Ada Lapointe - Q1 History Test Study Guide - Dingley PDF

History - Q1 Test study guide Total of 50 marks ⚠️ ⚠️ ⚠️ 35 marks - World Religions (JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM, HINDUISM, ISLAM) Compare & Contrast - Know two religion 100% and their similarities & differences ⚠️ 10 marks - Lesson 5 TCI (Expanding Interactions)...

History - Q1 Test study guide Total of 50 marks ⚠️ ⚠️ ⚠️ 35 marks - World Religions (JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, BUDDHISM, HINDUISM, ISLAM) Compare & Contrast - Know two religion 100% and their similarities & differences ⚠️ 10 marks - Lesson 5 TCI (Expanding Interactions) ALL MULTIPLE CHOICE 4 marks - 4 Key Skills of historical thinking and knowing how they are used. (Sourcing, Close reading, contextualization, corroboration) 1 mark - Name Questions to expect: Short Questions Multiple Choice Questions Match Definitions (for 4 key skills) HINTS: Head pieces in Islam and Judaism Necessary to remember the key answers from lesson 5: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1-kzWAz7yOJt3HGOV6msoP3M OJwJobHJUkVFl6xswlLs/edit?tab=t.0 4 key skills (explanations and definitions are mixed, necessary to know all of them) ⚠️ Memorize Venn Diagram(questions about comparing two religions) Corrections can be done within a whole week The test is on 30th October  STUDY GUIDE World Religions —-- Judaism Origins: Began with the covenant (promise) between God and Abraham (approx. 1800-2000 BCE). Abraham: Ancestors of the Jews Born around 3,500-4,000 years ago in Mesopotamia. God made a sacred covenant with Abraham and his descendants, promising a great nation and obedience to God's teachings. Israelites moved to Canaan, later known as the Land of Israel. Enslaved by Egyptians, God performed miracles to free them. Moses received God's laws, including the Ten Commandments, from Mount Sinai. God blessed them with a Promised Land in Canaan and established the Kingdom of Israel. The kingdom divided into Israel and Judah, leading to the Jewish Diaspora. Jewish sacred texts were preserved and studied by religious teachers. Rabbis, or "teachers," recorded Jewish traditions in the Mishnah, later the Talmud. Judaism's Historical Origins 1. Canaanite Roots: Originated from the Bronze Age polytheistic Canaanite religion. Influenced by elements from other Semitic religions like Babylonian beliefs. 2. Yahwism: Emergence of Yahwism during the Iron Age I (12th to 11th centuries BCE). Shift from polytheism to a more defined form of monotheism. 3. Covenant with Abraham: Foundational moment in Jewish tradition, promising Abraham's descendants would become a great nation and inherit a holy land. 4. Moses and the Exodus: Key figure in Judaism, leading Israelites out of slavery and receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai. 5. Babylonian Exile: Crucial for refining Jewish beliefs about divine election and law. 6. Rabbinic Judaism: Emerged in Late Antiquity (3rd to 6th centuries CE). Lays foundations for modern Jewish practice and interpretation of the Torah. Beliefs & Teaching of Judaism Beliefs of Judaism: Monotheism: Believes in one, all-powerful God. The Ten Commandments, Covenant: Believes in a special covenant between God and the Jewish people. Divine Revelation: Believes in the Torah as God's direct revelation to Moses. Messiah: Believes in a future Messiah who will redeem Israel and bring peace. Afterlife: Believes in immortality for the soul and future resurrection of the dead. Free Will: Believes in personal moral responsibility. Ethical Monotheism: Links ethical behavior to worship of one God. Community Identity: Believes in a collective identity tied to shared history and tradition. Importance of Prayer: Believes in prayer as a means of communication with God. Value of Learning: Believes studying religious texts is a sacred duty; Judaism Teachings: Torah Study: Jews are taught to study sacred texts, including laws, stories, and ethical guidelines. Observance of Mitzvot: Followers are taught to observe commandments governing life, including ethical behavior and community responsibilities. Shabbat Observance: Emphasizes the importance of observing Shabbat as a day of rest and spiritual reflection. Dietary Laws (Kashrut): Followers are taught to follow dietary laws dictating permissible foods and preparation methods. Prayer Practices: Followers are instructed on daily prayers and special prayers for Shabbat and holidays. Life-Cycle Events: Rituals are included for significant