AGR21 Principles of Genetics Lecture Notes PDF

 AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro Instructor 1 [email protected] AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Chapter I...

 AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro Instructor 1 [email protected] AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Chapter I The Science and Heredity of Variation AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Learning Objectives At the end of the chapter, the student must: ✔ define genetics in own words; ✔ discuss the basic concepts and principles of genetics including its importance; ✔ traced the history of genetics; and ✔ enumerate and discuss the applications of genetics. AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro ✔ deals with the principles of heredity and variation in all living things What is ✔ Greek word, “gen”, meaning to become GENETICS? or to grow into something ✔ it seeks to understand the: ✔ molecular and physical bases of biological diversity; ✔ mechanisms resulting from these diversities; and ✔ principles that govern their heredity from one generation to another. https://open.lib.umn.edu/evolutionbiology/chapter/an-overview-of-basic-genetics-2/ AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Modern Branches of Genetics Phylogenetics Molecular Developmen Genetics tal Genetics Cytogenetic. Behavioral s Genetics AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Sciences Related to Genetics ✔ Biochemistry ✔ Ecology ✔ Physiology ✔ Chemistry ✔ Developmental ✔ Mathematics science ✔ Physics ✔ Morphology ✔ Statistics ✔ Anatomy ✔ Psychology ✔ Evolution ✔ Sociology AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  History of Genetics Jean Baptiste de Charles Darwin Lamarck published The Origin Theory of Inheritance of Acquired th of Species 19 Characteristics Century 1858 1801 1859 Aristotle Charles Darwin Alfred Russel Wallace Theory of Pangenesis Theory of Natural Selection AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Austrian monk ✔ Discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by “elementary factors” that are transmitted between generations in uniform predictable fashion (1866) AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Two important attributes of gene: 1. The gene is inherited from generation to generation 2. The gene provides information regarding the structure, function, and other biological properties of the trait it controls AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Brilliant insights and methodologies: 1. The choice of garden peas as the experimental material 2. Concentrated on a single trait at a time AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Why Garden Peas? ❖ Easily grown in experimental pots or greenhouses. ❖ Pea flowers both contain anther (male reproductive organ) and ovary (female). ❖ self fertilization (sepals close down tightly). equals to highly inbred (low genetic variation) true breeding. AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Brilliant insights and methodologies: 3. made sure that the strains or varieties used in the hybridization work were true-breeding by growing them for two years 4. classified hybrid progenies and determined their respective frequencies AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Brilliant insights and methodologies: 5. Formulated theories that explained his experimental results 6. Formulated appropriate experimental tests to validate his theories AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) ✔ Mendel’s work was not considered important for almost 40 years 1. Most mathematicians had little knowledge or interest in biology while biologists had little interest in mathematics 2. Mendel's failure to prove his principles in other plants or animals AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  History of Genetics William Bateson Thomas Hunt Morgan Saunders Calvin Bridges Cuenot Mendel’s principle applied to Chromosome Theory of animals Inheritance 1900 1903 1902 1910 Carl Correns Hugo de Vries Walter Sutton 1916 Theodor Boveri Erick Von Tschermak Association of the Mendelian factors with the Mendel’s principles were independently chromosomes by pointing to the discovered and verified resemblances in behavior between the two AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  History of Genetics James Watson Francis Crick Molecular structure of DNA and Second half chemical properties of DNA of 20th 1944 century Oswald Avery 1953 Discovery of tools to recreate the evolution of Collin Macleod organisms in laboratories Maclyn McCarty Recombinant DNA technology Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) as the hereditary material AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Scope of Genetics ✔ Individual: the development and maintenance of its own unique, inherent pattern in dynamic interplay with the environment are the central problems of life ✔ Species: the ability to transfer these systems to the other generations is the primary requirement for continued existence AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Scope of Genetics ✔ Living forms: the orderly variety of patterns and their changes with time on a geological scale constitute the accomplishment of organic evolution ✔ The definition of similarities and differences in the patterns encountered within the human species, and of the degree of plasticity in these systems, are basic to human understanding and important to human welfare AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Applications of Genetics ✔ Plant, Animal and Microbial Improvement ✔ Medicine ✔ Genetic Counseling ✔ Legal Applications ✔ Recombinant DNA Technology AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  BT Eggplant A product of recombinant DNA technology, made from the incorporation of Bacillus thuringiensis toxic gene that produces crystal proteins toxic to Eggplant fruit borer. Double Muscling Pig: Made Possible by Genetic Engineering Myostatin Gene occurs naturally in a Cattle breed “Belgian Blue”, and experimented to trials in Duroc breeds in China.  QUESTIONS OR CLARIFICATIONS? AGRI 21 Principles of Genetics Christian Paul Lazaro  Quiz 1. It is a study that deals with the understanding variances and heredity of all living organisms. a. Biology b. Embryology c. Genetics d. Heredity  Quiz 1. It is a study that deals with the understanding variances and heredity of all living organisms. a. Biology b. Embryology c. Genetics d. Heredity  Quiz 2. Who rediscovered and verified the works of Mendel? a. Avery, Macleod, McCarty b. James Watson and Francis Crick c. Correnz, de Vries, Tschermak d. Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri  Quiz 2. Who rediscovered and verified the works of Mendel? a. Avery, Macleod, McCarty b. James Watson and Francis Crick c. Correnz, de Vries, Tschermak d. Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri  Quiz 3. William Bateson was the first to apply Mendel’s work to animals, what animal did he applied it to? a. Bubalus bubalis b. Gallus gallus domesticus c. Ovis aries d. Meleagris gallopavo  Quiz 3. William Bateson was the first to apply Mendel’s work to animals, what animal did he applied it to? a. Bubalus bubalis b. Gallus gallus domesticus c. Ovis aries d. Meleagris gallopavo  Quiz 4. BT talong is one the most recently approved GMO in the Philippines, what method was used to make the product? a. Gene regulation b. Genetic diversity c. Gene duplication d. Genetic engineering  Quiz 4. BT talong is one the most recently approved GMO in the Philippines, what method was used to make the product? a. Gene regulation b. Genetic diversity c. Gene duplication d. Genetic engineering  Quiz 5. All of the following are examples of the application of Genetics, EXCEPT? a. Medicine production b. Recombinant DNA Technology c. Warfare d. Plant Improvement  Quiz 5. All of the following are examples of the application of Genetics, EXCEPT? a. Medicine production b. Recombinant DNA Technology c. Warfare d. 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