ADJ. PSY - Introduction PDF

# Unit-1 - ADJ. PSY ## CH: 1 - Introduction **Learning tip:** Adjustment depends on external and internal factors and its changes. **Definition:** Adjustment depends on the situation, which has been created by: - Personality of the person - The environment - Interaction between them. **Based on t...

# Unit-1 - ADJ. PSY ## CH: 1 - Introduction **Learning tip:** Adjustment depends on external and internal factors and its changes. **Definition:** Adjustment depends on the situation, which has been created by: - Personality of the person - The environment - Interaction between them. **Based on this, there are different definitions of adjustment:** - **Behaving according to internal influences and environmental influences:** - Organism try to adjust with the environment. - **Continuously changing the behavior according to new situations:** - This is called adjustment. - **Changing behaviour because of internal environmental changes:** - This is adjustment. **Through these different definitions, we get to know important things related to adjustment like:** - Adjustment process - Factors affecting it - Role of person in it - And many more such things. **We can conclude few things from here:** - **Adjustment of a person is done in context with person's internal condition (needs, desires, emotions, goals, interests) and person's external environment (family, society, culture, physical, or environment).** - **If a situation changes or it seems like it is changing then person has to change its behaviour according to it.** - **Person has to continuously do behavioral changes to adjust with situation. If a person doesn’t do behavioral changes then he is maladjusted.** - **Person’s personality is very important for adjustment.** - **While adjusting, person has to balance his internal conditions, as well as external conditions. If any one gets more importance then person is not well adjusted.** - **Person’s rigid mindset can disturb the adjustment process. Person has to keep an open mind and change his behavior according to it.** **Nature:** - It is not a compromise, it is a special individual process which goes beyond survival health and it is a process that is ***para matim hous*** ***sales group***. - The goal of adjustment is satisfaction of needs. **Nature:** - By knowing the nature of adjustment, we can learn about the adjustment process, do’s and don’ts of person’s behaviour, well-adjusted behaviour and many variables associated to it. **(1) Variability** - A person has to change its behaviours according to situations. Situations can never be constant as it always changes. If person doesn’t change his behaviour according to new situations, then she is maladjusted person. - An old person cannot do all the activities he/she was able to do in their youth. They have to change their behaviour according to it. **(2) Interrelation of different fields** - A person has to adjust in many different fields like career, family, education, physical, and mental well-being, social relations, old age, school, college, etc. He has to adjust with each and every aspect of his life, and has to maintain a balance between them. If anyone of them is disturbed, then it can affect other fields of a person’s life and it can be maladjusted life. - Failure in business can affect social and family relations. **(3) It is not compromise/surrender** - Many times people do certain things or behave in certain ways because of compulsion. This behaviour that has been driven because of helplessness of a person is not adjustment. In these kinds of behaviour, internal conflict and mental state gets disturbed, which is a maladjustment. - Going against your morals and personal ethics, because it is not a compromise. **(4) A specific Individual process** - A good adjustment depends on person’s lifestyle, goals, understanding, strength, mentality, etc. All qualities combinely form the behaviour. Adjustmental behaviour of a person. In similar situation, different person can behave in different situations and ways. - In different situations, the way of adjustment can be similar. - When a person is facing financial problems, then one might work harder or other might ask for loan. **(5) Goes beyond survival health** - Only survival is not enough, development of person along with survival is also necessary! For inner development according to environment, it can be done with the help of adjustment. To adjust, person’s development is necessary, and without development, person cannot live in harmony. - If person’s brain is under developed then she/he might survive, but they might not be able to adjust easily. **(6) Continuous process** - If a person has well-adjusted to the situation, then it does not mean that this person is well adjusted, because situation constantly changes and person has to adjust to that situation and change his behaviour accordingly. He constantly has to adjust himself to the new situations. - If you are going to college from home, then you will adjust yourself according to your college environment, and when you will come back home then you will adjust to it accordingly. **(7) It is Educational** - People can learn so many things from adjustment, and if we well educated then the possibility of adjusting is more. Adjustment and education are codependent. - When we make mistake unknowingly, and if it leads to maladjustment, then we won’t repeat that mistake, which shows that we are educating. **(8) Group Adjustment/Multilateral vent** - Situation forms depends on many components, such as person, family, society, environment etc. By taking all these components into consideration, person has to adjust accordingly. If any one of the components changes then it affects person's