life events. Ethical Behavior: Moral conduct based on justice, compassion, and community service is emphasized. Community Involvement: Jews are taught to engage with their communities through acts of charity and social justice initiatives. Study as Worship: Studying religious texts is considered a form of worship. Judaism's Teachings in Torah Ten Commandments emphasize monotheism. First commandment, "You shall have no other gods before Me," encapsulates Jewish promise to worship one God. Torah outlines moral values like parental honor and prohibition of stealing, lying, or murder. Emphasizes equality and justice, especially caring for the less fortunate. Sacred texts:​​The Pentateuch(Torah [main one), The Prophets (Nevi'im), and The Writings (Ketuvim). Jewish Practices and Rituals Sabbath: A day of rest and spiritual enrichment, excluding work and focusing on prayer, family meals, and study. Kosher Laws Prayer: Daily prayers, with the Amidah being a central prayer. Dietary Laws (Kashrut): Defines permissible foods and preparation methods, including prohibitions against pork and shellfish. Life Cycle Events: Rituals mark significant life events, including circumcision, bar/bat mitzvah, marriage, and mourning practices. Holidays: Major holidays include Passover, Yom Kippur, and Hanukkah. Christianism Origins & Development of Christianity: Emerged from Judaism with the teachings of Jesus Christ in 1st century CE. Jesus Christ Born in Judea around 6 B.C.E., Jesus became a Jewish teacher.He taught that God was merciful and loving, and that living according to God's would lead to forgiveness of sins and relief of suffering. Jesus healed the sick and performed miracles, gaining followers, including twelve apostles. Some called Jesus the Messiah, chosen by God to save humanity. After a year or two of traveling and preaching, Jesus went to Jerusalem for the Jewish festival of Passover. During his visit, Jesus warned his enemies of his destruction and his death.His final meal with his disciples is known as the Last Supper. Christianity believes Jesus rose from the dead, known as the Resurrection. Jesus ascended to heaven 40 days after his resurrected state. The Resurrection proves Jesus's holy savior, and anyone who recognized him as the Messiah would enter the Kingdom of God. Historical Context: Christianity emerged from Judaism during a period of social and political upheaval in Judea. Jesus of Nazareth, a Jewish teacher and healer, began his ministry around 27-30 CE.  His crucifixion by Roman authorities around 30-33 CE is a pivotal event in Christian history. Early Followers: After Jesus' death, his disciples, later known as apostles, began spreading his teachings throughout Judea and beyond. Early Christian communities were predominantly Jewish but gradually attracted Gentile followers. Paul the Apostle: Paul initially persecuted Christians before converting, but undertook several missionary journeys across Asia Minor and Greece. He emphasized that faith in Christ was sufficient for salvation, helping separate Christianity from its Jewish roots. Development of Christianity: The Apostolic Age (c. 30–100 CE) saw the establishment of early Christian communities and the development of church leadership structures. Christianity spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire via trade routes and missionary efforts. By the end of the 3rd century, Christianity had grown significantly, achieving critical mass with over a million adherents by 250 CE. The Edict of Milan (313 CE) legalized the faith within the Roman Empire, marking the beginning of state support for Christianity. The First Council of Nicaea (325 CE) addressed theological disputes within Christianity and established a unified doctrine. By 380 CE, Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. As Christianity spread throughout Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages, it became deeply integrated into various cultures while retaining core theological tenets. Beliefs Christians believe that God created the universe and all that is in it Catholics believe salvation is achieved through a combination of faith and good works. Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the son of god that was born and came down to Earth to tell his story. and the savior Christians believe that God exists as three distinct persons: the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Christianity Teachings:  Love and Compassion: Christians are taught to show compassion and kindness to all. The Great Commandment: Followers are instructed to love God and their neighbors. Baptism: Baptism represents faith in Christ and commitment to His teachings. Prayer: Regular prayer is encouraged for communication, guidance, and gratitude. Moral Living: Living a moral life according to biblical principles. Forgiveness: Christians are encouraged to forgive others as they have been forgiven by God. Discipleship: Following Jesus' example for spiritual growth. Worship Importance: Regular worship services are vital for spiritual nourishment and community building. Service to Others: Christians are taught to serve others selflessly. Evangelism: Sharing faith to spread Jesus' message. Spread and Influence: Despite Roman persecution, Christianity spread throughout Europe. Ex. Rome, Persia, China, India. Paul, an apostle, played a key role in bringing non-Jews into the faith. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, with the Roman Catholic Church becoming rich and powerful. Spread through the Roman Empire, Europe, and globally via colonization and missionaries. The Spread and Influence of Christianity in Europe Early Beginnings: Christianity originated in the Levant region of the Roman Empire, near modern-day Israel. Apostles traveled along Roman roads and trade routes, facilitating the dissemination of Christian beliefs. Role of Paul: The Apostle Paul was instrumental in bringing non-Jews (Gentiles) into the faith.His missionary journeys across Asia Minor and Europe established many early Christian communities. Missionary Activity: Christianity relied heavily on missionaries, with monks and pilgrims establishing monasteries for learning and evangelization. Political Alliances: Many pagan rulers converted to Christianity for political reasons, seeking alliances with christian leaders. Monastic Influence:Monasteries became vital in spreading Christianity throughout Europe, providing spiritual guidance, charitable works, education, and social betterment. Conversion of Leaders: Successful conversions of tribal chiefs and warlords were particularly effective in spreading Christianity among their followers. Celtic Church's Role: The Celtic church faced challenges from Anglo-Saxon invasions but continued to influence the spread of Christianity back into mainland Europe through missionaries like St. Columbanus.  Fall of Rome: The Roman Catholic Church emerged as a dominant force in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. Papal Authority: The Pope gained significant influence during this period, commissioning missionaries and monasteries to convert pagan tribes across Europe. Cultural Integration: Christianity often integrated with local customs and traditions, making it more accessible to diverse populations while maintaining core theological tenets. Holly site: Church Bible: divided into two sections which are the Old Testament, which records the history and teachings of the Hebrew people, and the New Testament, which focuses on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Monotheistic Major influence on Western culture, law, and philosophy. Food - Fasting: Spiritual discipline or commemoration of special occasions. - Communion: Consumption of bread and wine, representing Jesus Christ's body and blood. Important People: Jesus Christ, Mary, the Apostles, Paul, the Pope, Hierarchy: 1.Pope: The highest authority in the Catholic Church. 2.Cardinals: High-ranking church officials. 3.Archbishops: Bishops who oversee large archdioceses, have authority over other bishops, and play a key role in coordinating activities among churches in their area. 4.Bishops: Leaders of dioceses. 5. Priests: Local clergy who perform religious services. 6. Deacons: Assisting clergy members. Dos and Don’ts: Do's: Love others: Emphasizes love, compassion, and forgiveness. Pray and worship: Central to Christian practice. Read the Bible: Encourages study and reading of the holy book. Follow the Ten Commandments: Provides moral guidelines for Christian behavior. Participate in sacraments: Important religious rituals like baptism, communion, and confirmation. Follow Jesus’ teachings Don'ts:  Commit sins (lying, stealing, murder). Judge others: Encourages loving enemies. Live a life of selfishness: Emphasizes selflessness, service, and prioritizing others' needs. Holidays: good friday (remembrance of crucifixion of Jesus) Easter (resurrection of Jesus) Christmas (birth of Jesus) Ash wednesday Main different types of branches Of Christianity 1. Orthodox: Orthodox Christianity is a Christian faith that emphasizes the importance of the Church and the preservation of the Christian faith from the time of the Apostles. The word "Orthodox" comes from the Greek word orthodoxía, which means "righteous/correct opinion" Emphasizes Sacred Tradition alongside Scripture as essential for understanding faith. Believes in the Holy Trinity, seven sacraments, veneration of icons, Divine Liturgy, Incarnation, Eschatology, Role of Saints, Fasting Practices, and Cultural Diversity. 