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No: Date: Evolution of Computer 01 Generat ion *Generation in Computea terms is step. inec hologg. * It provi des a Framowork for the growth of. the computerind ustry t...

No: Date: Evolution of Computer 01 Generat ion *Generation in Computea terms is step. inec hologg. * It provi des a Framowork for the growth of. the computerind ustry t dist ing ws hes beh ween varying hardware and Soft war.echnoagies, ComputerGeneation o FirstGeneration Cobmputers Ci940-1956 ) o Second Generation Computers Cia56 -1963) oThird Generation ComputersCI964-197D o) fourth Generation Computers Cig|-Present) oSFifth Generation Computers CPresent ars Beyond)e o First Generation Computers Ciq40 - 1956) Main E lectronic component- Vacuum tube memory Ma ghetic drums and tapes.e Progrmming language -machine Language Power Conswme a lotof elect ricity and generate lt of eat Speed and Size - Verqslow and VeryLarge in size aA In put output devices - Punched cards and paper tape Example ENIAC UNIVAC1 IBmG5o , IBm 701 Vacuum tube An electrónicdevicepithatcontols theflow, Ot electrans inoa Vacuum.it or "dsplay Scheen" is used as. 6 witch amplifier in many older mo del re dios) televjsion, corm puters and ete magnetic drumn - A cylin der Coaled with magnetic material , on which sppapndata and programg Can be stored. Magnetic core - Usesarays o S mal rings of magneti zed oalled i l i cores to btore Snformoation Atlss o. Second Generaton Compters( j956 2 Ak3) Maln electroni c comporet - Traneistor memory - Magnetic core Qnd tae disk Progra mming language - Assmbly lang unge. Power Low power cons unptien, gene tated less he at Cn tiest gerea Speed ad slze - Improvnent of speed nd ei abi lity and Gnallerin Size. Cin CompariSon ith 1 9ereration ) Input Joutput devices - Punched cards and mag netke taps Ex am ple TBm I401, TB M70qo and 7094, VNIVAc lo7 Tra nsistor - An electronie componant that can be scd an amplifier or uGed to Conkol the t low ot ekctricky in acdis, television, coinpucter, eta Machine language i A low - lee) programmig languige compried colle cd in binary cigits. Cone or zero ) bhat be cOrn pLater Cn read and underot and. Assembly language : Is like bhe woa Chine langu age that a compder an undenat ns,eicepl the a9embly lang uage uses ln phce ot o Third Generation Compders. (AG4 - l47) Main electronic Com ponet - Lntegrated cireuits CICs ) memory Large magnetic core and ta po / di sk Program ming la ng unge Hign lel ang uage. Cfortran, eA SLC, Pas cal, CoeoL,C,ete ) Speed Improve ment of Speed and rellabi lity. in com pari Son wth the cond generation Size - Smaler Cheaperand moR efficient then secon d generation compuber CThey were cal as mini computer) Input loutp ut devices - Key board , monitor , printor, magretic tape Exanple - IBM360 TBM 270  Integrated Círcuite CIc): A Smal) elect ronic drcut pri nted chip C usu ally ma de ot Gilicon) that contains mny awn circut elements Cexample : traneist ors, dio des, resistors , etc) 04). Fourth Gienerabion CI97| - Present) Maln electronic com ponent - MiCroprocessor chips. main oemory i- Semicon ductor memry CGucn as RAm Rom ) Programmirng langu age i- High level languoge CRython, C#, Java , Aust Size Smaller, Ch aaper and more afl cient than third genertion Conpu ers Speed - Improvement of peed accurcy and tolabllby Ch omps rigon wth the bhird 9neration Computer ) Input Joutput devi ces ;- key board, potnting doices , opkical Gcanning non ibor , Printor Ex a mple T0mpc , Sbar 1o00,Apple M, Apole r»ci ntosh micropro ceSSor : An eletron ic com porent help on an integrated circuit hat contains a computer's Central processing unt CCpu) dthera S5ociated circuits. o. FfEh Giene ration Cpresent to Fut ure) Main electronic Component - Atificial Inte lligen ce , Ulbra Large scale Integration CuisT) technolae para llel procassing me thod. ULSI mlliong of ron Gistors on a single ic rochip. Parallel Processigmethod : Use tw or moe micro pro ce gg org to run taske simultaneously Language - Un der ston d natural language Chuman languae) Power : Cansune less pow er and generated less heat. Speed Remaka ble Impro ve met ot Sped, accuracy and teljabiltu S1ze Probable and mall ln size and hane a huge storage Cogacitu  Classifi cation