology - transportation, weaponry ​ Berlin Conference - European countries split up Africa without their consent. Goal is to split it up fairly and to avoid conflict and bloodshed ​ Impacts of colonial rule - Revolt. Groups of people split. Forced into conflict ​ White Man’s Burden - White man’s job to civilize people all around the world. Christianity, education World War I ​ Militarism - The expansion and growth of a nation’s military, primarily with the goal of preparing for war. ​ Alliance System - A complex web of alliances among European nations ​ Kaiser Wilhelm II - Leader of Germany during WW1 (Absolute ruler)  ​ Nationalism ​ Imperialism ​ Assassination ​ Gavrilo Princip ​ Schlieffen Plan ​ Involvement of each country in WWI - Germany fighting a two front war, Austria-Hungary, France ​ Trench Warfare ​ New weapons used ​ Total War - Channeling a nation’s resources for a war effort ​ Propaganda - Sway public opinion ​ Role of women ​ Russian Revolution (political, economic and social causes) ​ Bolsheviks ​ Treaty of Brest Litovsk ​ Homefront ​ Utilization of colonies in the war ​ Paris Peace Conference & feelings of the countries & outcome - All allied countries have a discussion to prevent a war from breaking out. Germany is not allowed. ​ Fourteen Points - Different from the Treaty of Versailles because its less harsh on Germany. League of nations is in Treaty of Versailles ​ Treaty of Versailles 80 MCQ 3 SA - Cause and effect, Primary source analysis, contrasting