Nutrition During Adolescence & Pre-Adolescence PDF

Nutrition during Preadolescents & Adolescents Ms. Sukaina Shabbir, M.Sc. RD Lecturer The School of Public Health (SPH) Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS) Lecture- 10  What factors influences preadolescents/adolescent s food choices?  Lifestyle  Food Preferences ...

Nutrition during Preadolescents & Adolescents Ms. Sukaina Shabbir, M.Sc. RD Lecturer The School of Public Health (SPH) Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS) Lecture- 10  What factors influences preadolescents/adolescent s food choices?  Lifestyle  Food Preferences  Early childhood experiences  Taste and appearance  Health and nutrition  Religion  Cost  Peer influence  Parental modeling  Food availability  Nutritional Requirements of preadolescents and adolescents Preadolescents & Adolescents should :  Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods such as: o Vegetables of different types and colours, and legumes/beans o Fruit o Whole grain and/or high cereal fiber varieties, such as breads, cereals, rice, pasta, noodles, oats and barley o Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds o Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or their alternatives, mostly reduced fat  Drink plenty of water  Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt and added sugars. Energy and nutrient Energy and needs nutrient needs are greater during adolescence than at any other time of life, except pregnancy and lactation. Energy needs depends on: BMR Current rate of growth Gender Body composition Physical Energy needs for boys  Boys energy needs are high as they ◦ Grow faster than girls ◦ Develop a greater proportion of lean body mass An exceptionally active boy of 15 years may need 3500 kcal or more a day to maintain his weight Energy needs for girls  Girls starts growing earlier than boys and attain shorter heights and lower weights.  A sedentary girl of 15 whose growth is at standstill may need fewer than 1800 kcal/day if she is to avoid excessive weight gain  The adolescent girls needs to pay special attention to being physically active and selecting foods of high nutrient density so as to meet their nutrient needs without exceeding their energy needs Protei n Influenced by many factors  RDA for protein intake is:  9-13 years old 0.95/g/kg/day  14-18 years old 0.85/g/kg/day  When protein is inadequate, growth, sexual maturity delay and reduced accumulation of lean body mass Carbohydr ate  Primary source of energy  From fruits, vegetables, whole grains and legumes  55-60% of total energy  < 10% form sweeteners but adolescents consume about 16% of total energy from soft drinks Soft drink consumption among preadolescents & adolescents  High sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption was associated with asymptomatic subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in young and middle- aged adults and may therefore be cardiovascular hazard.( Am Heart J 2016;177:17-24)  Carbonated soft drinks CSD consumption seems to be inversely related to bone mineral density BMD at the dominant heel in girls. It is possible that the apparent association results from the displacement of more nutritious beverages from the diet. ( http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1359/jb  Soft drink consumption among preadolescents & adolescents Contd..  Adolescents’ daily soft drink consumption was associated with negative mood deviations such as nervousness and irritability and with aggressive behaviour in the form of bullying and fighting International Journal of Public Health September 2015  Nutrition Facts Soft drink Serving Size: 1 can (350 ml) per serve Kilojoules585.76 kjCalories140 kcal Protein0.26 g Carbohydrate36.09 g Sugar33.73 g Fat0.07 g Saturated Fat0 g Polyunsaturated Fat0 g Monounsaturated Fat0 g Cholesterol0 mg Fibre0 g Sodium18 mg Potassium7 mg  DRI for Energy, Protein & Age in years Carbohydrate Kcal/day Protein CHO(g/day) (g/kg/day) Females 9-13 2070 0.95 130 14-18 2370 0.85 130 Males 9-13 2280 0.95 130 14-18 3150 0.85 130 Fat s Essential for growth and development  National cholesterol education program NCEP recommends no more than 30% of total energy should come from fat  < 10% from saturated fat  DRI recommendations:  4-18 years old should consume 25-35% of total fats Iro n Iron is important for growth, brain development and the immune system, however it is commonly deficient or sub optimal in both preadolescents and adolescents.  Teenage girls in particular are affected by poor iron status due to increased iron losses during menstruation that are not replaced through the diet.  If iron levels become too low it can lead to a condition called iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is known to compromise all work performance, both physical and mental, but recent studies have suggested that Iron RDA for males:  9-13 years 8mg/day  9-13 years in growth spurt: 10.9 mg/day  14-18 years 11mg/day  14-18 years in growth spurt: 13.9 mg/day Iron RDA for females:  9-13 years 8mg/day  9-13 years in menarche 10.5 mg/day  9-13 years in menarche & growth spurt: 11.6 mg/day  14-18 years 15mg/day  14-18 years in growth spurt: 16.1 mg/day Calcium  Adequate intake is important for growth and development and the requirement of calcium reaches its peak at this age.  90% of females & 70% of males(12-19 years) have calcium intake below recommendations.  