ABPS Week 2 PDF

WEEK 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL; Behavioral Influences Biological Influences Emotional Influences Social Influences Developmental Influences GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; GENES; long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at var...

WEEK 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODEL; Behavioral Influences Biological Influences Emotional Influences Social Influences Developmental Influences GENETIC CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; GENES; long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at various locations on chromosomes, within the cell nucleus. 46 chromosomes in a cell (23 pairs); ○ 22 pairs - provide programs or directions for the development of the body and brain. ○ 23rd pair – sex chromosome; X chromosome – female Y chromosome – male Dominant Gene ○ a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait. Recessive Gene ○ Must be paired with another (recessive) gene to determine a trait. McClearn, et.al., (1997) ○ 110 Swedish identical twin pairs, at least 80 years old, with 130 same-sex fraternal twin pairs of a similar age and found heritability estimates for specific cognitive abilities, such as memory or ability to perceive spatial relations, ranged from 32% to 62%. Lyons, et., al. (2009) ○ A study of more than 1,200 twins spanning 35 years confirmed that during adulthood (from early adulthood to late middle age) genetic factors determined stability in cognitive abilities, whereas environmental factors were responsible for any changes. DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL; Individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. Diathesis; ○ Inherited Tendency. ○ Condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder. GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION MODEL; People might have a genetically determined tendency to create the very environmental risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability to a disorder. NEUROSCIENCE AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; FRONTAL LOBE; Voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions; Pre – Frontal Cortex; ○ POSTERIOR – Movement. ○ MIDDLE – Working memory, cognitive control, and emotional reactions. ○ ANTERIOR – Decision making. LIMBIC SYSTEM; Set of structure that regulates instinctive behaviors. AMYGDALA; Critically involved in processing emotions. Damage in this area; ○ may result in more aggression, irritability, loss of control of emotions, and deficits in recognizing emotions, especially recognizing fear. ○ Can result in fewer feelings of shame about breaking social rules as well as trouble recognizing fearful and shamed facial expressions correction. ○ Reduced amygdala volume may underlie vulnerability to stress and depression. A study found that childhood violence exposure was linked to reduced amygdala volumes, which interacted with later life stress to predict worsening depression over time. ○ Structural and neurochemical differences in the amygdala have been found in young people with bipolar disorder, suggesting an association between amygdala volume and this disorder. HIPPOCAMPUS; Plays an important role in memory. Damage in this area; ○ Can disrupt cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and spatial navigation and contribute to dementia symptoms like memory loss, disorientation, and confusion. ○ In Parkinson’s disease, hippocampus damage can worsen cognitive symptoms like executive dysfunction, visual-spatial deficits, and memory problems that many patients experience. ○ Structural and neurochemical abnormalities have also been found in the hippocampi of young people with bipolar disorder. THALAMUS; Directs incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum. CINGULATE GYRUS; Help regulate emotions, behavior, and pain. Damage in this area; ○ Can result in emotions being inappropriate, having a lack of fear, impaired sense of pain, and learning impairments. ○ This region has also shown differences in structure in those with ASD, depression, OCD, PTSD, and bipolar disorder due to its role in emotional processing.  ○ There is thought to be reduced volume and altered activity in the anterior and posterior cingulate cortex in those with schizophrenia. ○ Likewise, there have been reduced gray matter volumes in the anterior cingulate cortex of people with ADHD. BASAL GANGLIA; Involved in cognitive and emotional behaviors and have a role in rewards and reinforcement. Damage in this area; ○ Can result in tremors, involuntary muscle movements, abnormal posture, and links to movement disorders (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease). ○ May also contribute to symptoms of depression. HYPOTHALAMUS; Structure below the thalamus. Regulates eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. Involved in processing basic emotions. Involved in the activation of the pituitary gland. Damage in this area; ○ Linked to several mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, aggression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. ○ Chronic stress and elevated cortisol levels associated with hypothalamic dysfunction. MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS RELEVANT TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; GLUTAMATE; excitatory