Kidney Physiology and AKI Quiz2

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the kidneys?

Glycogen storage

Blood filtration (correct)

Protein synthesis

Vitamin D storage

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

Bowman's capsule

Renal corpuscle

Nephron (correct)

Glomerulus

Which of the following best describes glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per hour

Volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute (correct)

Volume of urine produced per day

Amount of sodium reabsorbed by the kidneys per day

What percentage of cardiac output is typically received by the kidneys?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron?

Reabsorption of glucose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the afferent arteriole in kidney function?

Supplies blood to the glomerulus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most likely result of decreased renal perfusion?

Decreased GFR Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Hypovolemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most appropriate management for AKI due to hypovolemia?

Fluid resuscitation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause postrenal AKI?

Ureteral obstruction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of prolonged untreated AKI?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte disturbance is commonly seen in AKI?

Hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary diagnostic tool for AKI?

Serum creatinine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the earliest marker of renal injury in AKI?

Microalbuminuria Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be discontinued to prevent the progression of AKI?

NSAIDs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal of treatment in AKI?

Restore renal perfusion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is most likely to require renal replacement therapy (RRT)?

Acute kidney injury with severe hyperkalemia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an appropriate intervention for a patient with AKI and fluid overload?

Use of loop diuretics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common long-term consequence of unresolved AKI?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of GFR in assessing kidney function?

GFR is a critical measure of kidney function, indicating how well the kidneys are filtering blood. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of erythropoietin in kidney function.

Erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

ATN occurs when there is a severe lack of blood flow to the kidneys or exposure to nephrotoxic agents, leading to damage of the renal tubules. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the management strategy for hyperkalemia in a patient with AKI.

Management includes stabilizing the heart with calcium gluconate, shifting potassium into cells with insulin and glucose, and removing excess potassium through diuretics or dialysis. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Kidney Functions and Anatomy

Kidneys primarily filter blood, vital for waste removal and homeostasis.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtration and reabsorption.
The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measures the volume of blood filtered by the kidneys per minute.

Kidney Circulation and Hormones

Kidneys receive approximately 20% of cardiac output, highlighting their metabolic activity.
Erythropoietin, produced by kidneys, stimulates red blood cell production, crucial for oxygen transport.

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Insights

Decreased renal perfusion results in a decreased GFR, impacting kidney function.
Common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) include hypovolemia, leading to significant renal damage.
Ureteral obstruction is a likely cause of postrenal AKI, causing blockage and further kidney dysfunction.

Diagnosis and Management of AKI

Serum creatinine is a primary diagnostic tool for assessing AKI severity.
Microalbuminuria is the earliest marker of renal injury in AKI, indicating compromised kidney function.
Fluid resuscitation is the most appropriate management for AKI due to hypovolemia.
Discontinuing NSAIDs can prevent the progression of AKI, as they are nephrotoxic.

Electrolyte Disturbances and Treatment Goals

Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disturbance seen in AKI, requiring careful monitoring.
Goals of AKI treatment include restoring renal perfusion and managing symptoms like fluid overload.
Loop diuretics are recommended for managing fluid overload in AKI patients.

Long-term Consequences of AKI

Prolonged untreated AKI can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) may be necessary for patients with severe hyperkalemia due to AKI.

Clinical Management Strategies

For hyperkalemia in AKI patients, stabilize the heart with calcium gluconate, shift potassium using insulin and glucose, and utilize diuretics or dialysis for potassium removal.
Management of AKI focuses on addressing underlying causes and preserving kidney function to reduce long-term risks.

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Description

Test your knowledge on kidney physiology and the mechanisms behind Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). This quiz covers key concepts such as kidney functions, the nephron's role, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Perfect for students studying renal physiology or preparing for exams.