IoT Network Overview and Short-range Communication Technology PDF

Okay, please see below for the converted text from the images you attached. ### 5.1 IoT Network Overview UNIT 05 * IoT devices apply low power wireless communication technology for communication in limited environments. * Low power wireless short range communication technologies such as IEEE 80...

Okay, please see below for the converted text from the images you attached. ### 5.1 IoT Network Overview UNIT 05 * IoT devices apply low power wireless communication technology for communication in limited environments. * Low power wireless short range communication technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4. Bluetooth LE, NFC, etc. are applied in consideration of communication range, bandwidth cost, and power consumption. | | | | | | | :----- | :----- | :----- | :----- | :----- | | | | 20 bits | 10 bits | | | IPv6 Fixed Header | V | T | PL | | | 8bits | 8 bits | NH | HL | | | | SA | 128 bits | | | | | DA | 128 bits | | | ### Concept of IPv6 * Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) has been established as an alternative to the existing Internet due to the limitations of the IPv4 protocol. * Automatic setting of host address * $2^{32} = 4,294,967,296$ * Packet size extension * $2^{128}= 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | :---- | | 4 bits | 4 bits | 3 bits | 2 bits | 1 bit | 2 bits | 1 bit | 1 bit | 2 bits | 1 bit | 1 bit | 2 bits | | N | *011* | TF | HL | CID | SAC | SAM | MDAC | DAM | SCI | DCI | H | * 6LoWPAN encapsulation header stack containing IPHC compression header * IPv6 Header Compression 6LoWPANn UNIT 05 | | | | | | | :--------- | :----------- | :--------- | :--------- | :--------- | | | IPv6 Header | | IPv4 Header | | | 0 | 4 | 12 | 16 | 24 | | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 20 | | 24 | 28 | 310 | | | | 28 | 32 | 36 | 40 | | | Version | IHL | Type of Service | Total Length | | | Version | Traffic Class | Flow Label | Payload Length | | | Identification | Flags | Time to Live | Protocol | | | Source Address | Destination Address | Fragment Offset | Header Checksum | | ### 5.1 IoT Network Overview UNIT 05 Features of IPv6 * Extension of IP address * Automatic setting of host address * Packet size extension * Efficient routing * Flow labeling * Authentication and Security * Mobility ### IPv6 address representation * The 128-bit address space of IPv6 is represented by eight digits in 16-bit (two octets) hexadecimal numbers. * Since most digits will have a number of zeros, you can omit 0000 as a single zero, or omit with ':' to eliminate consecutive groups of zeros. * Ex) 2001:0088::1428:57ab * The rule to omit 0 and remove the':' cannot be applied more than once UNIT 05 ### 5.1 IoT Network Overview UNIT 05 ### IPv6 address type * Unicast: deliver the packets to the node identified by the address to an interface that has been identified by the respective address * Address space 1000/8 * Anycast: deliver the packets to an address for more than one interface to a node identified by the respective address, to the closest interface * Indistinguishable from unicast by address format * Multicast: deliver the packets to an identifier for aggregation of interfaces to Multicast, address to all interfaces identified by the respective the address. * Replaces the broadcast address of an IPv4 address (IPv6 has no broadcast) * Address space 111100/8 | | | | | :------- | :-------- | :-------- | | IPv4 Header | Version | Flags | | | Time to Live | Header CheckSum | | | Source Address | Destination Address | | | | | | :------- | :-------- | :-------- | | IPv6 Header | Version | Transport Length | | | Flow label | Next Header| ### Unit 5. ## IoT network * 5. 1 IoT Network Overview * 5. 2 IoT Short-range Communication Technology * 5. 3 LPWA * Samsung Innovation Campus ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### Appearance of IEEE 802.11 * WLAN * Technology using radio waves in small areas such as buildings and university campuses to provide communication from the access point to each terminal. * Changes in WLAN Technology * Technology using radio waves in small areas such as buildings and university campuses to provide communication from the early 1990s, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the United States allowed the use of unlicensed frequency bands for Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM). * In June 1997, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) integrated various wireless LAN technologies and standardized them to 802.11. * In September 1999. the IEEE approved the IEEE 802.11b Fast Wireless Ethernet standard. * Since then, the application of wireless LAN technology has expanded. improving issues related to low data rate and disturbance - 802.11g, 802.11n standards were approved. * in the access point to each terminal. * Chapter 3 Introduction to IoT 153 UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology IEEE 802.11 based WLAN standard * Definition of IEEE 802.11 * Protocols and Transmission Standards for Wireless Local Area Networks * Standard technology developed by Ilth Working Group of IEEE 802 Standards Committee * Definition of Wireless Fidelity, WiFi * IEEE 802.11 compliant standard * Wireless local area network certified by the WiFi Alliance UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology WiFi overview * WiFi is a technology that allows devices in certain areas, such as offices, to form a high-quality wireless communication network. It connects to the Internet through an access point or hot spot. * WiFi technology is widely used for lat communication because it provides faster communication speed than other short-range wireless communication technologies, and various Wifi standards exist to provide various communication environments. * Samsung Innovation Campus UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology Features of IEEE 802.11 * Operation using low power * Use of unlicensed frequency bands (ISM bands) available worldwide * Standard definition of physical layer and data link layer of WLAN technology * Use spread spectrum technology * Expandable coverage by the number of access points * Flexibility through unrestricted communication within the radio radius * Cost savings from wired network deployment UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology WiFi connection * Infrastructure mode * The 2.4 SM ISM band is 2.400 to 2.483. which