of Computers Computer are ava llable in drtte rent shaps and weithts due shapes and Size perform dferent sorts of jobs form oe another. + Compubers can be. divided in to ditterent tys on folo wing basis, !. Pur pose N. User inter face ». Daba handling. functionaly , Size and per tormance. VI, Gene ratjon. I. Purpose oD Gieneral purpoGe Com puters. A These are com putino devices, designed to perforn a wide rang of(tas ko and applCation e. * Gene ral purpose. compters. cre vergatile and can ex ecute. vri ous fupes of 3 t ware to han dle diversc computational needo. Thase Computers typically Include perG onal com puter C PCs ),laptops, tblebs and. Snartphones. * Th eyare.charactori zed t by thoir ablity bo ditf erenbtype ot program un and Sott ware, making hem Suitable for activi tíes guch as wo rd proceSsing. browaing the interet , 9aming multimedia proce sSing and more ospecial purpose Computers Th ese are. computing devicek desig ned.to perform speciic predeined t asks or furctions. *Un liko general purppsecamputers, bhey are optimízed for particular opplicatt andca nynot. easily berepo grammed to perforn.di erent tasks. *These comp uter are often em be dded in la rger.5y stemsto ocontrol 5peciic hun ct lona. Exakg : Em beddedSystem:Used in appliances l;ke wahing televis ons. machine, mlro wayes , Aubomoti ve.Computets ;Conrol Varigus funckions in vehi cles suh as emine. mana gement and pi gpt lo mÍd ical Dev ices usen eauipment l;ke fnar machin 9 and hard rate mo nborg ATM machlnes : Desig ne Por ba.nking tran3a cbion s.  Data Han dling oD. Analoag Computers * These ae com puting devices that prosesg data represented by Conbinu ph yicalquanttie, Suchb as electrical voltage. ,hm echanical motion ,0r Plud pressure 4 A nalog compubers Solve problems by giulati ng physica) System and utia Continuous mathematial op eratio ng ERampleg : Fuel pu mp station meters /Car Speedo mter /Electric curet m o Dgital Computers. These are co mputing devlces that procoss data In binary form , Using dt acrete Values re prese nted by Os and 1s C bibs ) Unike analog computer, which handle cont inuous daba , digital Conput perform ca lculationa operation b aGed on binary aithmetlc" These computers wide variety of Soltw are applicablon, Can run a making bhem versaile and essen tial for modern computer tas ks ERanyple s: Pers on al Computer s I laptop9 Smart phones Itablets,Servers and Qmbed ded Systemn in various electron lc devicee. * glt al com puters aure uSed in numerouo oapp liction form wo nd process -ing and internet browsing to co mpka Sclentitc sl mlation and in dugti -al autonation + They abi ly to pracess large amOunt of daba uickly and qcc urabing has revoltionist multipal ield ncluding bustne ss, education, healthcaro Q extractor * key char acteristice of digital compuher include 3 " Binary Processing :Ope rationg are perfomad usi ng " Progra mmability Can be pro binarg anumbers gram med to peforn a wide range ot bagks by executlng di fferent Sofkware. ULiizo digita) emory to store ta and instrtion S. " Aeu racy: Prov ide Precise and repeatabe resuts o. Hybrid compters. k There re computing divi ces tat Combine tbe features of bobh amlog and olgital o mputers. * They in tegrate the coninuus data proc ssing i Capabilibi es of analag ompber with the precíse and progmmabe function o digital Com puters com bi nation allaws hybrid omputerg to hande com Mex computcbions efficienty and accurately. Exanples: Space, vebide Sim ulation an d tha i ning of astronou ts Pa esenger flight ra dar Sysbem. Used to con trol ro bots, EcG ma chine CNG pu mp. Size and performent.Sup er Compuber s Thee highly adranced onpubing 9yshen9 deslgend to perfor m exbermel Co m plex an d la rqe-Scale Com puta tions at incre dibly high sp9ede. * Thery qre used for tasks that require imm ense processing power and can ha nle Vast amount e ot daba. Superco mpubers are typically uhized n Gpecialized applicat ons, tht involve Gcientjfic complex date analysis, research, simulation, and Eaamples; cimate and weather Modeling : Simd atlng ano Dredi cting weater Patlerns an alimte chengeG Astro no my ? Analyzlng qstronoica) data and Simul atin9 coS mic events, complex exoyption ad decrypbin ask. Cryptog raphy : PerFormin g  * key ch aracteritice f