2. Catholic: Catholics worship the One and Only God, who is the Trinity (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit) and believe that the Catholic Church is the original and first Christian Church. Also, Catholics believe salvation is achieved through a combination of faith and good works. Believes in the authority of the Pope as the spiritual leader and supreme authority over the Church. Recognizes seven sacraments as essential means of grace. Holds both Scripture and Sacred Tradition as authoritative for faith and practice. Believes in transubstantiation in the Eucharist. Believes in salvation through faith in Jesus Christ and good works, including participation in sacraments. Honors saints as intercessors who can pray on behalf of believers. Worship is highly liturgical and ritualistic, centered around the Mass. Provides moral guidance based on its teachings regarding family life, sexuality, social justice, and bioethics. Believes in purgatory, a state of purification for souls who die in a state of grace but still need to be purified before entering heaven. Emphasizes its universality, believing it is the one true Church founded by Christ.  3. Protestant: Protestantism is a Christian branch that places significant value on the Bible as the only reliable source of teaching, believes in the Priesthood of All Believers (allowing for personal interpretation of Scripture), believes in salvation and forgiveness through faith in Jesus Christ alone, not through works or sacraments.Protestants believe that the Catholic Church stemmed from the original Christian Church, but became corrupt and does not follow Apostolic Succession. Worship services are less formal, often featuring contemporary music and sermons focused on Scripture. Prioritizes individual interpretation over adherence to historical church traditions. Emphasizes evangelism and spreading the Christian message to non-believers. Advocates for equality, poverty alleviation, and community service as expressions of faith. Islam: Origins: Founded by the Prophet Muhammad in 7th century CE in Arabia. Muhammad's Life and Influence Born in Mecca around 570 C.E. Became a successful merchant after his mother's death. An angel revealed the word of Allah to Muhammad, leading him to become Allah's prophet in 610 C.E. Started preaching in Mecca in 613 C.E. Persecuted by local leaders, leading to their departure to Medina. By 630, Muslims retaken Mecca, establishing Islam as the dominant faith. By 750, Islam spread beyond Arabia, becoming the main religion in the Middle East, North Africa, Spain, Central Asia, and India. Beliefs: Monotheistic (Belief in only Allah), Quran, Five Pillars of Islam (faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage). Believes in Muhammad as the last prophet, revealing God's message through the Qur'an. Relies on the Sunnah, a collection of Hadith stories, as a guide, and the Quran The Five Pillars: declaration of faith, daily ritual prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage to Mecca. 1. Shahadah: duty to worship one God only. 2. Salat: daily prayer five times a day. 3. Zakat: sharing wealth with the less fortunate. 4. Siyam: fasting and fellowship among believers.  5. Hajj - making the pilgrimage to the holy city of Makkah (Mecca). and is a once-in-a-lifetime duty for Muslims who are able to make the journey. Spread and Influence: Spread through the Middle East, North Africa, India, parts of Europe, and Central Asia. Also, it influenced trade, architecture, and sciences (e.g., algebra, medicine). Second largest religion globally with over a billion followers. Missionary religion influences culture, society, and politics. Shari'ah, Islamic law, provides guidance. Most Muslim countries apply some parts of Islamic law nowadays Clothing: Modest clothing, hijab (covers hair and neck) , niqab (covers everything but eyes), or and burqa (covers everything) for women; men may wear the thobe (Thawb). Food: Pork and alcohol are forbidden in