allows channels having a width of 20 or 22 MHz to be allocated at intervals of 5 MHz in the 83 MHz bands (using 13 channels). * Ad-Hoc mode * If your devices connect directly without a WiFi AP UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology IEEE 802.11 based WLAN standard | Standard | Speed [Mbps] | Distance[m] | Frequency band [GHz] | Characteristic | | :------------- | :----------- | :---------- | :------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | IEEE 802.11b | 11 | 100 | 2.4 | Only up to three practical non-overlapping channels are available. The transmission speed is slow. | | IEEE 802.11g | 54 | 80 | 2.4 | Compatible with IEEE 802.11b | | IEEE 802.11n | 300 | 70 | 2.4/5 | Standard technology completed in 2003 Interference from devices of 2.4GHz Improve performance with multi-antenna technology Interference from devices of 2.4GHz | | IEEE 802.11a | 54 | 33 | 5 | By providing a non-overlapping  channel, there is little interference. 5GHz frequency band is used using OFDM modulation There is no interoperability due to different frequency bands. | | | | | | A standard that defines a new physical layer for the 802.11 standards. Also called the WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance). It utilizes a 60-GHz frequency band, uses 40MHz, and has a used.802.11n. | | IEEE 802.11ac | | | | It uses wider channels than 802.11n using 40 MHz and operates in the 5 GHz band. Up to eight spatial streams and up to 256-QAM higher order modulation techniques are used. It supports a maximum transfer rate of 6.936bps. Used in most wireless LAN systems. Transmission distances up to 100m are provided. | Samsung Innovation Campus UNIT 05 | Standard | Description | | :-------------- | :----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Category | Contents | | IEEE 802.11 based WLAN standard | By providing a non-overlapping  channel, there is little interference. 5GHz frequency band is used using OFDM modulation There is no interoperability due to different frequency bands.| | IEEE 802.11 based WLAN standard |A standard that defines a new physical layer for the 802.11 standards. Also called the WiGig (Wireless Gigabit Alliance). It utilizes a 60-GHz frequency band, and has a maximum transmission rat of 7 Gbps | ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology IEEE 802.11 protocol layer | OSI Reference Model | IEEE 802 Reference Model | |------------------------|-----------------------------| | Application | Upper-layer protocols | | Network | | | Data Link | Logical link control | | | Medium access control | | Physical | Physical layer | | | Convergence procedure | | Medium | Physical medium dependent | | | Medium | ### Comparing OSI 7-Layer Models to IEEE 802 Reference Models * Data Link Layer * Logical Link Control Layer * Media Access Control Layer * Physical Layer * PLCP Layer (Physical Layer Convergence Procedure) * PMD Layer (Physical Medium Dependent) Samsung Innovation Campus UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology IEEE 802.11 protocol layer * LLC service * Access point(LSAP) * Scope of IEEE 802 standards * Logical Link Control Layer * Allows using the same network from different protocols * Perform flow control and error control between nodes * [LLC sublayer header structure] * Destination Service Access Point (DSAP) * The address of The address of the destination * Source Service Access Point (SSAP) * Source address * Control *Number of frame or ACK *Samsung Innovation Campus | LLC Sublayer | header | | ----------- | ----------- | | DSAP | SSAP | Control | Data | UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### IEEE 802.11 Layered Header Structure Provide access control method for efficient and orderly data transmission between terminals on LAN. ### MAC header structure | Frame Control | Duration/ID | Address1 | Address2 | Address 3 | Sequence Control | Address 4 | | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | ----------- | UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology ### IEEE 802.11 Layered Header Structure ►MAC header structure Frame Control Type Subtype TODS&FromDS More Fragment Retry Power Management More Data Protected Order Duration/10 Address 1. 2. 3. 4 (A1, A2, A3, A4) Duration AID Sequence Control │Protocol Type Version Sub.type TODS From DS More Frag Retry PMGT More Data Protected Order *Samsung Innovation Campus UNIT 05 ### 5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology Connection procedure of the MAC layer The terminal performs a connection procedure by the MAC management function. Feature specific steps 1. Explore and Engage Phase 2. Certification stage 3. Joining stage Samsung Innovation Campus STA AP 4 1. Beacon signal 2. Probe Request 3. Probe Response 4. Authentication Request 5. Authentication Response 6. Association Request 7. Association Message UNIT 05 ##5. 2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology * IEEE 802.11 Layered Header Structure * the physical layer defines the frames differently depending on the technology. * PLCP POU Structure of Physical Layer DSSS * ► Synchronization * SFD * Signal * Service 4Lenght CRC * I PLCP Header Structure Signal I service length CRC Frame transmission PLCP POU Structure of Physical Layer DSSS Preamble area Synchronization SFD 11/5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology UNIT 05 *Connection procedure of the MAC layer STATE performs a connection procedure by the MAC management function. Feature specific steps *Explore and Engage Phase CERTIFICATION STAGE *Joinin STATE ### Data frame transmission at MAC layer Frame Transmission Operation by Backoff Procedure When the frame is transmitted, the carrier is sensed. If the channel is idle, the transmission is delayed during the DIFS period. If the channel is still idle, the carrier is immediately transmitted. *UNIT 05 ### RTS/CTS Operation The terminal performs a connection procedure by the MAC management function. Feature specific steps 1.Explore and Engage Phase 2.CERTIFICATION STAGE 3.Join STATE" *(RTS), (CTS), (Data or ACK), (STAT2), (Carrier Sensing), (Frame Transmission) State of use State of Idle Node2 Node1 Node 3 *(())) * Nodel and Node3 are nodes outside of communication range, and there is no direct connection. * If Nodel and Node3 send data to Node2 at the same time, the data will collide. * Resolve hidden node problems through RTS/CTS techniques. AP (((()))) 1/5.2. IoT Short-range Communication Technology