Agri 171 2nd Exam PDF

# One Health: Animal Health and Welfare ## One Health - Human Health - Animal Health - Environment ## Animal Welfare - A complex, multi-faceted public policy issue - Includes important scientific, ethical, economic, and political dimensions - A growing importance to society; must be addressed in...

# One Health: Animal Health and Welfare ## One Health - Human Health - Animal Health - Environment ## Animal Welfare - A complex, multi-faceted public policy issue - Includes important scientific, ethical, economic, and political dimensions - A growing importance to society; must be addressed in a scientifically credible manner ### First Animal Welfare Law: Martin's Act of 1822 - Richard Martin * Irish politician * Animal and human rights activist - Pioneered legislation through the UK parliament to outlaw cruelty to animals - Leading founder of the Royalty Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) - first AW organization founded in 1824 ### III Treatment of Cattle Bill "...that if any person or persons having the charge, care or custody of any horse, cow, ox, heifer, steer, sheep, or other cattle, the property of any other person or persons, shall wantonly beat, abuse or ill-treat any such animal, such individuals shall be brough before a Justice of the Peace of other magistrate..." ## Animal Welfare Science - The formal, scientific study of animal welfare - Are animals suffering? - Which animals are we concerned about? ## Suffering - "one or more bad feelings continuing for more than a short period" Broom and Fraser, 2007 - To suffer, an animal must be sentient ### Sentience - the capacity to experience suffering and pleasure - it implies a level of conscious awareness - animal sentience means that animals can feel pain and suffer and experience positive emotions - animals can experience complex emotions e.g. grief and empathy (Douglas-Hamilton et al., 2006; Langford et al., 2006) - animal sentience is based on decades of scientific evidence from neuroscience, behavioral science, and cognitive ethology ### Sentient animals - Probably all vertebrates - Some invertebrates * squid * octopus * some crustaceans ## Welfare - Concerns the quality of life - Not how long the life lasts - How the animal dies is a welfare concern ## What is Animal Welfare? - Complex concept with three areas of concern (Fraser et al., 1997) * Is the animal functioning well (e.g. good health, productivity)? * Is the animal feeling well (e.g. absence of pain)? * Is the animal able to perform natural/species-typical behaviors that are thought to be important to them (e.g. grazing) ## Physical - "the welfare of an animal is its state as regards to its attempts to cope with its environment" - Broom, 1986 - "...an animal is in a poor state of welfare only when [its] physiological systems are disturbed to the point that survival or reproduction are impaired" - McGlone, 1993 ## Mental - "...neither health nor lack of stress nor fitness is necessary and/or sufficient to conclude that an animal has good welfare. Welfare is dependent upon what animals feel." - Duncan, 1993 ## Natural behavior - "In principle, we disapprove of a degree of confinement of an animal which necessarily frustrates most of the major activities which makes up its natural behaviour" - Brambell Committee, 1965 ## Feelings, naturalness, and needs - Specific behaviors that animals developed in order in order to obtain an essential resource - Needs to show certain behaviors - If the domestic environment or handling prevents them from performing these behaviors, negative emotions such as frustration → suffering ## What is Animal Welfare? - Combined statements (World Organization for Animal Health) "animal welfare means how an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives An animal is in a good state of welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) he/she is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behavior, and if he/she is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress Good animal welfare requires disease prevention and veterinary treatment, appropriate shelter, management, nutrition, humane handling, and humane slaughter/killing" ## Welfare as a continuum - Good welfare * A good Life * Mainly positive experiences and emotions - Adequate welfare * A life worth living * minimal suffering - Poor welfare * A life not worth living * All suffering - Good * A life not worth living * All suffering ## Fear in farm animals - Two most common and potentially frightening events encountered by farm animals: 1. Sudden change in social and physical environment * New environment is a potent fear-and stress-elicitor in all animals 2. Exposure to people ## Behavioral indicator Time to interact (secs) - After negative interaction - After no interaction - After positive interaction ## What is Animal Welfare? - "animal welfare is a term that describes a potentially measurable quality of a living animal at a particular time and hence is a scientific concept" - Broom, 2011 ## Animal Welfare Science and Animal Ethics - Welfare science measures the effects on