AKICKD2.docx

Quiz 2: Kidney Physiology and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys? \- A) Protein synthesis \- B) Blood filtration \- C) Vitamin D storage \- D) Glycogen storage Answer: B) Blood filtration 2\. What is the functi...

Quiz 2: Kidney Physiology and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Multiple-Choice Questions: 1\. Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys? \- A) Protein synthesis \- B) Blood filtration \- C) Vitamin D storage \- D) Glycogen storage Answer: B) Blood filtration 2\. What is the functional unit of the kidney? \- A) Glomerulus \- B) Nephron \- C) Renal corpuscle \- D) Bowman's capsule Answer: B) Nephron 3\. Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? \- A) Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per hour \- B) Volume of urine produced per day \- C) Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute \- D) Amount of sodium reabsorbed by the kidneys per day Answer: C) Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute 4\. What percentage of cardiac output is typically received by the kidneys? \- A) 5% \- B) 10% \- C) 20% \- D) 25% Answer: C) 20% 5\. Which of the following processes occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron? \- A) Filtration of blood \- B) Reabsorption of glucose \- C) Secretion of potassium \- D) Concentration of urine Answer: B) Reabsorption of glucose 6\. Which of the following best describes the role of the afferent arteriole in kidney function? \- A) Carries blood away from the glomerulus \- B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus \- C) Regulates blood pH \- D) Filters plasma proteins Answer: B) Supplies blood to the glomerulus 7\. Which of the following is the most likely result of decreased renal perfusion? \- A) Increased GFR \- B) Decreased GFR \- C) Increased urine output \- D) Increased sodium reabsorption Answer: B) Decreased GFR 8\. Which hormone is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production? \- A) Renin \- B) Erythropoietin \- C) Aldosterone \- D) Angiotensin II Answer: B) Erythropoietin 9\. Which of the following conditions is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)? \- A) Hypovolemia \- B) Glomerulonephritis \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hypercalcemia Answer: A) Hypovolemia 10\. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for AKI due to hypovolemia? \- A) Fluid resuscitation \- B) Diuretics \- C) ACE inhibitors \- D) NSAIDs Answer: A) Fluid resuscitation 11\. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause postrenal AKI? \- A) Renal artery stenosis \- B) Ureteral obstruction \- C) Acute glomerulonephritis \- D) Dehydration Answer: B) Ureteral obstruction 12\. Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged untreated AKI? \- A) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) \- B) Heart failure \- C) Pulmonary edema \- D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 13\. Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly seen in AKI? \- A) Hypocalcemia \- B) Hypokalemia \- C) Hyperkalemia \- D) Hyponatremia Answer: C) Hyperkalemia 14\. Which of the following is a primary diagnostic tool for AKI? \- A) MRI \- B) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) \- C) Serum creatinine \- D) Urinalysis Answer: C) Serum creatinine 15\. Which of the following is the earliest marker of renal injury in AKI? \- A) Proteinuria \- B) Microalbuminuria \- C) Hematuria \- D) Casts in the urine Answer: B) Microalbuminuria 16\. Which medication should be discontinued to prevent the progression of AKI? \- A) NSAIDs \- B) Statins \- C) Beta-blockers \- D) Insulin Answer: A) NSAIDs 17\. Which of the following is a goal of treatment in AKI? \- A) Reduce serum calcium levels \- B) Restore renal perfusion \- C) Increase protein intake \- D) Reduce sodium intake Answer: B) Restore renal perfusion 18\. Which of the following conditions is most likely to require renal replacement therapy (RRT)? \- A) Acute kidney injury with severe hyperkalemia \- B) CKD with mild proteinuria \- C) Hypertension \- D) Hyperlipidemia Answer: A) Acute kidney injury with severe hyperkalemia 19\. Which of the following is an appropriate intervention for a patient with AKI and fluid overload? \- A) Fluid restriction \- B) Aggressive hydration \- C) Use of loop diuretics \- D) Increased salt intake Answer: C) Use of loop diuretics 20\. Which of the following is a common long-term consequence of unresolved AKI? \- A) Chronic kidney disease (CKD) \- B) Hypertension \- C) Cardiovascular disease \- D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above Short Answer Questions: 1\. What is the significance of GFR in assessing kidney function? Answer: GFR is a critical measure of kidney function, indicating how well the kidneys are filtering blood. It helps in staging kidney disease and guiding treatment decisions. 2\. Explain the role of erythropoietin in kidney function. Answer: Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow, playing a crucial role in preventing anemia, particularly in CKD. 3\. What is the pathophysiology of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)? Answer: ATN occurs when there is a severe lack of blood flow to the kidneys or exposure to nephrotoxic agents, leading to damage of the renal tubules and impaired kidney function. 4\. Describe the management strategy for hyperkalemia in a patient with AKI. Answer: Management includes stabilizing the heart with calcium gluconate, shifting potassium into cells with insulin and glucose, and removing excess potassium through diuretics or dialysis.