Art History: Art Nouveau, Post-Internet Art, & More

STATNICE ART THINKING ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) What: Was a revolutionary artistic movement, merging art and life. It blended art, architectire, design and everyday objects. The movement was breaking away from historical styles, trying to embrace modernity. It was an art style refelctive of ornamenta...

STATNICE ART THINKING ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) What: Was a revolutionary artistic movement, merging art and life. It blended art, architectire, design and everyday objects. The movement was breaking away from historical styles, trying to embrace modernity. It was an art style refelctive of ornamentation and straying away from minimalism due to mass industrialization. Why: The movement emerged due to rapid industilization in the 19th century, people wanted to create brighter spaces to brighten up everyday life. Cretaing beautiful intricate architecture Core ideas: Art should not be confined to galleries and art paces but also seen within daily life and in homes, thorugh stained glass windows, carved wood, pannelling, intercate wallpaper From “mundane” to pretty , trying to “elevate” human experience ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) Characteristics: Organic forms and Flowing lines, beauty into functional objects nature was a central theme, life, growth, vitality There was alot of female forms (works as symbolism) they were depicted in alot of the art because it reflects on the themes of the movement, beauty, grace, and fertility Handicraft vs. Machine: Using modern techniques, artists wanted to revive traditional techniques, after alot of industrialization in society, but blending it with modern technology. Combined both new and old techniques, creating fresh outcomes and experimental products For example, lithographic prints work as a good example (showcased the precision of machine printing while maintaining the artistic flair of traditional illustration) - alphonse mucha worked with this technique ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) Materials: Often experimented with new materials and techniques, (glass, iron, ceramics,) it was innovative, No mass production, (unique, handcrafted) These materials were able to be experimented with as there was new machinery to experiment with, people began to create more artitstic work with industrial machines. Groundwork: for other movements, bauhaus, contempo design, not necessary in looks but through ideologies, where all elements of a space—architecture, furniture, textiles, and decorative arts—were unified in style and purpose, holistic approach influenced Bauhaus, which sought to combine art, craft, and technology into cohesive, functional designs. Artist : Alphonse mucha was a czech illustrator and painter, graphic artist, he had a very distinct style which he became famouse for in czechia then world wide.  ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) Artist : Alphonse mucha His art style became so popular that Art Noveu was originally name the mucha style He had more of a figurative approach to the style while others leaned more towards abstraction. He focused on female figures, nature, harmony and flowing lines. Colours were an important part of the work. He often idealized women in his work in an etheral way, embodying beauty thorugh long flowing hair and floral patterns. He had alot of decorative elements within his work as well as stylized typography. ART NOVEAU (1890-1910) Art Noveau in Czechslovakia: It flourished in prague in the turn of the 20th centruy, leaving legacy of architecture behin, incl -- design and decorative arts. Good examples of this is the municipal building and cafe louvre Czechs often incorporated folklore and mythology into the work, hense the mystical style, they aimed to unify art with everyday life, making the city and homes a less mundane place. Core ideas: Became famous in this movement for his distinct art style and graphic skills. Was a painter and graphic artists. He was a core figure in briding the way for commercial art and fine art through graphics, lithography and poster art. Alphonse Mucha Czech Artist Gustav Klimnt Austrian Artist 2. IMAGES AND ART ON SOCIAL MEDIA Post-internet art What: Is a contemporary art movement that uses the interent as is main source of inspiration, it began from meme culture and existing almost purely online but has now expanded into the fine arts world in the form of installation, sculpure, painting and hybrid froms. Core Idea: It reflects on consumerism, surveillance, political situations, identity and so many more. Artists often refrence memes, current trends/events, stock images.It is a very faced paced enviroment and artists often have to stay ontop of trends and understand the current huomour to confirm to spesific audeinces. 