animals of different situations and environments, from the animal's point of view. ## Animal ethics concerns - how humans should treat animals. ## Animal Welfare Act of 1998 - An act to promote animal welfare in the Philippines - Implementing Rules and Regulations ## The Five Freedoms - Brambell Committee, 1965: FAWC, 1992: * Freedom from hunger and thirst * Freedom from discomfort * Freedom from pain, injury and disease * Freedom to express normal behaviour * Freedom from fear and distress # Organic Agriculture ## Organic: - Refers to a particular farming and processing system described in the standards and not in the classic chemical sense * Standards: Philippine National Standards (7) * Chemical sense: carbon-containing compounds - Synonymous to "biological" or "ecological" - Labeling term denoting products considered organic based on Standards ## Organic agriculture - includes all agricultural systems that promote the ecologically sound, socially acceptable, economically viable and technically feasible_production of food and fibers. - Organic agricultural dramatically reduces external inputs by refraining from the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. - It also covers areas such as, but not limited to, soil fertility management, varietal breeding and selection under chemical and pesticide-free conditions, the use of biotechnology and other cultural practices that are consistent with the principles and policies of this Act, and enhance productivity without destroying the soil and harming farmers, consumers and the environment as defined by the International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movement (IFOAM): Provided, That the biotechnology herein to shall not include genetically modified organisms of GMOs. ## PNS for Organic Agriculture (2016) - 3.32 Organic agriculture * holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles, and soil biological activity; emphasizes the use of management practices over the use of off-farm inputs; and utilizes cultural, biological, and mechanical methods as opposed to synthetic materials. Organic agriculture combines tradition, innovation, and science to benefit the shared environment and promote fair relationships and a good quality of life for all involved. ## Laws & Policies - __RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511__ - Section 2 Declaration of Policy. It is hereby declared the policy of the State to promote, propagate, develop further and implement the practice of organic agriculture in the Philippines that will cumulatively condition and enrich the fertility of the soil, increase farm productivity, reduce pollution and destruction of the environment, prevent the depletion of natural resources, encourage the participation of indigenous organic farmers in promoting their sustainable practices, further protect the health of farmers, consumers, and the general public, and save on imported farm inputs and promote food self-sufficiency. Towards this end, a comprehensive program for the promotion of community-based organic agriculture systems which include, among others, farmer-produced purely organic fertilizers such as compost, pesticides and other farm inputs, together with a nationwide educational and promotional campaign for their use and processing as well as adoption of organic agriculture system as a viable alternative shall be undertaken. - The State recognizes and supports the central role of the farmers, indigenous people and other stakeholders at the grassroots in this program. Likewise, a nationwide educational & awareness campaign among consumers on the benefits of consuming organic products to boost local production of organic food and non-food products, as well as the adoption of organic agricultural system as a viable alternative shall be undertaken. ## Main goal of OA - Optimize the health and productivity of interdependent communities and interacting systems of soil life, plants, animals and people ## Objectives of the organic production system (Section 3.c. RA 10068 as amended) - enhance biological diversity within the whole system; - increase soil biological activity; - maintain long-term soil fertility; - recycle wastes of plant and animal origin in order to return nutrients to the land, thus minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources; - rely on renewable resources in locally organized agricultural system; - promote the healthy use of soil, water and air as well as minimize all forms of pollution thereto that may result from agricultural practices; - develop and promote the use of biotechnology in agriculture; - handle agricultural products with emphasis on careful processing methods in order to maintain the organic integrity and vital qualities of the product at all stages; and - become established on any existing farm through a period of convention, the appropriate length of which is determined by site-specific factors such as the history of the land, and type of crops and livestock to be produced. ## Creation of the following: - National Organic Agriculture Program (Section 5, RA 10068) * promotion and