transmitter; ○ sympathetic; e.g. increase in blood flow, fight or flight situations. overactivity can burn-out sections of the nervous system. GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (GABA); Inhibitory transmitter; ○ parasympathetic; e.g. lower heart rate, relax and calm. Benzodiazepine (drugs), used to calm people; for erratic and manic disorders; e.g. bipolar disorders. may reduce overall arousal and temper emotional response. SEROTONIN; “5 - hydroxytryptamine” (5HT) believe to influence a great deal of our behavior, particularly in processing information. the system regulates behavior, moods, and thought process; e.g. major depressive, bipolar disorder. ○ extremely low activity are associated with less inhibition; away from risky behaviors; e.g. self harm. Drugs affecting the serotonin system; ○ tricyclic antidepressants. ○ selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI); more commonly prescribed for mood disorders. NOREPINEPHRINE; aka noradrenaline (opposite of adrenaline). found in beta-blocker; ○ heart rate, blood pressure, respiration. DOPAMINE; acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation. most common association in schizophrenia and addiction disorders; ○ high dopamine in people with schizo, addiction. ○ There is a lack of dopamine in people with adhd. antipsychotic drugs. dopamine circuits merge with serotonin circuits; works hand-in-hand. BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE; COGNITIVE SCIENCE; concerned with how we acquire and process information and how we store and ultimately retrieve it. ○ information from our senses, then processed by the brain. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS; encounter conditions over which they have no control. “attribution”. LEARNED OPTIMISM; If people faced with considerable stress and difficulty in their lives nevertheless display an optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to function better psychologically and physically. ○ but too much optimism—toxic positivity—is not healthy. MODELING OR OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING; This type of learning requires a symbolic integration of the experiences of others with judgments of what might happen to oneself. ○ e.g. Albert Bandura's bobo doll. Aaron Beck’s triad explaining depression; ○ negative view of the self. ○ negative view of the environment; other people. ○ negative view of the future; learned helplessness. PREPARED LEARNING; We have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to the survival of the species. ○ There's something wrong if people don’t want change, as it is part of evolution/learning. IMPLICIT MEMORY; apparent when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but can’t remember the events.  ○ e.g. sweating of the hand during events that triggers nervousness (without proper memory of it) that will force someone to go for a defense mechanism; e.g. regression. EMOTIONS; IMPORTANCE OF FEAR; Charles Darwin (1872); ○ the first great emotion theorist. ○ more than 100 years ago, he suggests that fear is programmed and serves a useful evolutionary function. FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE; alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies. ○ also freezing in a highly anxiety driven situation. THE EMOTION OF FEAR; subjective feeling of terror; ○ a strong motivation for behavior (escaping or fighting). ○ a complex physiological or arousal response. emotion = action tendency. MOOD; more persistent period of affect or emotionally. AFFECT; refers to the valence dimension of an emotion; ○ pleasant or positive affect. ○ unpleasant or negative affect. ○ blank affect. “it is HOW the emotion is presented”. ○ nonverbal. COMPONENTS OF EMOTION; EMOTION AND BEHAVIOR; basic patterns of emotional behavior that differ in fundamental ways; ○ freeze, escape, approach, attack. Emotional behavior is a means of communication. COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF EMOTION; appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the world around you that are fundamental to emotional experience. PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTION; emotion is a brain function. ○ involving the more primitive areas of the brain. limbic system. CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND INTERPERSONAL FACTORS; VOODOO, EVIL EYE, AND OTHER FEAR; FRIGHT DISORDER (not psychological, but a distress); characterized by exaggerated startle responses, and other observable fear and anxiety reactions. ○ number of people affected by this is not sufficient to be added on DSM5 TR (not enough prevalence) SUSTO; usually observed in latin america. various anxiety-based symptoms; ○ insomnia ○ irritability ○ phobias marked somatic symptoms; ○ Sweating ○ increased heart rate (tachycardia) the individual believes that he or she has become the object of black magic, or witchcraft, and is suddenly badly frightened. EVIL EYE; psychological and somatic symptoms. resulting fright disorder can be fatal. HAITIAN PHENOMENON OF VOODOO DEATH; Cannon, 1942 GENDER; Gender roles have a strong and sometimes puzzling effect on psychopathology. Our gender doesn’t cause psychopathology however gender role is a social and cultural factor that influences the form and content of a disorder.