2. IMAGES AND ART ON SOCIAL MEDIA Post-internet art Characteristics: Glithcy, highly staurated, surreal, stock images, memes, bad quality, often very ironic, critiques the world but is relevant to contemporary life. (cores (hope core etc) Downside: The art form might be too niece for some viewers (people who are not familiar with interent culture) meaning it might ‘ailenate’ some audiences, but this is something i think than can be said about many movements or anything that someone else isnt familiar with Some references might also become quickly outdated as the interent moves so quickly, and news circulates at a very fast pace. Artist working within this topic need to stay on trend and produce alot of work to stay “relevant” 2. IMAGES AND ART ON SOCIAL MEDIA Post-internet art Jon Rafman: I Contemorary artists who works with post internet culture, his work often revolves around surveillance like his google street view project 9 eyes, This prject is very special because it keeps in tact a strong huomour although it shows a side of being surveilled at all times. He creates work from contemporary topics ¨ Poetics of encription- KW Berlin, exhibiting post inernet artists in many forms, it was very based on technology but a good example of the kind of mediums people use and concepts at hand. 3. Status of the artits: Medival Times, beyond the spere of liberal arts What: ‘liberal’ arts was referred to more academic dispicles reflecting within the arts or craftsmanship in daily life. These academic disapines came from music, writing, maths grammar etc,.. Often these topics were highly influenced by religion and craftsmanship which was a skill considered practical and intellectual. in this time there wasnt yet a distinction for artists, people good at craft were considered talented craftsmen. Church was the primary holder for the arts, providing funding and space for creating art wihtin the space, primarily for learning purpouses of the bible for example Core Idea: Art would be added to functional objects to make everyday life less mundane, aswell as art wihtin churches was seen as a learning opportunity by having the stories from the bible on the walls. 3. Status of the artits: Medival Times, beyond the spere of liberal arts Craftsmen: Were a vital and essential part of the production of the arts at the time, there wasnt yet a distinction between craftmen and artists until the gothic century. They created objects like tapestries, decorations for mills and fountains. Worked in Workshops producing stained glass, sculptures, jewelry. Nothing was really mass produced, unless it was items like badges for pilgrims. Bohemia 10th-12th century: Art flourshed within churches, before the gothic era. Art was a vitla part of learning the bible. This era was very important for the rise of the gothic era, inpsiring expressive art within architecture. 3. Status of the artits: Medival Times, beyond the spere of liberal arts 4. Geographies of art: National styles in art and local traditons What: Referes to how artistic styles and traditions are shaped by specific places Art refelcts on the culture, history, and values of a nation, creating a distinctive style, (Eg. italian reneissance or the use of caly in mesopotamia due to the lack of stone) Smaller regions would develope unique artistic styles based on the materials around them and their own cultural practices. Materials were heavily infulenced by surroundings, eg marble in italy, wood in nordics Political tool: This was often used as a political tool aswell, for example soviet czechoslovakia used socialist realism as a way to show natianlist propaganda to the nation. 4. Geographies of art: National styles in art and local traditons Antiquity : Greek Arts - human form, balance, proportions (eg. parthenon) mythology Roman arts - Was heavily greek influenced but more towards realism eg. coloseum (focused on topics such as propaganda, hisrorical events, daily life) Contrasts between the two: The greeks focused on idealism celebrating beauty, perfection and harmony.Whilst romans focused on realism propaganda, glorifying their emperor. Greeks often focused on human forms whilst romans on realistic details which include flaws and individuality. 4. Geographies of art: National styles in art and local traditons greek roman 5. Nature in art: Enviromental site specific projects and ecology What Best known for LAND ART which was most popular in 1960s-70s, site specific art Works were designed to coexist in nature and natrally work in specific enviroments. Most materials would be found on site and would not be able to be transported which means the art piece remains in the same place until it melts/corrodes. Themes: Entropy, sustaiability, eco activisim, restoration, awarness and critique art form challenged spaces outside of a traditional gallery setting 5. Nature in art: Enviromental site specific projects and ecology Downsides Landart declined in popularity due to its large production needs, in transporations of paterials, locations where usually rmote and difficult to get to, raising a high budget for projects. The art form was difficult to maintain, even though most of the art was meant to corrode with its surrounfings there were no smart ways to preserve the pieces. In the 80s new trends became more popular and the interest in land art declined, gallery based art became more important/interesting for audiences. It