commercialization of organic farming practices, cultivation and adoption of production and processing methods which have already been developed, or to be developed, continuing research and upgrading thereof, the capacity building of farmers and the education of consumers thereon, the extension of assistance to local government units (LGU's), peoples' organizations (POs), nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and other stakeholders including individuals and groups who are practicing and promoting these methods as well as those who are willing to do other pertinent activities, and documentation and evaluation of the program. - National Organic Agriculture Board (Section 6, RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511) * policy-making body and shall provide direction and general guidelines for the implementation of the National Organic Agricultural Program ## Additional appropriation: - Section 18 (amending Section 25 of RA 10068): PhP 1B for promotion and development of National Organic Agriculture Program - Shared facilities: * Seeds, feeds, animal distribution, soil amendments, bio-control: 35% * Extension and training: 25% * Socialized credit: 20% * Small scale irrigation system: 5% * R&D: 5% * Marketing & Promotion: 5% ## Standards & Certification EXISTING PNS relevant to OA: 1. PNS for Organic Agriculture 2. PNS for Organic Aquaculture 3. PNS for Organic Soil Amendments (OSA) 4. PNS for Code of Practice for the Production of OSA 5. PNS for Organic Bio-control Agents 6. PNS for Organic Milled Rice 7. PNS for Organic Aquaculture - Definitions (RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511): * __Certification:__ procedure by which a government agency or organic certifying body (OCB) provides written or equivalent assurance that farms, or production and processing systems conform to organic standards (Section 3.h.) * __OCB:__ legal entity accredited by the govt agency to perform inspection and certification activities, and responsible for verifying if a product sold, and labeled as "organic" is produced, processed, prepared or handled according to relevant guidelines (Section 3.q.) * __Participatory Guarantee System (PGS):__ locally-focused quality assurance system which is developed and practice by people actually engaged in OA. It is used to certify producers and farmers as actual and active practitioners of OA. (Section 3.s.) - __PGS:__ ___PGS group:___ a legal association or cooperative of registered farmer members and other stakeholders in a PGS (Section 3.u.) - Must be registered in municipality and have a mayor's permit to conduct business - Farmer/owner joins PGS and applies for a participatory organic certificate with a core PGS group where the farm belongs - Withdrawal from the PGS means forfeiture of the participatory organic certificate (Section 14.c., new for RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511) - NGO-initiated amendment to make certification affordable (usually PhP 100K per variety, per crop, per year) - Accreditation of OCB: * Bureau of Agriculture and Fisheries Standards (BAFS) of DA (Section 12, new for RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511) * OCB performing 3rd Party Certification or as party of PGS * At least one accredited OCB performing 3rd Party Certification in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao * Incentive: compliant small farmer/association/coop that is certified by core PGS or OCB for 5 years, without any offense or infraction → full government subsidy for the cost of an international certification for 1 year - Labelling of Organic Product: * label of organic produce shall contain the logo or seal of OCB and accreditation number issued by the BAFS * Products certified by 3rd Party organic certification system and PGS shall be allowed to be labelled and sold as "organic" (Section 18, RA 10068 as amended by RA 11511) - Registration of Organic Producers, Produce, Inputs and Organic Processed Food * BAFS for registration of integrated farms, organic inputs and organic bio-control agents * BPI for registration of organic seeds, planting materials and crops * BAI for registration of apiculture, livestock, poultry farms and feeds * BFAR for registration of fisheries and aquaculture and organic feeds * FDA for product registration of organic processed food - Functions of BAFS * Grant accreditation to OCB & PGS groups * Issue registration to integrated farms and inputs * Conduct inspections and certify farms * Develop OA standards * Rule on appeals of farm/farm owners under PGS * Monitoring and post-market surveillance * Extend technical support to core PGS ## Infractions: - (a) obstructs the development of propagation of organic agriculture, or the manufacture, production, sale or use of organic agricultural inputs; - (b) refuses without just cause to extend the support and assistance required under this Act; and - (c) mislabels or claims that the product is organic when it is not in accordance with the existing standards for Philippine organic agriculture or this Act ## PENALTY - Imprisonment of not less than one (1) month