adjustment. - When you are at your home alone, your behaviour will be different, and when you are at your home with guest, then your behaviour is different. - From the nature of adjustment, it is clear that adjustment is a very complex process which depends on various components. A person has to adjust by keeping all the components and environment, and one's own inner peace in mind. # IMPORTANCE OF ADJUSTMENT - Adjustment plays an important role in everyone’s life. So it is necessary to learn the importance of adjustment. **1. Experience & Satisfaction** - If a person is well adjusted in personally and with his environment then he will always feel satisfied in what he does. - But if a person is maladjusted then he will not find satisfaction in anything he does and that in turn can create anxiety. **2. Improvement in health** - Adjustment affects person’s physical, mental and social health. If a person is maladjusted then he will always worry and have stress about his adjustment issues, because of that it can seriously create problems in physical, mental, and social health. - But if a person is well adjusted then his health will be better. Adjustments problems can lead to problems in relation, thoughts, etc., which can lead to disorders. **3. Productivity increases** - A well adjusted person derives satisfaction from everything and because he is physically, mentally, and socially healthy. He does everything in work and handles every-thing in his life with positivity, which in turn increases his productivity. **4. Enhances relationship** - If a person is well adjusted then he is satisfied with what he is, and is not worrying about things so he can give time to his relationships and can understand others better in compassion to maladjusted person. **5. Improves quality of life** - A well adjusted person is physically, mentally, and socially healthy, as he gains satisfaction from what he does, and so he doesn’t constantly worry about things. Because he is constantly behind new things, and improving his quality of life by remaining healthy and happy. **6. Social conflict decreases** - If a person is not well adjusted then he do don’t worry about things, and finds solution to problems, he knows how to handle it. So social conflicts decreases, because he knows how to handle them. **7. Crime rate decreases** - If a person is well adjusted then crime rate decreases, because he is satisfied and he doesn’t have to find the satisfaction by doing criminal things. - It is clear that people who are well adjusted are content with their life, healthy, and are always in advantage. # FIELDS OF ADJUSTMENT - A person’s life has many fields. - He has to adjust with each and every field of life in order to live healthily. - We can divide these fields into two types: - In terms of main functions of life. - In terms of basic work in each field. - The adjustment fields are: - Childhood adjustment - Adolescence adjustment - Adulthood adjustment - Oldhood adjustment - Parenthood adjustment - School-College adjustment - Work related adjustments - Marital and sexual adjustment - Life-events adjustment - Time management - Study skills - Health and exercise adjustment - Mental stress - Psychological models of Man. ### 1. Childhood adjustment - There should be two ways adjustment in this field. - One is, the adjustment a child does with the world and the ather is the one where parents adjust with child. - The adjustment problem can be because of: - Mutual ignorance - Lack of interaction - Children’s abnormal difference of goals between parents and child. - Expectations of becoming a mature person. - Because of misunderstanding like lack of discipline, disobedience, sibling rivalry, stubborness of child, child’s disorder child can be maladjusted. - Knowledge about parent's child, understanding the deep insight of child, and child’s behaviour with proper mentality could help find solutions to maladjusted child. - Child psychology is a great help for child’s adjustment. ### 2. Adolescence adjustment - Adolescence is the period which transforms people from child to adult. During these period (teenager), these have to face problems like in educational, physical, mental, social, emotional, sexual development. - Teens might have to face so and deal with so many problems at once because of the pressure and mental stress created by such problems, extremely serious conditions can develop. In late adolescence, there is pressure of future higher education, career making as well as of marital status. - During this time, problems like opposition towards parents and conflict in teenager’s behaviour, society, etc. can develop. - To have proper adjustments, a proper understanding between parents and teachers, with good relationship between parents, and friends is me necessary. ### 3. Adulthood adjustment - This field is full of responsibilities. Person's own and the present and future of person’s and its relatives life, is dependent on success achieved in adulthood. - To have a career and maintain its stability, is very difficult task, as there are constant changes in it. Husband-wife, parents, children etc. increases person's responsibility. - The health of small children and old parents is a serious issue. Unemployment and overambitious nature to person can create problems. Due to such issue, it is hard to get self-satisfaction, because are unable to satisfy others. - Because of career, a person has to adjust to new city, people, environment, culture, food habits, etc. - The solution to all such problems is within a person's internal understanding. - For the solutions to adjustmental problems, person's thinking, well planned procedures, time management knowledge etc. can be a great help. ### 4. Oldhood adjustment - Old age adjustments are similar to adulthood adjustment in context to creating serious adjustment issues. - Old age people have to face problems, because of body’s incapacity, various diseases, inability of senses, softening of bones, inactiveness, sexual inability decreases in immunity system, etc. They cannot face reality due to decreasing curiosity level, disconnecting with people around, and not accepting the changes in the situation Because of these, they don’t want to live their lives, generate. There is increase in generation gap. There can be serious health issues because of retirement, worry about monetary separation, inability to work, detachment, avoid from life paths etc. To avoid all these problems, then, should be well prepared. - By forming new hobbies, living in a healthy environment, making new friends, learning new things, doing social work, socializing, people can find solution to adjustmental problems. ### 5. Parenthood adjustment - After the birth of a baby, the environment, family changes. - The mother’s attention is the first priority to take care of this newborn baby, as well as first elder child (if it’s there). - Because of lack of love from the met wife, and mother respectively, many times elder child tries to harm newborn baby, or becomes stubborn, or naughty to become center of attention again. - So to avoid such solution problems, parents, especially mothers, should give same amount of attention to everyone. The character of husband and wife transform into parent. They have to learn parenthood. - There can be many conflicts that arise, because of differences of opinions in child’s nurturing. - Solution to this adjustment problems can be pre-planned mindset, as well as impulsive maturity. ### 6. School-college adjustment - When a child enters school, they actually face real world. They have to adjust to, and accept new environment of school. A child faces the fear of discipline, efforts, work efficiency, emotional management, dependency, manners, responsibility, exams, nation stress, part of educational fear. - If a child has to move to new city, in order for higher education, when he has to adjust making new friends, teachers, food habits accommodation, and environment. - By entering in college, problems, like ragging, bullying, opposite sex’s friends, sexuality, future careers oriented stress etc. arises. To find solutions, such problems person has to take support of parents, friends, social institutions, counselors, and mentors, etc. - Adjustment in these fields create a better future for the person. ### 7. Work-related adjustment - In this generation, there is constant change, as new fields-oriented fields are introducing, developing, there is a competition in developing a career. - Because of this, a person has to start working, education, along with education, while ed. To work, or to get a job, first, one has to pass the interview, and then a person can get job. - After getting a job, it is very difficult to maintain it. One has to learn to adjust to new workplace environment, and carry on the responsibilities. - One has to develop good relationship with co-workers and employer. There are lot of adjustment problems especially for women as she has to endure her responsibilities towards her children, house, husband, family, etc. - A person can be well adfured by thinking clearly and planning properly. ### 8. Marital and sexual adjustment - After obtaining sexual maturity, person starts having sexual intercourse. - But person chooses his/her partner by keeping society and its culture in mind. In society, almost each and every sexual encounters, attraction may end in, or marriage. Lack of knowledge about sexuality, higher expectations, acute psychological stress, relations, special occupation, difference of opinions, sexual diseases, and other such issues can create problem in marital and sexual adjustments. - Husband-wife joint efforts, scientific knowledge of sex mutual help in adjusting, can help love and support. ### 9. Life-events adjustment - Today's generation is all about stress, anxiety, and constant changes. Person has to face major life events like unemployment, promotion, severe diseases, divorce, accident, war, death of loved one, betrayal, loss in business, failures and, such situation. - Maladjustment can start in mental, anxiety and, may lead to suicide also. - Person can adjust by mentally preparing, accepting major changes, gaining life knowledge, taking support of friends and relatives, increasing self confidence, and understanding. ### 10. Time Management - Man has to work to meet to satisfy his needs, and to adjust well, that a person has to learn time management skills, that a person has to understand his expectations and not powers. - Of a person, do not meet his responsibilities, not with planning, not setting his priorities, not understanding urgency of work, not making notes of his schedule, not determining time limits, then he is not managing his time properly. - Because that, person has to face many adjustment problems. By proper time management, person can avoid all such problems. By learning the skill of time management, person can find solutions to many adjustmental problems. ### 11. Study Skills - Because person has to keep learning new skills to adjust well properly. - By using less time and strength especially students, teachers, doctors, engineers, businessmen, entrepreneurs etc., person has to develop this skill, learn study method, its necessary techniques and skills.. ### 12. Health and Exercise Adjustment - A person should do exercise daily in order to remain healthy. - If person does not exercise daily, then his physical and mental capabilities decrease. - By exercising daily, our immune system