was difficult to source funding for these projects as there was now way for collectors to own any of the art works Even though the art form focused on nature its production wasnt so sustainable which raised alot of questions and resulted in a decline for popularity 5. Nature in art: Enviromental site specific projects and ecology Andy Goldsworthy another well nenowd land artist, he works in many different climates forming playful shapes form his surroundings. his snow series is very memorable for me Robert Smithosn: He was one of the most famous artists working with land art, one of his pieces spiral jetty became very popular. this piece was a largescale piece in a remote location which was a spiral made of large rocks. He often worked with large pieces of land forming them into flowing shapes. He dealt with theems of eco activism and entropy 5. Nature in art: Enviromental site specific projects and ecology Robert Smithson Andy Goldworthy Spiral Jetty Snow Ephemeral 7. Power of images: Power of Politics What: Socialist Realism, being a key word -- Mainly discussing the use of art as a political tool/ propaganda. The idea was to glorify everyday life, workers and farmers and industrialization. the art was very opitimistic even though the times were not. Architecture: There were big monuments build of leaders like stalin, gloryfying his regime Buildings and urban planning was sepcifically designed for communism, creating bug blocks of buildings which all reflected on “community” Censorship: Alot of art was censored and had to be on specific guidlines, otherwise it would not be allowed to be shown. Artist who did not conform to these rules would be blacklisted, exhibled or banned. 7. Power of images: Power of Politics Revolution against: There were many artists working against these ideals, or not conforming to them. Artists would hold secret happenigs and at home exhibitions to still be able to continue their practice. Charta 77: Manifesto created by the art community asking for better rights of expression and freedom. Vaclac Havel signed before becoming president as well as the Helsinki Accord. Many artists who signed were once again blacklised or exhiled. Jiri Kolar: Was a very influencial figure in the times, he created collage work and poetry, which later on became very popular. 7. Power of images: Power of Politics Action Art: Was a term brought up by artists such as Jiti Kovanda who would work with his body and surroundings, “small protests” meant to go unnoticed. He would often hold public happenings which were barely noticable. He would get close to strangers or spread lines of sugar on a bridge, small bits of rebellion. These works were on offs and would only be documented thorihg photogrpahy. He later became very famous for his works. 7. Power of images: Power of Politics Propaganda art 7. Power of images: Power of Politics Jiri Kolar Jiri Kovanda 8. Body Physicality and Role in Art History Cannonization of body proportions, ideal beauty in human body Cannon: Described as the rule to measure in art and design. Used as a systemtic approach to measure proportions, many centturies ago. Its goals: For many cultures it served different purposes and meanings, some form religion, some from aestetics, some for rules to creta ecohesive imagery and sculptures. Cannonization was a way to ensure order and provide a template to create harmonic / perfection in images. This method helped train new artists but also keep the art form univeral within the culture whilt ensure traditon. 8. Body Physicality and Role in Art History Cannonization of body proportions, ideal beauty in human body Egypt: Egypt had a very specific cannonization method, whihc was thorugh a grid system. They had 18 squares, from the hairline to the toes. This provide a sure way of provide persise measure and harmony for artists. Egyptians more used this technique as asympolic and ritualistic rather than for realism such as the romans. Roman: Romans also had a very distinct style of measuring the body , a good example of this is Vitruvian man. It calculates his proportions through the famous photograph, which was created by Leonardo Da Vinci. This method was to ensure harmony and grave detailing within images. The figure was fitted into a circle whihc was inside a square. They focused more on naturalim and realism within the imagery. 8. Body Physicality and Role in Art History Cannonization of body proportions, ideal beauty in human body Beauty Standards: Egypt: Focused on Symmetry and proportions, “divine perfection” Men were often slim, uthful and strong and women were tall with rounded hips and graceful posture to showcase fertility Roman: Natural beauty and realistic proportions, often smooth skin and youthful. Had influences from Greek culture. Contemporary Canonization: Modernday there isnt a specific cannonization rule, its more based on indivusality. There are more beuaty standards to focus on but no rigid or mathematical systems to go by. There are still clear signs of “beauty standards” society finds as a norm but these dont apply to everyone as they used to 8. Body Physicality and Role in Art