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Questions and Answers
What was the key event that marked the beginnings of Judaism?
Which of the following best describes the Jewish Diaspora?
Who received the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai?
What is the significance of the covenant made with Abraham in Judaism?
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The transition from polytheism to monotheism in ancient Israel is best described by which term?
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What role did the Mishnah and Talmud play in Judaism?
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Which character is recognized for leading the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt?
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The influence of which ancient religions played a role in shaping early Judaism?
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What was a significant outcome of the Babylonian Exile for Jewish beliefs?
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Which period is associated with the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism?
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What is the Jewish belief in the Messiah primarily concerned with?
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How are ethical behaviors linked in Judaism?
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Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the teachings of Judaism?
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What do the Ten Commandments primarily emphasize?
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Which of the following is part of the dietary laws that Jews must observe?
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What does the term 'Study as Worship' mean in Judaism?
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What major event in 313 CE marked the beginning of state support for Christianity in the Roman Empire?
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Which belief is central to the Christian understanding of God?
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What commandment instructs Christians on how to treat both God and their neighbors?
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Which theological dispute was addressed by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 CE?
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What role did the Apostle Paul play in the spread of Christianity?
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By which year did Christianity become the official state religion of the Roman Empire?
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Which of the following best describes the concept of discipleship in Christianity?
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Which practice is encouraged for communication and guidance in Christianity?
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What was one of the major effects of Pax Mongolica on trade?
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What valuable resource was primarily exchanged for salt in the Trans-Saharan trade route?
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Which of the following religions spread more easily due to expanding exchange networks?
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What event primarily caused conflict between Christian and Muslim armies starting in the 11th century?
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How did the introduction of Arabic numerals affect European mathematics?
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What was one significant impact of camel saddles on trade?
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What role did the bubonic plague play in the collapse of empires?
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Which major empire was NOT affected by the collapse linked to the bubonic plague?
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What significant population change occurred between 200 C.E. and 700 C.E.?
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Which environmental issues were notably caused by population growth and economic development?
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What is the purpose of sourcing in historical thinking?
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Which question is a key component of close reading?
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What does contextualization involve in the context of historical inquiry?
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What does corroboration require in historical analysis?
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Which aspect reflects historical complexity?
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Which question is essential for identifying multiple perspectives in historical inquiry?
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Study Notes
Judaism Origins
- Began with a covenant (promise) between God and Abraham (approximately 1800-2000 BCE)
- Abraham is considered the ancestor of the Jewish people
- God made a sacred covenant with Abraham and his descendants, promising a great nation and obedience to God's teachings
- Israelites moved to Canaan, later known as the Land of Israel
- Enslaved by Egyptians, God performed miracles to free them
- Moses received God's laws, including the Ten Commandments, from Mount Sinai
- God blessed them with a Promised Land in Canaan and established the Kingdom of Israel
- The kingdom later divided into Israel and Judah, leading to the Jewish Diaspora
- Jewish sacred texts were preserved and studied by religious teachers
- Rabbis, or "teachers," recorded Jewish traditions in the Mishnah, later the Talmud
Judaism Historical Origins
- Canaanite Roots: Originated from the Bronze Age polytheistic Canaanite religion. Influenced by elements from other Semitic religions like Babylonian beliefs
- Yahwism: Emergence of Yahwism during the Iron Age I (12th to 11th centuries BCE). Shift from polytheism to a more defined form of monotheism.
- Covenant with Abraham: Foundational moment in Jewish tradition, promising Abraham's descendants would become a great nation and inherit a holy land
- Moses and the Exodus: Key figure in Judaism, leading Israelites out of slavery and receiving the Torah at Mount Sinai.
- Babylonian Exile: Crucial for refining Jewish beliefs about divine election and law.
- Rabbinic Judaism: Emerged in Late Antiquity (3rd to 6th centuries CE). Lays foundations for modern Jewish practice and interpretation of the Torah
Judaism Beliefs and Teachings
- Monotheism: Believes in one, all-powerful God.
