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Questions and Answers
Which intelligence test is designed specifically for children under the age of five?
Which intelligence test is designed specifically for children under the age of five?
What is the main purpose of the MMPI test?
What is the main purpose of the MMPI test?
Which of the following statements about GAD symptoms is true?
Which of the following statements about GAD symptoms is true?
What distinguishes a specific phobia from agoraphobia?
What distinguishes a specific phobia from agoraphobia?
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Which version of the DSM introduced significant revisions to the classification of mental disorders?
Which version of the DSM introduced significant revisions to the classification of mental disorders?
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What are the four Ds that define abnormal psychology?
What are the four Ds that define abnormal psychology?
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Which ancient civilization is associated with the biological tradition of understanding mental disorders?
Which ancient civilization is associated with the biological tradition of understanding mental disorders?
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Who is considered the father of modern western medicine?
Who is considered the father of modern western medicine?
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What method did Dorothea Dix advocate for in the treatment of mental health?
What method did Dorothea Dix advocate for in the treatment of mental health?
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Which of the following psychological perspectives focuses on personal growth and betterment?
Which of the following psychological perspectives focuses on personal growth and betterment?
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What was one of the significant contributions of Philippe Pinel to mental health treatment?
What was one of the significant contributions of Philippe Pinel to mental health treatment?
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What belief characterized the supernatural tradition regarding mental illness?
What belief characterized the supernatural tradition regarding mental illness?
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Which of the following figures is known for bringing the psychological movement to America?
Which of the following figures is known for bringing the psychological movement to America?
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What is a primary biological cause associated with panic disorder?
What is a primary biological cause associated with panic disorder?
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Which treatment method is generally used for specific phobia?
Which treatment method is generally used for specific phobia?
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What psychological factor contributes to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
What psychological factor contributes to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
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Which type of specific phobia involves fear of heights?
Which type of specific phobia involves fear of heights?
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What defines ataque de nervios?
What defines ataque de nervios?
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Which medication is commonly prescribed for agoraphobia?
Which medication is commonly prescribed for agoraphobia?
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What primarily characterizes conversion disorder?
What primarily characterizes conversion disorder?
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What distinguishes factitious disorder imposed on another from malingering?
What distinguishes factitious disorder imposed on another from malingering?
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What distinguishes localized dissociative amnesia from generalized dissociative amnesia?
What distinguishes localized dissociative amnesia from generalized dissociative amnesia?
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Which statement accurately describes dissociative identity disorder?
Which statement accurately describes dissociative identity disorder?
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What is a defining characteristic of dysthymia compared to major depression?
What is a defining characteristic of dysthymia compared to major depression?
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What is noted in Bipolar II disorder?
What is noted in Bipolar II disorder?
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Which of the following best describes cyclothymia?
Which of the following best describes cyclothymia?
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What common biological factor is associated with major depression?
What common biological factor is associated with major depression?
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What is the most common risk factor for suicide in individuals aged 15-24?
What is the most common risk factor for suicide in individuals aged 15-24?
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How does the prevalence of suicide differ between genders?
How does the prevalence of suicide differ between genders?
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What is the main distinction between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?
What is the main distinction between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?
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Which type of symptoms are characterized as negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Which type of symptoms are characterized as negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
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How did Emil Kraeplin classify dementia praecox?
How did Emil Kraeplin classify dementia praecox?
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What best describes a delusional disorder?
What best describes a delusional disorder?
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Which neurotransmitters are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia?
Which neurotransmitters are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia?
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What are the necessary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
What are the necessary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of disorganized symptoms?
Which of the following is NOT a component of disorganized symptoms?
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What condition is characterized by developing delusions from a relationship with a delusional individual?
What condition is characterized by developing delusions from a relationship with a delusional individual?
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What characterizes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?
What characterizes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?
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Which of the following are classified as atypical antipsychotics?
Which of the following are classified as atypical antipsychotics?
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Which is NOT a requirement for diagnosing ADHD?
Which is NOT a requirement for diagnosing ADHD?
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What defines a learning disorder compared to a learning disability?
What defines a learning disorder compared to a learning disability?
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What symptom is characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
What symptom is characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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Which level of intellectual disability corresponds to an IQ score of 45?
Which level of intellectual disability corresponds to an IQ score of 45?
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What is a common factor associated with sexual dysfunctions?
What is a common factor associated with sexual dysfunctions?
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What is the primary focus of diagnosing intellectual disabilities?
What is the primary focus of diagnosing intellectual disabilities?
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Study Notes
Defining Abnormal Psychology (4Ds)
- Deviance: Statistical infrequency, violation of cultural norms. Consider normality relative to others within the same cultural context.
- Distress: Subjective; can be normal in some situations.
- Dysfunction: Maladaptive impairment that is pervasive and/or significant.
- Danger: To self or others.
Historical Viewpoints on Abnormality
- Before Greeks & Romans: Supernatural tradition (drill holes in the head to release spirits, trephination, spiritual possession).