History Cannonization of body proportions, ideal beauty in human body 9. Art and Utopia Social Utopia Expressed Through Art What: Art and architecture whihc represents humanitys hope for a better world, and influences social transformation. its a whay to idealize a better society, and possibilities for a better world. Used art as a way for social change, eg , socialist realism, Bauhaus, futurism Plato: He envisioned a world where art played a role in shaping moral values, he argues that art could inspire individuals to live a harmonious lifestyle. Bauhaus: This is a great example of Utopia, Walter Gropus the Founder believd that Bauhaus could be a school built for harmoius living and co existing and equality for its students. He wanted to build a society which influenced the inhabitants for a more creative future. This was realised after WW1, Bauhaus was inspired by other movements such as art noveau or the arts and crafts movement, not necissarily for its visual aesthetics but for its core values and the creation of individual work after mass industrialization. very big on minimalism and minimalist living 9. Art and Utopia Social Utopia Expressed Through Art Socialist Realism: Is a great example of this but not in such a positive light such as Bauhaus for example, they used propaganda and censorship to try and build the “perfect” society Bauhaus and socialist realism had similr ideas but different goals and outlooks. Counter Points: In utopic societies there is a strong possibility for lack of individualism and rejections of univeral ideas. 9. Art and Utopia Social Utopia Expressed Through Art FINE ARTS 1. Art at the Turn of The Century: Rold of Ornament Ornamentation: Meaning decorative elements applied to objects and architure. It is meant to enhance the visual appeal. Embellishment: Embelished surroundings blurring lines between function and decoration. Influences: Heavily influences by art noveau refrencing harmonious patterns, florals and fluidity. History: It became a hallmark of artisric exression during the turn of the 20th century It was a reaction to heaving industrialization, a way of making surroundings and architecture have more individualism and look less mundane 1. Art at the Turn of The Century: Rold of Ornament It adds beauty, details, and symbolism Ornamentation In prague: Prague is a city full of ornamental embellishment, making it a culture identity for the nation. This left Prague a legacy of beautiful buildings, and facades. Great examples are the Municipal Building and Cafe Louvre. Modern day ornamentation: In contemporary times ornamentation is seen as an ‘extra’ or not a nessecity. We embellish wour digital devises and clothing, add onraments to our cars etc and it is still used as a form of expression but not in such a strong way is it used to be. 1. Art at the Turn of The Century: Rold of Ornament Cafe Louvre Municipal Building 2. Origins of Abstract Art: Abstract Sculpture and Photography Abstract: Meaning not realistic, fousing on shapes, free form expression, textures, materials and space History: Cubism is a very early beginning for abstract art, developed by pablo picasso. Eg. head of a woman - Pablo Picasso Constructivisim is also one of the early stept to abstract art: developed by artists such as Naum Gabo, where he used industrial materials and experimented woth metals and glass to create free form sculptures. -- emphasising space and form Minimalism: plays a strong roll in abstract art, was also made up of simple geometric forms and shapes leading ways to abstract expression.  2. Origins of Abstract Art: Abstract Sculpture and Photography Sculpture: Abstract sculpture strays away from realistic forms human or object, creating new forms and shapes with materials such as metals, glass, working with space and form Movements within the abstract world: abstract expressionism, surrealims, minimalism Early abstract in sculpture: Very simple geometry and cylandic figures 20th century artists were breaking away from realism, and experimenting with new more expressive techniques. Material innovation was very big at the beginning and still is a large part of sculpture, artists aim to focus on the elements and space of the sculpture  2. Origins of Abstract Art: Abstract Sculpture and Photography Impact: Inspired other physical artistsic movements such as installation art, land art, whihc involve the viewers participation or presence of the piece to view it fully. Photography: Pictorialism was one of the earliest moveents in abstract photogrpahy, it emerged as artists tried to bring emotional elements into their photography. This resulted in unconventional compostions, manioulation of prints in the dark room, and effects such as soft focus. This was the first step towards abstract photogrpahy.. Abstract photogrpahy developed quickly by artists testing many techniques, not only focusing on humans, or landscapes or concrete imagery, but on manipulating their photographs and focusing on textures, light and shapes instead. In america abstract expressionism began to rise in painting and sculpture and so it did too in photogrpahy (1940s–1950s) 2. Origins