Super computere include; " High performance : CaDable of execut ng bill ;ona or trillions of Cakulations per seco) Cmeas ured m FLOPS - Floating Point OperbionA Second) " Para llel Processing: Uge multiple p rocessorG and ores to perfon man y Ca lcuton Si multaneushy " Large merory : Ea u pped wibh signiflcant a mount ot hAm andA storage bo handle ex bensl ve data sets "A dvanced Coding Systemg; Im pJemest soph steated oohng techninues to mange the heat geerated by nstense oo put ional Pro cesse o9.Main frame Computers These are arge, powerful, highly rellable Com publng 9y stem deo igned to handle Va eo Out of daba an o Support numerous simaltaneous UGere an d a poDct ion e, They are pri rnarily by large organi2tios for Critica) applications. Such ag bulk data proCe Gsino enterpríse resource planning and large- Scale transa ction proce asing * Applicatio na of maint ra me Com puterg include " Banking and finance: Managing tra nS action account in orration ánd C na nclal data proces sin g. " He albkc are : Pro cegsing pa tient he cord, billing lnformat on, a minl st rathe tag ke. " Goverment : Handlng Qnsug data, tax records , publio Serv ice appltcbions. " Tele commun lcatbn S: Gupporbi ng billing Syatens Call tecord, retwork mana e menb * key characberitl e of Superco mpuber include; " High Re habilty : De sigred bo operate continuousls ith minimal do wnime, provding nobu st faut to lerane and'ecorery capabiies "Large- &cale Proce ssing : Capable bf Proessing milli ons ot bransacbions Per secon d) Ymaking bhem gui tab le for higb - volu me daba pro essing ba gks.  Support tor multiple Operating Sugte os : Able to run multiple operat ng System9 simultaneousty all oying diverse oapplicatons to operte concurrentl "Eatensive Storage: Equipped with large amounts af, merory an distorage to mana9e extenaive datast s and Su0port large data bases. ominiComputer mins computes also. known. as midrange computers ane intermed'ate- Sized compuberg that bri dge te gap between mainframe compubers and icto Ompubrs Cpersonal Comnpubers 4 They ate de siqned to han dle taaks that bequre, more Pro ss ing Power than perooalco oputerg but lessthan_what reuíne by ain farmes. Min! cO mpute ane typicall used In enviroment that. teguire mo derte Computng Ca pabilitieg an Support mul liple users sim ultaneo uely... Appllca Hon o of mini computers include : Business Hppli cation S Mangin g busines s operationg Such ac accounblng , Inventor -y ano ayro!! "Manufactuting: Conbrolllng industial process es and maragi ng pro duction daba. " Education Lngti tu tiong : Guppo rting ad m inistrat've taks , research pro jects and instru otl onal attivihe. oÐ. Micro compaters micro com puter are Small relatively in E pengire Compuber witha micro pro se9sor as its Cen tral -processing unt (cou) t They are de s ig nd for indivi dua use and i ty pically a mi cro porceseer, memor in put and output por t9 an d Stor aqe. * microcomputer are versaEile an d capade of perfor ming a wide range ol a ks, bagis woro pro cassing and in tenet bron slng to mot Com plex app llcatl Iike ga, mf rng sottware developme nb.. and Exampls: per sonal omputer (Des ktop I Laptop ) Qamino Con SoJes Single 8oard Coputer CRaspbe ry pi.l Arduino )  IV. functionality Servers proride Services Gervers are pow erful Computing Systems desigeed bo reauests tor m clent omputers manage netork resources an hande ne twork. ano Cortinuous op erab They are o ptimi2ed for telia bilty , Scalabilty gu ch ashogt and are Ca pa be ot managing a wide range of tasko de tabases, running eter prise pplicatbion and web sites managing hansling email services. microsoft S Exampals : web Se tverg : Apache, Ngiox , Database seryers : My s Postoe SQL, Oracle Data base mail Serverg : 1ni cro s oft Echange PostCix Workstations * workstaton are high- perfor maee Computng System designed for technia Scfentific applicat ions that requíre more power than typical personal. Com putors. tasks Such as co nputer - al ded design CCAD), They qre opbim tzed or Cheation, Soft ware deve lop men t an d Scientific diaital con te nt memory jStorge 6imul ations Pro vj ding en hancedproceesingpower 9raphics capa bilities, archibe t bo Create Earpl g; Comp uter- Aided Desi gn CCAD) : enginaers, an Precise, drawing