Islam. Animals slaughtered must adhere to Islamic shariah. Two terms: halal (allowed) and haram (forbidden). Haram includes pork, alcohol, porn, and gambling. Halal products are permissible for Muslims, containing Haram but substituted with permissible food. Different Branches: Sunni (first) and Shi'ah (second) Holiday: Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha Important People: Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Ali, Caliphs Hierarchy: No centralized authority, but imams guide the community Holy sites: The Kaaba (cube) in Mecca, Saudi Arabia Dos and Don’ts: Do: Follow the Five Pillars (faith, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage). Don’t: Drink alcohol, gamble, break Islamic laws. Holy Site: Mosque → The Kaaba: Place of worship in Mecca, Saudi Arabia Buddhism: Buddha Temple Buddhism Origins and Evolution Originated in ancient India around 6th century BCE. Buddha, born into a wealthy family, sought enlightenment through extreme self-discipline. Discovered the Middle Path after six years of austerity. Achieved enlightenment under a Bodhi tree.  Taught Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Three Universal Truths. Spread rapidly throughout India and Asia. Developed into various schools including Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Beliefs Non Theistic → Neither monotheistic nor polytheistic because Buddhism includes multiple "gods", but its main focus is not on them Focused on the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path: Emphasizes the existence of suffering and its inevitable nature. Highlights the role of desire in causing suffering. The path to enlightenment is to eliminate this desire. The Eightfold Path includes understanding the Four Noble Truths, living a life of selflessness, love, and nonviolence. The path aims to end suffering and find peace, following the "middle way”. Spread and Influence Popularized by Emperor Ashoka in 200s B.C.E. Spreads rapidly across Southeast Asia, Central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan Divided into Theravada and Mahayana branches Evolved into Zen Buddhism in Japan Influenced society, government, wealth, and power. Despite Chinese rulers' crackdown, Buddhism continues to grow Currently, the fourth largest religion with 500 million followers. Divided into two major branches: Theravada (100 million followers) and Mahahana. Holy site: Buddha's Birthplaces: Lumbini Bodh Gaya: Gained enlightenment. Sarnath: Pronounced first teachings. Kushinagara: Attained final nirvana. Beliefs in karma and reincarnation No deity believed in. Buddhism does not deal with the beginning or end of the world. Buddhism Religious text deals only with the insights of Buddha won by his strength and will after comprehending the nature of truth. Food: Many Buddhists follow a lacto-vegetarian diet, avoid alcohol and certain vegetables, and practice fasting from noon to sunrise. Clothing: Pāʾijamah, Kāṣāya, Civara, and Chogu. Holy Text: ​The Tripitaka, also known as the "Three Baskets," is a collection of Buddhist scriptures that includes:  1. Vinaya Pitaka 2. Sutta Pitaka 3. Abhidhamma Pitaka Hinduism: Origins and Development No clear starting point or founder Developed over thousands of years, inspired by India's diverse religious and cultural traditions. Originated in the second millenium B.C.E or earlier. Aryans brought gods and rituals from Central Asia. Beliefs: Believes in Monism, a single divine force. Believes in a great circle of time and repeating events. Believes in the birth of souls in different bodies after death. Values include forgiveness, self-restraint, purity, and spiritual knowledge. Believes in Karma, referring to actions and their consequences. Follow this by living honorably. Spread and Influence: Hinduism's influence is strong in Indian culture. Trade and migration led to spread of Hindu beliefs in Southeast Asia. Medieval period saw Hinduism's transformation, with focus on specific deities. Gods Brahman (absolute reality/true reality for thing) Shiva (destroyer/transformer), Vishnu(the preserver), and the Brahma (the Creator) Shiva and Parvati has a kid, Ganesh (New beginnings + remover of obstacles) Indra is the Hindu god associated with rain, fertility, and storms. In Hindu belief, he is the king of the gods. Food: Pure Food (Sattvic): Strict vegetarianism, especially in Vaishnava tradition. Commonly used pure foods: milk, yogurt, ghee. Staple foods: rice, wheat, lentils. Preference for fresh, seasonal