of Abstract Art: Abstract Sculpture and Photography Sculpture artists: Naum Gabo: Founder of constructivism, french, large impact on abstract art Photography artists: Wolfgang Tillmans Is a histprical and contemproray example of an artists using different methods to manuoulate his photos 2. Origins of Abstract Art: Abstract Sculpture and Photography Naum Gabo, Deconstructed Wolfgang Tillmans Head Paper Drop  3. Cubism: Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro What: Is an abstract art form developed by pablo picasso, it focuses on geometry, shapes, straight lines, flatness, cubes, cones and spheres. It is more focused on structure over detail. It is considered to be early exoperimental. Focuses on multiple perspectives Arose popularity in Paris, as thats where Pablo and Georges met Analytical: Broken down objects, anaylysing them from many angels. Momocromatic, not as much colour, early stages of cubism. Synthetic: Later development stage of cubism, more use of brighter cplours and experimentign with broader techniques, it often incoroptrated physical elements such as found mateirals like paperclips, fabtics, newspaper  3. Cubism: Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro Legacy: Cubism has left a very storng legacy behind inspiring many other art movements such as abstract expressionism, futuruism, surrealism and other forms of abstract art. these movements to inspiration from the free flowing techniques and experimental outlook. Pablo Picasso: Co founder of Cubism Spanish but worked mainly in France Georges Braque: Co founder of Cubism They worked together to found Cubism, by experimenting different techniques and styles, through shared interest. They met in paris, and together found a sherd facination for Cezannes work. Down side: of them working together was that they worked in such close proximity that their styles became almost identical, losing personal touch. their partnership ended at the beginning of WW1, when Geroges went to the french army. 3. Cubism: Pablo Picasso, Joan Miro Georges Baroque Pablo Picasso Syntetic Analytical 4. Interwar Avant Garde: Bauhaus Bauhaus: This is a great example of Utopia, Walter Gropus the Founder believd that Bauhaus could be a school built for harmoius living and co existing and equality for its students. He wanted to build a society which influenced the inhabitants for a more creative future. This was realised after WW1, Bauhaus was inspired by other movements such as art noveau or the arts and crafts movement, not necissarily for its visual aesthetics but for its core values and the creation of individual work after mass industrialization. very big on minimalism and minimalist living Impact on modernism: Core ideas were to apply simplicity, and fucntinality. You can already see it in the architecture of Bauhaus building and the art the artists were creating. One main idea was to strip away unnecissary ornamentation, and keep everything “clean and simple” in other words. Geometry was very important, embodying modern day minimalism. 4. Interwar Avant Garde: Bauhaus Bauhaus: This is a great example of Utopia, Walter Gropus the Founder believd that Bauhaus could be a school built for harmoius living and co existing and equality for its students. He wanted to build a society which influenced the inhabitants for a more creative future. This was realised after WW1, Bauhaus was inspired by other movements such as art noveau or the arts and crafts movement, not necissarily for its visual aesthetics but for its core values and the creation of individual work after mass industrialization. very big on minimalism and minimalist living Impact on modernism: Core ideas were to apply simplicity, and fucntinality. You can already see it in the architecture of Bauhaus building and the art the artists were creating. One main idea was to strip away unnecissary ornamentation, and keep everything “clean and simple” in other words. Geometry was very important, embodying modern day minimalism. 4. Interwar Avant Garde: Bauhaus Bauhaus: the school is known for having a unified aestetic and communal housing for students, making it a cohesive and harmonic living atmosphere When WWII happened the school closed but Walter Gropius moved to america to continue its legacy through Harvard and In Chicago Modernim became a worldwide aesthetic, showing arts, technology and architecture in a new light. Minimialims is well connected to this. 4. Interwar Avant Garde: Bauhaus 5. Art and Tolatarian Regimes: Unofficial underground art What: Focusing on Czechozlovakia under the stalin and communist regim and the artists that operated under it There was a big movement of underground and unnofficial art a the time, pracitced by artitsts who were against the regime, many would hold happenings and at home exhibitons. These artits worked in secrett and in secret societies. Their art didnt often refelct on the political state of the nation but rather on modern art forms like expressionism and happenings expressing their own intersts and skills. Charter 77: was a manifesto signed by many to enforce and show unity towards the regime, aritsts like Jiri Kolar and Jiri Kovanda signed aswell as the future president Vacalv Havel. The manifesto was asking for freedom of expression and more rights. 