nor more than six (6) months, or a fine of not more than PhP 50K, or both, at the discretion of the court. - If the offender is a corporation or a juridical entity, the official who ordered or allowed the commission of the offense shall be punished with the same penalty. - If the offender is in the government service, he shall in addition, be dismissed from the office. - If OCB issued certification to farm/producer who is found not to be compliant to PNS, shall be given written warning by BAFS (1st offense) or suspension of its accreditation (2nd offense) ## Concerns - Limited access to inputs, amendments and manpower from LGUs and implementing units - Marketing problems: lack of market information system → higher cost, benefit of Organic - Certification process * Guidelines for operation and accreditation of PGS as OCB ## Conversion process - Impact of yield reduction (25-50% lower yield) - More volume of inputs to be provided compared to synthetic inputs - Supply of accredited organic materials for inputs - Labor intensive operations - Greenhouse gas emissions from manure # Food fraud ## Is it FRFR? ## What is Food Fraud? - "Food fraud is the act of purposely altering, misrepresenting, mislabeling, substituting or tampering with any food product at any point along the farm-to-table food supply chain. Fraud can occur in the raw material, in an ingredient, in the final product, or in the food's packaging" (Food Safety Net Services, 2024) - Food fraud occurs when customers are deceived about the quality and/or content of the food they are purchasing, and is often motivated by an undue advantage for those who are selling the food. (FAO, 2021) - Food fraud is a collective term used to encompass the deliberate and intentional substitution, addition, tampering, or misrepresentation of food, food ingredients, or food packaging; or false or misleading statements made about a product for economic gain (Spink and Moyer, 2011). - Food Fraud: Any actions taken by businesses or individuals that deceive other businesses and/or individuals in terms of misrepresenting food, food ingredients or food packaging that brings about a financial gain (Elliott, 2018). - Food fraud "is deception of consumers using food products, ingredients and packaging for economic gain and includes substitution, unapproved enhancements, misbranding, counterfeiting, stolen goods or others." GFSI Position on Mitigating the Public Health Risk of Food Fraud (2014) - Food Fraud is "any suspected intentional action by businesses or individuals for the purpose of deceiving purchasers and gaining undue advantage therefrom, in violation of the rules" a shortened version of the definition in the European Union Article 1(2) of Regulation (EU) 2017/625 (Agri-food chain legislation). ## What is the importance of preventing food fraud? - The prevention of food fraud is important because it poses a serious issue in terms of food safety. * Example: Melamine in milk - China (2008) - Food fraud negatively impacts consumers' trust in food industries and government agencies. - Health threat can be indirect, such as when the nutritional quality of the food is not what is promised because of lower-quality ingredients, which robs the consumer of the health benefits for which they paid. * Most adulterated food products (Food Authenticity Network, 2022) * Seafood * Meat & poultry * Dairy products * Herbs/spices * Alcoholic beverages ## Examples of Food Fraud - **Selling regular beef as Wagyu beef** - **When manufacturers sell a mixture of citric acid, sweetener, and water as "100%" lemon juice** - **Food fraud always concerns the quality of food, and it can be related to either the product or the process without intentionally affecting food safety.** - **Food safety = secondary effect, and it can result in the product being harmful to consumers, such as formaldehyde in fish and undeclared allergens added to food products.** ## What are the types of food fraud? 1. __ADULTERATE__ - a component of the finished product is fraudulent *e.g. melamine added to milk* 2. __Tampering and mislabeling__ - legitimate products and packaging are used in a fraudulent way *e.g. changing the expiration date; fraudulent description on production method or origin* 3. __Over-run__ - legitimate product is made in excess of production agreements *e.g. under reporting of production. The products are then distributed outside the regulated supply chain* 4. __Theft__ - legitimate products are stolen and passed off as legitimately procured *e.g. stolen products are mixed with legitimate products. Distributed outside regulated supply chain* 5. __Diversion__ - the sale or distribution of legitimate products outside of intended market *e.g. relief food redirected to markets where aid is not required* 6. __Simulation__ - illegitimate product is designed to look like BUT not exactly copy the legitimate product *e.g. "knock-offs" of popular foods not produced within food safety guarantees* 7. __Counterfeit__ - All aspects of the fraudulent product and packaging are full replicated *e.g. copies of popular foods not produced with the same food safety guarantees* ## How do we combat food fraud? - Detecting food fraud is a challenge since consumers alone cannot detect them. - Legal interventions - technological tools ## Example: Melamine in Milk ### Solution: - Codex * maximum melamine level of 1 mg/kg for powdered infant formula * 2.5 mg/kg for other foods and animal feed * maximum limit of 0.15 mg/kg for melamine in liquid infant milk ## How do we combat food fraud? ### Regulations: 1. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) 2. FDA Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) 3. Labeling Regulations: 21 CFR 101.30 4. Standard of Identity Regulation - 21 CFR 130 (general), 21 CFR 133 (cheese), 21 CFR 146 (juices), and 21 CFR 168 (sweeteners and syrups) for examples. ### Regulations: 5. Thailand: Food Act (B.E. 2522) 6. Japan: Food Labelling Act (Act no. 70 of 2013) 7. South Korea: Food Sanitation Act (Article 13) 8. India: Consumer Protection Act of 1986 ### Philippines: 9. R.A. No. 3720 "AN ACT TO ENSURE THE SAFETY AND PURITY OF FOODS, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS BEING MADE AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC BY CREATING THE FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION WHICH SHALL ADMINISTER AND ENFORCE THE LAWS PERTAINING THERETO." Also known as Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 10. Philippines: RA 10611 "AN ACT TO STRENGTHEN THE FOOD SAFETY REGULATORY SYSTEM IN THE COUNTRY TO PROTECT CONSUMER HEALTH AND FACILITATE MARKET ACCESS OF LOCAL FOODS AND FOOD PRODUCTS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES" also known as the Food Safety Act of 2013 ## Food Safety Management System - Food Safety * HACCP * Hazards * Prevent Unintentional Contamination - Food Fraud * VACCP * Vulnerabilities * Prevent Intentional Adulteration * Economically motivated - Food Defense * TACCP * Threats * Prevent Intentional Adulteration * Ideologically motivated ## What is a __VACCP__ plan? - __Vulnerability Assessment Critical Control Point__ is best defined as a management process to defend a food supply chain from any form of dishonest conduct that impacts detrimentally on the quality or authenticity of food and drink. # Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) ## Fertilizer and Industry Authority (FIA) - Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 135 (Ferdinand Marcos, 22 February 1973) - Serves as response to the decrease in rice production ## 1977 - FIA's regulatory powers expanded to pesticides ## FIA then replaced by the Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) - FPAP.D. 1144 (30 May 1977) ## FPA Powers and Functions - Conduct public awareness on safe and effective pest control methods - Promote and coordinate fertilizer and pesticide research with relevant agencies - Request information and assistance from government entities and the private sector - Establish rules for product registration, licensing, and related fees - Impose penalties for violations of established rules - Initiate proceedings against violators of the Decree and regulations - Delegate powers to cooperatives, associations, or individuals to aid in FPA functions - Execute any necessary actions within legal bounds to fulfill FPA objectives ## FPA Powers and Functions - Specify approved uses for each pesticide formulation - Establish and enforce tolerance levels and good agricultural practices for pesticide use - Limit or prohibit pesticide use in areas or times of imminent hazard to health or the environment - Prevent importation and regulate export of commodities with pesticide residues exceeding tolerance levels - Inspect pesticide handler establishments for compliance with health and safety regulations - Check farmers' fields to ensure proper pesticide use per agricultural practices - Require handlers to submit reports on quantities and values of pesticide products - Implement controls on prices, inventories, and distributions during shortages or price surges to protect public interest. ## Prohibited Acts - It shall be unlawful for any handler of pesticides, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemicals or for any farmers, planter or end-user of the same as the case may be: * Produce, import, distribute, store, or sell without an FPA license * Use pesticides contrary to established good agricultural practices * Deal in unregistered or expired pesticide and fertilizer products * Adulterate pesticide formulations or fertilizer grades * Require simultaneous purchase of pesticides with fertilizers or vice-versa * Mislabel products or make false claims regarding effectiveness * Violate any other FPA rules and regulations ## Penalties for Fertilizer Violations - Amount > P50,000: 15 years & 1 day to 20 years - Amount ≤ P10,000: 10 years & 1 day to 15 years - Amount > P50,000: Fine equal to value involved, 3x max, P5,000 - P20,000 - Amount ≤ P10,000: P5,000 - P10,000 - Undetermined Amounts: P5,000 - P10,000 - Falsification: Maximum fines and imprisonment for related offenses. - Corporate Violations: Penalties apply to guilty individuals and the entity involved. - Individuals: * Penal servitude up to 1 year * Fine ranging from P5,000 to P10,000 - Corporate Violations: * Penalties apply to guilty officials or officers of the corporation, firm, partnership, cooperative, or association. ## What is a pesticide? - Any substance or product, or mixture thereof, including active ingredients, adjuvants, and pesticide formulations, intended to control, prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate directly or indirectly, any pest. - The term shall be understood to include insecticide, fungicide, bactericide, nematocide, herbicide, molluscicide, avicide, rodenticide, plant regulator, defoliant, desiccant and the like. ## Pest Control Agents Regulated by FPA - Pest Control Agents * Conventional Chemical Pesticides * Biological and Biologically Derived Pest Control Agents * Biorational Pesticides * Plant-incorporated protectant (PIP) * Other agricultural pesticidal substances derived from modern biotechnology * All other living pest control agents * Biochemical pest Control Agents * Microbial Pest Agents * Insect Predators * Hormones * Bacteria * Fungi * Protozoa * Enzymes * Viruses * Semiochemicals * Macroscopic Parasites * Nematodes * Plants ## Urban Pest Control - FPA (Petitioner) vs Manila Pest Control Company (MAPECON) and Woodrow Catan (Respondents) - The Supreme Court of the Philippines addressed the jurisdictional powers of the FPA concerning the operations of the Manila Pest Control Company (MAPECON). - The Court of Appeals upheld a Regional Trial Court decision that found FPA lacked regulatory authority over MAPECON, which specializes in urban pest control. - The FPA, established under Presidential Decree No. 1144, is tasked primarily with regulating agricultural pesticides, not urban pest control products. ## Urban Pest Control - Department Of Health - Bureau of Food and Drugs (DOH-BFAD) Advisory 2008-003 (Feb 5, 2008) - Household pesticides - classified as Household Hazardous Substance - Urban Pest Control Operators under BFAD - BFAD is now Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ## DOH through the FDA - DOH AO 2014-0038: Household/Urban Pesticides Licensing of Establishments and Operators (repealed by 2019-0010) - DOH AO 2019-0010: Guidelines on the Regulation of Operators of Pest Control, Certification of Pesticide Handlers, and Accreditation of their Training Providers ## Pesticide Toxicity and Hazard |Category and | Signal Words|Color Band|Symbol2 |Acute Oral, LD50 (Rat)|Acute Dermal, LD50 (mg Kg-¹ BW) | | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | :--: | | Danger: Poison | Red | ≤ 50 | ≤ 200 | ≤ 100 | | Warning: Harmful | Yellow | 51-500 | 201-2000 | 101-1000 | | Category II| | | | | |Warning: Harmful | | 501-2000 | 2001-3000 | > 1000 | | Category III| Caution | Blue | > 2000 | > 3000 | NA | | Category IV| | Green | NA | NA | NA | ## Product Registration - Ensures pesticide products meet prescribed standards before they are imported, manufactured, formulated, distributed and sold in the Philippines - **Standards:** * Quality & Suitability of a.i. of the formulated product * Bioefficacy * Safety to handlers * Safety to users/consumers * Safety to the environment * Handling packaging, labelling, disposal ## Types of products to be registered: 1. New end use product or formulation 2. Modification in the registration of registered product (amendment to MRL, change in application method, rate, timing, frequency of application) 3. Change in formulation (change in a.i. %, change in inerts added and type of formulation) 4. New technical grade a.i. or new source 5. Permit for off-label use of the pesticide ## Accreditation (as Product Handler) 1. Pesticide Manufacturer/ Formulator/ Extruder License 2. Pesticide Repacker License 3. Pesticide Importer/Indentor License 4. Pesticide Distributor (National, Area) License 5. Pesticide Supplier's Local Representative/ Local Subsidiaries 6. Pesticide Dealership License 7. Pesticide Control Operator's License 8. Warehouse Registration 9. Agricultural Certified Pesticide Applicator (CPA) 10. Accredited Responsible Care Officer (ARCO) 11. Accredited Pest Researcher 12. Accredited Safety Dispenser (ASD) 13. Accredited Training Associations (ATA) 14. FPA Laboratory Recognition ## Labelling - Contents * Product information * Active Ingredient (a.i.) * Use of product * Weight * FPA Registration Number * Shelf life * Manufacturing info * Product mode of action * Directions for use * Safety precautions ## Products Stewardships & Responsible Care - Pesticide companies: address risks and hazards to human health and environment associated with the use of pesticides - Companies: ensure products are properly handled, used safely * from manufacture, marketing, application, including waste disposal - Company policies on safety, training, equipment → packaging materials, containers, storage, transport, disposal of waste and container (DENR) - Leaks, spills, decontamination ## Dirty Dozen - The 12 initial persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the Stockholm Convention - Recognized as causing adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem - Three categories: pesticides (9), industrial chemicals (2), By-products (1) ## Phase out - **Methyl Bromide:** * Fumigant for: Soil-borne fungi, bacteria, mites, nematodes, rodents, stored products, and facilities. * Uses: Quarantine and Pre-Shipment (QPS) control. * Ozone Depleting: Regulated by 1992 Montreal Protocol. * Phaseout: 2005 for developed, 2015 for developing countries (QPS exempted). * Philippine Regulation: Import volume restricted; companies must justify increases and report usage before applying for another license. ## Phase out **Chlorpyrifos** - Insecticide used in agriculture & for pest control - Banned by FDA as a household pesticide in 2018 (FDA Circular 2018-008) - US Environment Protection Agency banned it in 2021 (neurological damage in children, reduced IQ, loss of working memory, attention deficit disorders) - US EPA in 2001 disallowed its use from residential & professional use - Banned in South Africa 2010, UK 2016 ## Monitoring/Enforcement ### Coordination with LGUs & POs - Authority Delegation: Mayors and Barangay Captains enforce FPA rules. - Health & Environmental Monitoring: Track pesticide poisoning and contamination. - Data Collaboration: MAOs collect barangay data via MOA. - AgTech Solutions: Technology used to monitor pesticide dealer compliance. - Ongoing Oversight: PAOs and MAOs identify pesticide use issues, including banned chemicals and pollution. - Regional Compliance Checks: Ensure compliance among distributors and importers. - Residue Monitoring: Follow CODEX MRLs for monitoring pesticide residues. ### Powers and Functions Under PD 1144 - Field Inspections: Authorized personnel may inspect farmers' fields to ensure only recommended pesticides are used, following good agricultural practices. - Prohibitions (Section 8): It is illegal for handlers and farmers to: * (b) Use pesticides contrary to good agricultural practices. * (g) Violate any Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA) regulations. - Penalties and Prohibited Acts Under PD 1144: * Violations (Section 10): Up to 1 year penal servitude and fines from 5,000 to 10,000 for non-compliance. * Prohibited Acts: FPA can ban, impound, or seize harmful. pesticides to protect public health and the environment. ### Greenbook: 2.8.4. Specific Considerations (Labelling) - F. Prohibition/Warranty Statements * The following statement is required: "It is a violation of FPA rules and regulations to use this product in a manner inconsistent with its label." ## Monitoring/Enforcement - Regulatory Bodies & Framework: * FPA: Regulates fertilizers and pesticides, including their registration and safe storage. * BAFS: Sets standards for agricultural products like organic fertilizers and bio-control agents. - Key Laws & Guidelines: * PD 1144: Covers safe handling and storage of chemical and organic fertilizers for publi health and environmental protection. * RA 10068 (amended by RA 11511): Requires registration of organic inputs with BAFS to ensure safety. * DA Circular 01 (2021): Mandates BAFS registration for Organic Bio-Control Agents (OBCAS). * Greenbook 2020: A reference for agricultural chemical regulations and best practices. * DENR AO 2013-22: Governs hazardous waste management for agricultural chemicals. ## PD no. 1144, Section 6.II. Fertilizers ## PD 1144: FPA Powers & Functions - The FPA shall have jurisdiction, on over all existing handlers of pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural chemical inputs. The FPA shall have the following powers and functions: * Monitor the domestic and global fertilizer supply and demand. * Establish and enforce sales quotas, production schedules, and distribution areas to ensure market stability. * Determine wholesale and retail volumes and prices for fertilizers and inputs * Implement and oversee regulations for the import and export of fertilizers, including negotiating contracts. * Import fertilizers exempt from customs duties and taxes, and sell to qualified entities under the same exemptions. * Regulate all marketing companies (importers, wholesalers, retailers) by controlling prices, terms, distribution channels, and promotional activities in the domestic market. * Oversee and control the quality of various fertilizer grades, establishing new grades as needed. * Regulate all aspects of domestic fertilizer production, ensuring efficient use of idle capacities and orderly industry expansion. * Approve or reject the establishment of new fertilizer plants and the expansion or contraction of existing facilities. * Ensure access to essential information on industry operations, including financial statements and data on marketing, production, and inventory. * Control and assist in financing for the importation, production, inventory management, and expansion of the fertilizer industry. * Take necessary actions to ensure an adequate supply of fertilizers at reasonable prices while supporting the long-term viability of the industry. ## What are Fertilizers? - Includes any substance (solid/liquid, any nutrient element or elements, organic/inorganic, singly/in-combination with other