produce. Spices used for flavor enhancement and medicinal properties. Impure Food (Tamasic): Avoidance of meat, especially beef. Restrictions on eggs. Prohibition of alcohol due to perceived negative effects. Avoidance of onion and garlic. Holy text: Veda: collection of ancient Sanskrit hymns, prayers, and rituals, foundation of Hindu beliefs and practices, and teachings passed down through generations in Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-European language. Clothing: Angarkha (Men Short Coats) and Sari (woman) Holy Site: Kashi, Ayodhya, Mathura, Dwarka, Kanchipuram, Ujjain, and Haridwa TWO RELIGIONS with similarities and differences: LIST FROM LEAST TO MOST POPULAR RELIGION: 1. Christianity: 2.2 billions 2. Islam: 1.8 - 2 billion 3. Hinduism: 1.1 billion 4. Buddhism: 500 millionz 5. Judaism: 20-25 million Lesson 5 TCI (Expanding Interactions): Section 1: Crisis in the Classical World Han Empire The Han empire was the empire to fail The Han empire collapse was due to political conflicts, economic issues, disease outbreaks (smallpox and bubonic plague) , external pressures from nomadic tribes, and peasant revolts.  Causes of decline: invasions, high taxes, peasant uprisings, diseases, powerful warlords. The emperor abdicated in 220 CE Roman Empire Rome's unreliable leadership system, leaders who was mostly generals that relied on soldiers for support and rarely stayed in power, with 26 emperors in the last half of the third century, all either killed or committed suicide which significantly weakened the empire during its decline. The Roman Empire, because of the difficulty to govern and its size, was divided into eastern and western halves by Emperor Diocletian and Constantine to govern easier and consolidate power. The main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire, as highlighted in the provided context, include: Roman Empire Fall Causes Barbarian Invasions and Migrations: The empire suffered significant territorial losses due to increasing threats from barbarian groups. Economic Difficulties and Inflation: The empire suffered from inflation and economic crises due to past emperors debasing currency. Political Corruption: Chronic issues of political corruption and improper governance led to weakened central authority. Long-term Issues Building Up: The empire's problems were built up over decades, indicating a complex history of gradual decline. Disease and poverty Gupta Empire Geographic barriers, such as the Hindu Kush and Himalayan mountain ranges,and Political strength, such as from the Persian state to the west, protected the Gupta Empire from the White Huns in the northwest? The Gupta Empire, a classical civilization, ruled northern India for over two centuries, starting around 320 C.E. The empire established a strong central government and gave local rulers significant autonomy. The Gupta era saw economic prosperity and a golden age in Indian civilization. The fall of the Gupta was due to foreign invasion by the White Huns, a nomadic group. The empire was protected by the Hindu Kush and Himalayan mountain ranges and the Persian state's military strength.  The invasion by the White Huns in 450 drained the empire's resources, leading to the end of the Gupta age. India was divided into small kingdoms under King Harsha for the next six centuries. Section 2: The Muslim Empire Muhammad, the founder of Islam, received his spiritual revelation around 610 C.E. In 661, a new caliph, Umayyad, took power and expanded the empire. They captured Spain, Northwestern India, and defeated Chinese forces in Central Asia. Shi'a Muslims, who never accepted Umayyad or Abbasid rule, remained loyal to Ali and his descendants. Sunni Muslims accepted the Umayyad and Abbasid rulers, leading to separate branches of Islam. Section 3: The Mongol World Genghis Khan (Temujin) united Mongol tribes into a powerful fighting force. Known for horseback skills, swift military strategies, and resilience in battle. Empire was six times larger than Rome at its peak. Practiced religious tolerance and allowed local customs, sometimes adopting them. Pax Mongolica promoted trade and spread goods and ideas (e.g., paper, gunpowder) across Afro-Eurasia. The bubonic plague killed millions and contributed to its collapse Section 4: Expanding Networks of Exchange Silk Road: Connects Asia, Africa, and Europe, which connects Eastern and Western civilizations, making trade and cultural exchange easier, creating a vast network of cultural and economic interactions. Known