5. Art and Tolatarian Regimes: Unofficial underground art Jiri Kolar: Famous artist known for his poems and collage at which was influential at the time, he was very resistant to the regime which left a lasting impact on the nations art scene. He was also influential on developing czech modernism, his work inspired other artists to work woth different mediums and merge them into one. Jiri Kovanda: Conceptual and perfomance artist, he explored human connections and cretaed happening with the use of his own presence, reflecting on the resistance he felt towards the regime. He created alot of perfomance art but not in an obvious nature, rather more in small ways interregated into daily life and crowds “ quite defiance”. His work was often documented in photogrpahy but lacked physical impermancance. 5. Art and Tolatarian Regimes: Unofficial underground art Jiri Kolar Jiri Kovanda 6. Abstract Expressionsim: Jackson Pullock, Clement Greenberg What: Mid 20th Centruy movement, orginating from New York, very influential Shocased a new way fro arts, had alot of emotions, spontinatiey, physical ways of creating the art, was intutuive , unplanned, and ofter very large scale 2 approaches: Action painitng: focused on gesture, and movement of eg. throwing things onto the canvas Colourfield Painting: done on large areas of colour, there was alot of mood and contemplation withint the work Influenced surrealism and developed drip painting in the late 40s Methods: Used industrial paints, unconventional tools to paint such as sticks etc He would splatter, drip, pour the paint, he used highly physical methods it was even considered a perfomative act involving alot of energy and movement, Had a lack of central focal point, he was also free from exteranl inspiration/references, which Clement Greenberg sought to be a hallmark for modernist theory 6. Abstract Expressionsim: Jackson Pullock, Clement Greenberg This centered New York as the new center for arts rather than Paris, due to its innovation and modernist ideals Clement Greenberg: Art critic, he named abstract art the pinnacle of of art at the time he was also a strong advocate for formalism “art should focus on unique property” he liked the flatness of the canvas He saw pollock as the embodiment of modernism, stating he is the “most original painter america has produced” he thought of pollocks work in this way as he was producing new methods and which no one had taken the time to recognize before. Greenbergs ideologies alligned perfectly with pullocks work, this is why he was such a big advoccate for his work 6. Abstract Expressionsim: Jackson Pullock, Clement Greenberg Connection between the two: For pullock: From Greenbergs advocacy it brought critical acclaim for Pullock, alot of financial supposert and opened up alot of opportunites ofr galleris asnd buyers. All this helped him become the face of abstract expressionism Greenberg: Pullock became the central figure in his critical framework and ideologies towards modernism and prviding evidence for his ideologies. Ending: Greenberg began to distance himself from Pullock as the years went by his work became more chaotic and less focused on his ideologies, pullock feeling pressure from this also struggled in personal ways. 6. Abstract Expressionsim: Jackson Pullock, Clement Greenberg Untitled Number 18 6. Land Art: Robert Smithson What: A form of art mainly produced in remote locationa and in nature, site specific. Using materials from the surroundings like rocks, wood, water, fire to create installation art within nature. Artisst wanted to focus on creating art outside of traditonal settings such as galleries entropy, sustainablity, eco activism are main focuses in the art form but also proven to be questionable as the process and prodcution of creating these big pieces has proven to be not so ethical for the enviroment due to the remote locations and augmentation of the enviroments. More downsides are that artists often relied on sponsors and funding for the projects but they were difficult to come buy as the art was not sellable hence difficult to sell to art buyers or collectors. 6. Land Art: Robert Smithson Robert Smithson: Was a prominent name in the land art scene known for many works but one in particulare called Spiral Jetty, he created big works of art in nature on very large scale. He originally creatited art with minimalist ideologies but later became more interested in science, geology and entropy which led him to begin creating land art. To conform more to gallery standads he brought natural materials into galleries and created instllations in those settings, he called it “non sites” , these pieces explored the space between indoor and outdoor space 6. Land Art: Robert Smithson Robert Smithson Robert Smithson Spiral Jetty Non Sites  8. Unofficial and underground art in Czechoslovakia What: These were considered secret and unofficial happenings under the communist rule in czechoslovakia held by many artists fighting against