am models. Diajbal Content Creabion : I deal for videp editing ,3D ani mm tion ano qraphic design So tware Dere lopment : Provies the necessa ry ponerfor Com pling Code , Tun ning vltual machin 29 an d tes tna app licatons. o. Embedded System * Embe dded System are specialized Co mputing Syste ma designed bo perform de dicabed funclonS or basks wihin alarger Sustem. " Unlike goneral - purpose omputers , emn be dded Systema are typi ca lly optimi2ed Rb specific applt cation g and are integrated into tho ard wae they conbrol They Often operabe in teal - timo provi ding precl ge Control or pro ceS909 and tacks Ex ampals: Smartphones Dgtal Cameroas microwaye ove ns v. User Intertace Computer Organizabion 02. Bacic Hardwe compo nents. Basic Hardware Compo nents. Input is any data and instructions entered into the hmemory of a Computer Input devies * An input device is any hard ware Com ponent bhat allows users to entær data and in struc tione in to a computer The se device are essential tor Con ve ying Comma nds a inpatbing dat a that compuber proceGses to perfor m Various tasks. These de viceG enable users to input various typs of intromation, 9uch required to bert com mands, ima ge 9, a ction whichA he computer tbhen processes to Perfor bas ks and prod uce output Example: key board / Moee / Touchpad | Joy stick / Scanher web cam m;crophone I Barcode reader / Trackbal|  -ry + Storage o). devices * putOut t *term * acce99 * Sbroage and a by readable of thedevices devices Oubput oOubput atter aoft from Sto They moryTbis The readable The of. Exam udio, These Output ware.and rage rebrere proce b.Secondary memoryi * the ). presentingcomouter's basisin majn tetain plas it Shard Priaryhernal in phyi low compuber deviceg devices play devices Ssed has memory manip deviceg : refers di and Monitoy form and sks other, Infordigibal cal processed storage,:+ in daba are the ulation are orR nation obyecta. operations. conerb ea to chn and wribeable.informabion. Com for not of Sygtem. eg ape Gecondary Gbore Can daba bling from hard the the the ponents in and se mation bobh ntiol printer; input VariouS ugers the data connememory a9 optical fagtest lhe ptesevation criticalrok in a ware canWe te Com in comouter random bo mporally data. or cted me bheoperabing Comouter' to s moT fornG oo Speaker,iH various Componentathat in disks memoty ex nents fromn y berna) perce o.sbore acoes to Compare ao and formats atton bhe ie the are of ucer digital the and s accessorles. permanentlg aad ssor tly computer System a and user. Pro the Sysbem menory Ser Interact to data,and t ve phones, Guch ag understand sígn receive duced common allow ditferent primary (RA qls Software Projecber, ion by M) into and the allowing , Socondary program is with a data purpoSes, bexb the dis conputer mormory tho q bhat stoe Compubers humán play for phigra , reG on to opplicat main r divs daba latbten P Syse lta be ts bo mon rahg  Rhas larg &capacity to store the data, the har d disk has a cap acitg of Soo 9igabytes. The data and progtamg on bhe hard disk are organized tnbo filea. The bard disk js about looti mes tho Capacity of the main nne mory * The main dicference between primary and so condory storage speed and Capaca Examplas : Primary storage (vo latile memory ) oD. Random Aceess Memory (RAm) Function: Temporarilq stores data and insteucion s that Bhe Cpu need while pertorming asks. characteristi cs:Volatile memory, menning data is lost when the Power is trund of DRAM (Dynamic Random Acceg memory SRAM(Gtatc Randon Acess mem ory) De ÞintionDAAM ig atype of Volabile memory SRAM Is typs of vol abile homory that that stores each bit of daba in a u ses flip - tbps bo store each bit ot 6 Parate CapaGitor within an integat ed circutt t needs o be daba. I doesnt nead bo be efreshod refre shed periodically Chence "dyna like DRAm C'static hature ) which makes -mic") to bain data. t taster and more power - etficient DRAM is slower and cheaper per bt but offers higher donsity whle GAAM is faster ond hmore power- efficiet but nore ex pe nsivo and lass dense. Cnaractergt IC9. Laraer StOage. Cache memory "Exampls: Secon dary storage CNon- Valatile memory o Hard 3isk DrIve CHDD ) function: Storee large amounts o data per ma nently on mag diskc. Characterist ics: Larger stora ge capa city,slower accegs gpeeda ohpared to GSD. ).Solid state Drive CSeD) than Fun tion: stores dota on flash memory chips, pro vi ding faster access Speeds^ HDD. Characteristio : No movi ng pats, higher, speed more durable, ypicallg more expensle per gigabyte. Opbical Dries Fun chion: Pea de and wribes data torm oplcal disos ke GD,vD and 8l4-ray discs. characteri stice :Uses lase technology, useful tor med'a playback and data backup o9. Flaeh Drives. Fun ction : Portable slor age for data transler and backup. characteristice: Compact , easy bo use, Varging elorage Capacitles. 