as a major land route in the largest trade network of the time Trans-Saharan trade route: A trade network that supplied two-thirds of the world’s gold, it connected Africa's Mediterranean coast with the lands south of the Sahara Desert. Mainly based on the exchange of valuable products such as salt from the northern desert in exchange for gold from South of Sahara, which supported the powerful kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. What effect did exchange networks and the growth of empires have on religion? Exchange networks and empire growth made the spread of major religions easier across Afro-Eurasia, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which provided comfort among changes in society, but tensions occurred between Muslims and Hindus in India and different Christian branches. Beginning in the 11th century, how did Christian and Muslim armies come into conflict? Christian and Muslim armies came into conflict mainly through the Crusades. In 1095, the Catholic Church launched the Crusades in an effort to reclaim holy lands in the Eastern Mediterranean from Muslim control. Also, Christian armies sought to retake Spain from Muslim. By 1250, they had succeeded in recapturing most of the Iberian Peninsula. How did mathematical ideas travel through exchange networks? Mathematical ideas spread through traders and scholars. The Arabic numerical system, adapted by Muslim scholars, originated in India. Trade routes brought numbers to Europe. Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals for practicality, aiding modern mathematics development. How did Camel saddles affect life in Afro-Eurasia? Improved transportation across deserts. Facilitated trade and cultural connectivity. Enhanced camel carrying of heavier loads. Spread of Devastating disease (such as bubonic plague) and Population Fluctuations Bubonic plague spread due to easy contact between previously uninfected populations. Caused the collapse of Han, Roman, and Mongolian empires. Smallpox, measles, and bubonic plague caused significant population fluctuations. World population fell from 257 million in 200 C.E. to 206 million in 700 C.E. Advantages & disadvantages of prosperity increase from trade and agriculture to the world Driven population growth and economic development. Caused environmental issues: deforestation, soil erosion, flooding. Especially affected Huang He River valley. 4 Key Skills of Historical Thinking & knowing how they are used. Sourcing: Think about who produced this document and what is the author's intentions,and the genre/purpose of the text Who wrote this? Why was it created? Is it reliable? Close reading: Determine what the text says and how it says it. Slow down and pay attention to the details of what they are reading. Know a basic under-understanding of the text and what kind of language is being used. Question to ask: What is the author's point of view? What evidence is used to support this claim? What does the text say? What topics are included? Who are the people in the document? What words do you notice? What is the overall tone or message of the document? If an image: what symbols, colors, etc. are used? Contextualization: Explanation: Placing events or documents in historical context to understand their meaning. Questions to Ask: When and where was this created? What else was happening at this time? Corroboration Explanation: Comparing multiple sources to evaluate accuracy and consistency. Questions:Do other sources support this information? How does this compare to other accounts? Historical Complexity 🌐 History is complex in various ways, including: Multiple Perspectives: historical actors see things differently Multiple Causation: many factors and circumstances contribute to the development of historical events Change and Continuity over Time: connections across eras and circumstances Historical Inquiry Questions 🤔 Historical inquiry questions help identify and investigate complexity when encountering evidence. These questions can include: What are the different perspectives on this historical event? What factors contributed to the development of this event? How does this event relate to other events in history? In summary Sourcing: understanding the author, intentions, and genre/purpose of the text Close Reading: determining what the text says and how it says it Contextualizing: focusing on when and where historical events took place Corroborating: asking questions about important details across multiple sources