Low calcium intake+ physical inactivity affects the development of peak bone mass (the best protection against adolescent fracture and adult osteoporosis)  Females have the greatest capability of  DRIs for 9-18 years is 1300 mg/day  Milk is the best source followed by cheese, ice cream and yogurt  Consumption of soft drinks may displace the consumption of more nutrient dense beverages such as milk and fortified juices  Women have greater bone losses than men in later life.  In addition to dietary calcium bones grow stronger with physical activity Vitamin Intake  Several of the vitamin recommendations for adolescents are similar to those for adults, including the recommendation for Vitamin D.  Important for bone growth and development  Recent studies prove that almost half adolescents are vitamin D deficient, blacks, females and overweight are most at risk.  Researches have proved that adequate vitamin D helps to prevent cancer and diabetes  The American Academy of Pediatrics now recommends doubling the previous amount from 5 micrograms/day to 10 Reccomendati ons Eat three meals a day, with healthy snacks.  Increase fiber in the diet and decrease the use of salt.  Drink water. Try to avoid drinks that are high in sugar. Fruit juice can have a lot of calories, so limit your adolescent's intake. Whole fruit is always a better choice.  Eat balanced meals.  Baked or broiled food items are better than fried ones.  Preadolescent/ adolescent should watch (and decreases, if necessary) his or her sugar intake.  Eat fruit or vegetables for a snack.  Decrease the use of butter and heavy gravies.  Eat more chicken and fish. Limit red meat intake, and choose lean cuts when possible Malnutrition and obesity  Many boys and girls in developing countries enter adolescence undernourished, making them more vulnerable to disease and early death. The number of adolescents who are overweight or obese is increasing in both low- and high-income countries.  Obese adolescents are more likely to have prediabetes, a condition in which blood glucose levels indicate a high risk for development of diabetes.  Children and adolescents who are obese are at greater risk for bone and joint problems, sleep apnea, and social and psychological problems such as stigmatization and poor self-esteem.  Children and adolescents who are obese are likely to be obese as adults and are therefore more at risk for adult health problems such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. One study showed that children who became obese as early as age 2 were more likely to be obese as adults.  Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk for many types of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, Eating disorders commonly found in adolescence Bulim ia What is Bulimia?  Bulimia Nervosa is a serious psychiatric illness characterised by recurrent binge-eating episodes (the consumption of abnormally large amounts of food in a relatively short period of time), followed by compensatory behaviour (purging or overexercising). Binge episodes are associated with a sense of loss of control and immediately followed by feelings of guilt and shame, which leads the person to compensatory behaviour (purging) such as self- induced vomiting, fasting, over exercising and/or the misuse of laxatives, enemas or diuretics.  A person with Bulimia Nervosa usually maintains an average weight, or may be slightly above or below average weight for height, which often makes it less recognisable than serious cases of Anorexia Nervosa. Many people, including some health professionals, incorrectly assume that a person must be underweight and thin if they have an eating disorder. Because of this, Bulimia Nervosa is often missed and Anorexia nervosa What is Anorexia Nervosa?  Anorexia Nervosa is a psychological illness with devastating physical consequences. It is characterised by low body weight and body image distortion with an fear of gaining weight which manifests itself through depriving the body of food. It often coincides with increased levels of exercise.  Anorexia Nervosa is usually developed during adolescence and generally has an earlier age of onset than Bulimia Nervosa (bulimia is often developed during late adolescence or early adulthood). However like all eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa can be developed at any age or stage of life Two main sub-types of anorexia are recognized:  Restricting type: this is the most commonly known type of Anorexia Nervosa whereby a person severely restricts their food intake. Restriction may take many forms (e.g. maintaining very low calorie count; restricting types of food eaten; eating only one meal a day) and may follow obsessive and rigid rules (e.g. only eating food of one colour).  Binge-eating or purging type: less recognised; a person restricts their intake as above, but also during some bouts of