4 Non Vaa tile memory: Non -V lattle mearyteai ng he stored data even when te power is turned off. t provides long- berm data Sto rage.  memoru reQuki res acontt nuouS power Suppl'y to *Volatile memory: Volatial power ls turned f dl the dao malntain the tored datu. On ce the is the lost Structure of the compuber *Bloc k iagram of Com puber. Gborage Uhit Secondary Tho data Ss en tered through jnput devi eg storge Such as the key board j mo use... 1nput Unit Unit Prí mary gtorage *This set ot instruction is_ Processed by he Cp -Datba Iyformationt aftengetting the input by he user, and bhen the System:Dro duces the Outout ompu ter Control The com puter Can Sow the o ut put wth the Unit (cu) help of oubpu t devices to Ho ucer, Such as Artthmatte monibo printer, and Logical + Data flow Unib CALU) Control flow Contra I Processi ng D.Central Processing Unit ( CPU) * The computer sytem is nobhing wlt hoat Be central proesing Unit So, ib is also known as the bqin or heart o om puter. Tha CpuiSelectronso harwa re de vice, which Can pertorm ditferent ype ope rations Such as contr lling and ari th motic and oqical operation. * The. CDU contain hree parts : Arith metic Logic Unt CALU) and Con trol Unit CCu), memory untt t The Cpu, ig an electronic devce based on mi crochip technology hene it is also olten called the mcoproceG9or. 2 Aritbmetic and Logic Unit (AU) The arhmetle and logBcl unit (s the com bimational digital electronic C that can perfonm arithmebi c operations on in beger binary number.. + It presents the aibhme tic and logical ope rabion":. * The ALU provides cevaral fun ct ion s; It petormg arthmetic and Joaical oper atlo n Cde clslons). The ALU is where Cal culation. Control Unit 4 The control nit controlg all tho activitie5 or oper ation which ae perfor med ingide the computer System. Ib re ceives instr uction Or in Eormation diretly forn the main memory of the Computer. when ho contrl unt re ceiveg ond Ingtruction Set r informatlon ; ib conebs Ingtrtion Set to Contral slgnals then, these signals are' sent to the Cen trah procesgor for turther pro cess ing * The control Untt un de rsbards which operat ion to exe cute accurabely in which order * The CU provi des several function5: t fetcheg, decodes and e xecutos in structlors It iesues con trol signals that ontrol hardware. mov es data around the gystem. A. Aegisbers Dagisterg are Small amaunts of high- specd memary contalned within tte cPu They are used by the pro cesSor ito tore Smoll am ounts of data that are heeded durl ng process in9 Such a6; The a d re ss of thenoxt instruction be, ex eauted. The current In struction being decoded The results of calcdations. Dit orernt procesSorghave difHerent number of regis tera for dtPeront purpogas; Program Counter:This regis ter is reaponsi ble for keeping the address of the next coro man d In the maln memory to be pro cessed. memory address reglsters CmAm ): This register is used for ma nt aining he add ress ot all reuest ed Hems which is going to be written to or read form yromor y  received In the memny data register (moA): when he daba ls stored in th is heg ister Unt:l memory bu er retster then ds Changed. CurrenH Current inet ruction reaister (CIR): Ho lds the ingtrution execs ted or de coded. Acc u mual ator CAcc): 4olda inter mediat value in mathe montical lo gieal calculations. S). Cache *Cache ls a Smal) amount of high- Speed random aceess me mory CRAm) bu ilt directly wihin the Procegs or. used to bemporarily hol d data an d inotructlons that the procss lkely to reuse Thig all gws for fa ober pro cegsing as bhe ProceSsor dose not have to wait for the dot a and inst ruction to be fetched. from the RAM