- The Ten Commandments, Covenant: Believes in a special covenant between God and the Jewish people.
- Divine Revelation: Believes in the Torah as God's direct revelation to Moses.
- Messiah: Believes in a future Messiah who will redeem Israel and bring peace.
- Afterlife: Believes in immortality for the soul and future resurrection of the dead.
- Free Will: Believes in personal moral responsibility.
- Ethical Monotheism: Links ethical behavior to worship of one God.
- Community Identity: Believes in a collective identity tied to shared history and tradition.
- Importance of Prayer: Believes in prayer as a means of communication with God.
- Value of Learning: Believes studying religious texts is a sacred duty.
Judaism Teachings
- Torah Study: Jews are taught to study sacred texts, including laws, stories, and ethical guidelines.
- Observance of Mitzvot: Followers are taught to observe commandments governing life, including ethical behavior and community responsibilities.
- Shabbat Observance: Emphasizes the importance of observing Shabbat as a day of rest and spiritual reflection.
- Dietary Laws (Kashrut): Followers are taught to follow dietary laws dictating permissible foods and preparation methods.
- Prayer Practices: Followers are instructed on daily prayers and special prayers for Shabbat and holidays.
- Life-Cycle Events: Rituals are included for significant life events.
- Ethical Behavior: Moral conduct based on justice, compassion, and community service is emphasized.
- Community Involvement: Jews are taught to engage with their communities through acts of charity and social justice initiatives.
- Study as Worship: Studying religious texts is considered a form of worship.
Judaism's Teachings in Torah
- The Ten Commandments emphasize monotheism
- The first commandment, "You shall have no other gods before Me," encapsulates the Jewish promise to worship one God.
- The Torah outlines moral values like parental honor and prohibition of stealing, lying, or murder.
- Emphasizes equality and justice, especially caring for the less fortunate.
- Sacred texts: The Pentateuch (Torah [main one], The Prophets (Nevi'im), and The Writings (Ketuvim).
Development of Christianity
- The Apostolic Age (c. 30–100 CE) saw the establishment of early Christian communities and the development of church leadership structures.
- Christianity spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire via trade routes and missionary efforts.
- By the end of the 3rd century, Christianity had grown significantly, achieving critical mass with over a million adherents by 250 CE.
- The Edict of Milan (313 CE) legalized the faith within the Roman Empire, marking the beginning of state support for Christianity.
- The First Council of Nicaea (325 CE) addressed theological disputes within Christianity and established a unified doctrine.
- By 380 CE, Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire.
- As Christianity spread throughout Europe and beyond during the Middle Ages, it became deeply integrated into various cultures while retaining core theological tenets.
Christianity Beliefs
- Christians believe that God created the universe and all that is in it.
- Catholics believe salvation is achieved through a combination of faith and good works.
- Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God, born and came down to Earth to tell his story, and is the savior.
- Christians believe that God exists as three distinct persons: The Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit.
Christianity Teachings
- Love and Compassion: Christians are taught to show compassion and kindness to all.
- The Great Commandment: Followers are instructed to love God and their neighbors
- Baptism: Baptism represents faith in Christ and commitment to His teachings.
- Prayer: Regular prayer is encouraged for communication, guidance, and gratitude.
- Moral Living: Living a moral life according to biblical principles.
- Forgiveness: Christians are encouraged to forgive others as they have been forgiven by God.
- Discipleship: Following Jesus' example for spiritual growth.
- Worship Importance: Regular worship services are vital for spiritual nourishment and community building.
- Service to Others: Christians are taught to serve others selflessly.
- Evangelism: Sharing faith to spread Jesus' message.
Spread and Influence of Christianity
- Despite Roman persecution, Christianity spread throughout Europe - including Rome, Persia, China, and India.
- Paul, an apostle, played a key role in bringing non-Jews into the faith.
- Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, with the Roman Catholic Church becoming rich and powerful.
- Spread through the Roman Empire, Europe, and globally via colonization and missionaries
Silk Road
- Connects Asia, Africa, and Europe, which connects Eastern and Western civilizations, making trade and cultural exchange easier, creating a vast network of cultural and economic interactions
- Known as a major land route in the largest trade network of the time
Trans-Saharan Trade Route
- A trade network that supplied two-thirds of the world’s gold, it connected Africa's Mediterranean coast with the lands south of the Sahara Desert.
- Mainly based on the exchange of valuable products such as salt from the northern desert in exchange for gold from South of Sahara, which supported the powerful kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.
Impact of Exchange Networks on Religion
- Exchange networks and empire growth made the spread of major religions easier across Afro-Eurasia, including Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
- These religions provided comfort among changes in society, but tensions occurred between Muslims and Hindus in India and different Christian branches.
Christian and Muslim Conflicts
- Beginning in the 11th century, Christian and Muslim armies came into conflict mainly through the Crusades
- In 1095, the Catholic Church launched the Crusades in an effort to reclaim holy lands in the Eastern Mediterranean from Muslim control.
- Christian armies also sought to retake Spain from Muslim rule.
- By 1250, they had succeeded in recapturing most of the Iberian Peninsula.
Spread of Mathematical Ideas
- Mathematical ideas spread through traders and scholars
- The Arabic numerical system, adapted by Muslim scholars, originated in India.
- Trade routes brought numbers to Europe.
- Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals for practicality, aiding modern mathematics development.
Impact of Camel Saddles
- Improved transportation across deserts.
- Facilitated trade and cultural connectivity.
- Enhanced camel carrying of heavier loads.
Devastating Disease and Population Fluctuations
- The Bubonic plague spread due to easy contact between previously uninfected populations
- Caused the collapse of Han, Roman, and Mongolian empires
- Smallpox, measles, and bubonic plague caused significant population fluctuations.
- World population fell from 257 million in 200 C.E. to 206 million in 700 C.E.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Prosperity Increase from Trade and Agriculture to the World
- Driven population growth and economic development.
- Caused environmental issues: deforestation, soil erosion, flooding.
- Especially affected the Huang He River valley.
4 Key Skills of Historical Thinking
-
Sourcing: Think about who produced this document and what is the author's intentions, and the genre/purpose of the text.
- Who wrote this?
- Why was it created?
- Is it reliable?
-
Close Reading: Determine what the text says and how it says it.
- Slow down and pay attention to the details of what they are reading. Know a basic understanding of the text and what kind of language is being used.
- Questions to ask:
- What is the author's point of view?
- What evidence is used to support this claim?
- What does the text say?
- What topics are included?
- Who are the people in the document?
- What words do you notice?
- What is the overall tone or message of the document? If an image: what symbols, colors, etc. are used?
-
Contextualization: Placing events or documents in historical context to understand their meaning.
- Questions to Ask:
- When and where was this created?
- What else was happening at this time?
- Questions to Ask:
-
Corroboration: Comparing multiple sources to evaluate accuracy and consistency.
- Questions:
- Do other sources support this information?
- How does this compare to other accounts?
- Questions:
Historical Complexity
- Multiple Perspectives: Historical actors see things differently.
- Multiple Causation: Many factors and circumstances contribute to the development of historical events.
- Change and Continuity over Time: Connections across eras and circumstances.
Historical Inquiry Questions
- Historical inquiry questions help identify and investigate complexity when encountering evidence.
- These questions can include:
- What are the different perspectives on this historical event?
- What factors contributed to the development of this event?
- How does this event relate to other events in history?
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Description
Explore the fascinating origins and historical development of Judaism, from the covenant between God and Abraham to the establishment of the Kingdom of Israel. Discover the significance of Moses, the Ten Commandments, and the impact of the Jewish Diaspora on religious traditions and texts.