the state. These arttists would often have underground happenings such as home exhibnitions or happenings, many artits signed a manifesto called charter 77 which demanded creative and expression rights as well as freedom. These artists would be banned, exhiled, or blacklisten for fighting against. Socialist realism was the main form of art in this time, if artists refused to confom to this tyle they would also be blacklisted or exhiled. Artists like Jiri Kolar, 8. Unofficial and underground art in Czechoslovakia Artists like Jiri Kolar, 9.Post Modern art mid 20th century What: Was a movement rejecting modernism, it embraced pluralism, skepticism, and the collapse of high and low culture boundaries. It focused more on deconstruction, irony and the rejection of a singular narrative. Artists rejected progress, formalism, and autonomy of art, kind of everything abstract expresionism was based around. there was no “singular” truth or one narrative within a piece Artists often used many different eras of art, not just focusing on one era, combining them into a more versityle work. Appropriation: Became a central theme within the work, which was very looked down upon, as it wasnt about creating new works but already using existing pieces. 9.Post Modern art mid 20th century Distinction: The movement dismanteled distinctions between fine arts and popular more commercialised art, triying to combine the two this paved way for movements such as pop art (but still this isnt viewed well in the fine arts world) Also blended many mediums into one, not only ustilisng one single medium, aritsts also added perfomance and installation art within their works Irony and parody was a big theme Pop art & Andy Warhol: Andy was a big name in the movement of pop art, he would appropriate imagery from catalogues and consumer based media to create new works, he was challenging traditional notions of media and advertimesnt throught this method he also rejected minimalism by intorducing more elements into his work, with narratives, subjectivity and cultural references. 9.Post Modern art mid 20th century Andy Warhol: he worked alot with media and celebrities creating new found ways of showcasing them, he also pioneered silk screen printing, this way he was able to replicate images quickly, birthing his now world famous style. Globalization: The art movement became big as it was accessible to many, people would explore identity, politics, new narratives and cultures with this method Many incorporated new advances of media into their workd from tv and so on Significance: questioned traditional hierarchies, narratives, and aesthetics, it led way to conemporary art practices, using methods questioning the new world. Pluralism was a big theme, accepting multiple viewpoints and methods in art rather than foucsing on just one. Critical theory begame big as the movement grew, society was able to use the art form as a tool 9.Post Modern art mid 20th century Roy Lichtenstein: also in the forefront of the movement, created comic book esque work he faced critisism for appropariating comic art, without giving credit to the original creators  10.Contemporary art: Jiri Kovanda Jiri Kovanda : Artist working under the communist regime, he created alot of happenings and small daily gestures in public places, he was apart of the Charter 77 manifesto, he mainly worked with his body and presence and used the space and people around him. They were most often not physcial works which could be bought, the only documentation there is of his work is photography. During the regime, his work was often in public spaces but very discreet, focusing on simple everyday gestures. After the revolution he has continued to become a world renowned contemporary artits working with the same methods, such as perfomance piece at the tate modern, Kissing through glass, and one of his earlier works ‘contact’ where he would come close to passerbys and see how close he could get without them noticing. His subtle expression was a way of resistance for him. 10.Contemporary art: Jiri Kovanda, Marina Abramović What: Is a varied medium of all arts, whihc have taken inspriaion from many past eras. Aritst often reference social, political, technological, and environmental issues thorugh different mediums. Marina Abramović: World renown, ground breaking Contemporary and perfomance artist, her works explore the limits of the human body, vulernability and the connection between the audience and herself. She has experimented and created intense perfomance art putting her own body through extremes. Such as rhyhtm 10 where she uses a knife to cut throught the gaps of her fingers, this was a revolutionary perfomance at the time, showing peromance and endurance art. She has influenced many aritsts to create peromance works exploring such meothods and to interact with audiences and experiment on themselves through these methods Her most influential/well known works was called ‘for pleasure and for pain’ where she had 3 objects and encouraged the audience to use these on her, this resulted in a violent display after audience members ineteacted with the perfomance