- Greeks & Romans: Biological tradition (Hippocrates, 460-377 BCE, father of modern western medicine, believed mental disorders were physical diseases. Proposed humoral theory).
- Dark Ages & Malleus Maleficarum: Return to superstition; Christian beliefs about demonic possession and witchcraft. Johann Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer (Witches' Hammer, 1484) connected various problems to satanic possessions. Johann Weyer (1563) and Reginald Scot (1584) challenged these beliefs.
- After the Dark Ages: Reform movement figures such as Dorothea Dix raised money to build mental hospitals in the US, leading to more humane treatment. Philippe Pinel (1780s-1790s France), Benjamin Rush (brought psychology to America, Pennsylvania Hospital 1783), and William Tuke (York treatment) promoted moral therapy. Clifford Beers encouraged changes to address and treat mental illness.
Major Psychological Perspectives
- Psychoanalytic: Fruedian.
- Humanistic: Growth to betterment.
- Cognitive Behavioral: Classical conditioning.
Freud's Personality Structure
- Id: Animal instinct.
- Ego: Logical and rational (mediator).
- Super Ego: Wants you to be good.
Neurotransmitters
- Amino acids: GABA and glutamate.
- Monoamines: Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
- Catecholamines: Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
- Indolamines: Serotonin.
- Neuropeptides: Vasopressin and oxytocin
Neurotransmitters (too little/too much)
- Too little serotonin: Impulsivity, aggression, suicide, excessive sexual behavior, and impulsive overeating.
- Too much dopamine: Hallucinations, delusions, catatonia, and disorganized speech (Schizophrenia).
- Too little GABA: Increased arousal (anxiety, tenseness, less sleep, anger, and hostility).
Assessment
- Reliability: Interrater reliability - consistency between different assessors giving a test. Test-retest reliability - consistency of results on multiple administrations of the same test. Predictive validity - forecasts future outcomes.
- Validity: Descriptive validity - comparing measures to known results. Construct validity - whether the construct being measured is well-defined.
Classification (DSM):
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides a classification system for mental disorders. Several versions have been published since 1952.
Anxiety Disorders
- Specific phobia: Fear of a specific object or situation.
- Agoraphobia: Fear of open spaces or public places.
- Panic disorder: Recurring unexpected panic attacks.
- Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Excessive anxiety and worry.
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Obsessions and compulsions.
Treatment Methods (for various disorders)
- Medical treatment: Drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and other therapies.
- Psychological treatments: e.g., Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Exposure therapy, and other therapies.
Somatic Symptom & Dissociative Disorders
- Somatic symptom disorder: Physical symptoms without a medical basis.
- Conversion disorder: Emotional distress converted into physical symptoms.
- Illness anxiety disorder: Taking every bodily feeling as a terrible disease.
- Malingering: Assuming a sick role for gain.
- Factitious disorder: Intentionally creating physical symptoms for attention.
- Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss.
- Dissociative fugue: Dissociative state with geographical escape.
- Dissociative identity disorder: Multiple personality disorder.
Eating Disorders
- Anorexia: Intense fear of weight gain with little food/purging.
- Bulimia: Binging followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging).
- Binge eating disorder: Binging with no compensatory behaviors.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Hypersomnia: Excessive sleepiness.
- Narcolepsy: Excessive daytime sleepiness.
- Breathing-related sleep disorders: Disorders that interrupt sleep.
Substance-Related and Impulse-Control Disorders
- Alcohol: GABA antagonist, glutamate agonist affects behavior and mental functions. Specific effects and risks are highlighted by a specific examples of how the drug can have different effects on the mind through various reactions and examples.
- Stimulants: Amphetamines, Ritalin, Adderall, MDMA (Molly/Ecstasy), Crystal Meth, Cocaine, affect behavior, perception and mood through a variety of example situations.
- Narcotics (Opioids): Opioids, Heroin, Fentanyl, Methadone, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, affect behavior and mood, and other functions of the body.
- Hallucinogens: LSD, Psilocybin, etc. affect perceptions of others, the environment and themselves.
- Cannabis: Marijuana affect perception, thinking and psychological experience.
Personality Disorders
- Describe specific categories and associated symptoms.
Schizophrenia
- History, positive (hallucinations, delusions), negative (e.g., flat affect), and disorganized symptoms
- Diagnosing criteria
- Biological and psychological factors.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- ADHD, Autism spectrum disorder, Intellectual disability, specific learning disorder.
- Associated symptoms and diagnosing criteria
Mood Disorders
- Major depression, dysthymia, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia.
- Symptoms and diagnosing criteria
- Biological and psychological factors.
Paraphilias and Sex Dysfunctions
- Sexual dysfunction, fetishism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, transvestic, sadism, masochism, pedophilia.
- Etiology
- Diagnosing descriptions
- Treatment methods.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of abnormal psychology, including the 4Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Learn about historical perspectives on mental disorders, from supernatural beliefs to biological theories, and their impact on modern understanding. This quiz offers an in-depth look at how cultural contexts shape our definition of normality.