increases, aging effects of aging decreases. - Mental exercise helps to stay mentally healthy. - For that, person should try solving puzzles, world memorize, play chess, be creative most of the things, fail, and success in health and exercise. - Adjustment can deeply affect adjustment in other fields too. ### 13. Mental Stress - In this generation, people are always in pressure, stress, anxiety about one or the other thing. - Mental stress can seriously affect physical and mental health. - It can also affect adjustment in other fields. - To live healthy life, person has to do yoga, meditation, exercise, watch comedy shows, listen to music, read, and socialize, more. # PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF MAN - In adjustmental process, person’s inner physiological formations, nature, contexture, and psychological process are of great importance. - By understanding all such things from psychological point of view, people can avoid, or find solutions to adjustmental problems. - Different psychologists have given different theories and principles. - By taking all these theories into consideration, it can help in dealing with adjustmental problems. **Tip** - Psychoanalytic sis, which is unconscious and destins personality and psycho - sexuality. **(1) Psychoanalytic sis** - This theory was introduced by Sigmund Freud. - He talked about basic instincts of human formation of personality, and its management, the unconscious mind, psychological development and other such things. ***Principle of instinct:** -Person’s behaviour is driven by different instincts. - The instinct of self-defense drives human, to satisfy his needs. - Because of this, instinct person feels his needs, when adjustmental problems arise. - When a person cannot satisfy his needs, it is very important. - Important instincts are: - Work - Prodigy protection instinct - Inspiration - Death **(2) Principle of happiness:** - Person’s goal is happiness, but in hard situations, person chooses a path of less happiness. - This principle tells states that person finds satisfaction through happiness by adjusting to ordinary situations, but when that is, person faces complex situations, he choses the path of less happiness. **(3) Principle of unconscious mind:** - Freud stated, gave the concept of three parts of mind - Conscious, pre-conscious, and unconscious. - Most our behavior is driven by needs, desires, dementia tendencies, dreams, memories, psychopathy, unknown inspirations etc., which are the part of preconscious and unconscious mind. - So adjustmental solutions should deal with root of the problem, which are in unconscious. **(4) Principle of personality:** - Freud explains the formation of personality through the concept of id, ego, and superego. - Person has to satisfy his basic physical needs which are driven by id. - Superego is the conscience of person, which considers moral, manners and etiquettes. - Ego balances between id, and super ego, by satisfying basic needs, and also, keeping moral, into consideration. - Person is well adjusted if he has his ego level high than id and superego. **(5) Principle of Psycho-sexual mental development:** - This principle is very important in Freud’s theory. As person ages, the source of satisfaction for the person also changes. - In the first stage of development, person’s source of satisfaction is oral, as he breaths through mouth. In second stage, but he derives satisfaction by excreating waste. - In third stage, he derives satisfaction by touching sexual organs. - In the fourth unconscious stage, there are no tentes further psycho sexual development as this is latency stage and sexual desires are repressed. - The last stage, that is genital stage is the one, in where person encounters sexual intercourse, and derives satisfaction. - If all these stages are not successfully cleared, then there can be problem in adjustment. It can also create problem in marital adjustments. - During there development, boy is attracted to his mother, and girl is attracted to her father. - By knowing, and understanding, these principles, person can find solutions to adjustmental problems. **(6) Behaviorism** (Scientific view of human behaviour) - John B. Watson was the one, who gave the concept of Behaviorism. - This concept studies and understands overt behaviour. - The origin of human behaviour, its operation, and its differences, are all studied under Behaviourism. **(1) Insistence of scientific view** - Behaviorists, want to explain behaviour as science. - Because they explained cause-effect relationship. One can easily relate cause and effect to adjustment. - Because of changes in environment, there are changes in behaviour. - The behaviorist also tries to measure overt behaviour, and make it as scientific as possible. **(2) Ideology of orientation** - Not every behaviour can be explained because of cause-effect relationship as behaviour is a very complex thing. - To understand it, behaviorists, use ideology or orientation. - They study the heriditary and environment factors and how its will affect the behaviour. - Also, by including new stimulus, as removing some, can change the behaviour. **(3) Classical Conditioning** **(4) Behavioural disorders** - The main reason for behavioural disorders is alos not for adapting or adjusting with new environment. Environment, and situations are constantly changing, and they are uncontrollable, so person has to learn, new skills, to adapt, and adjust to that environment. - He cannot adjust effectively by applying old skills in new environment, when a person does not learn and apply new skills, to the new environment, then disorder can happen. - So person, has to change his thinking, and learn to adjust in new environment.