Abnormal Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which intelligence test is designed specifically for children under the age of five?

  • WAIS
  • WISC
  • Halstead-Reitan
  • WPPSI (correct)

What is the main purpose of the MMPI test?

  • To measure neuropsychological functioning
  • To evaluate unconscious mental processes
  • To assess intelligence in children
  • To identify patterns of psychological disorders (correct)

Which of the following statements about GAD symptoms is true?

  • It requires the presence of both obsessions and compulsions.
  • Restlessness and muscle tension are common symptoms. (correct)
  • It primarily involves fear of specific objects or situations.
  • Symptoms must last at least one month.

What distinguishes a specific phobia from agoraphobia?

<p>Agoraphobia is characterized by fear of public spaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which version of the DSM introduced significant revisions to the classification of mental disorders?

<p>DSM III R (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four Ds that define abnormal psychology?

<p>Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient civilization is associated with the biological tradition of understanding mental disorders?

<p>Greeks &amp; Romans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the father of modern western medicine?

<p>Hippocrates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Dorothea Dix advocate for in the treatment of mental health?

<p>Humane treatment in mental hospitals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following psychological perspectives focuses on personal growth and betterment?

<p>Humanistic (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the significant contributions of Philippe Pinel to mental health treatment?

<p>Moral therapy in asylums (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What belief characterized the supernatural tradition regarding mental illness?

<p>Demonic possession (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is known for bringing the psychological movement to America?

<p>Benjamin Rush (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary biological cause associated with panic disorder?

<p>Exhaling too much CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment method is generally used for specific phobia?

<p>Gradual supervised exposure-based exercises (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological factor contributes to generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

<p>Hypervigilant to threat (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of specific phobia involves fear of heights?

<p>Natural environment phobia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines ataque de nervios?

<p>Uncontrollable screaming or crying due to stress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is commonly prescribed for agoraphobia?

<p>SSRIs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes conversion disorder?

<p>Physical symptoms resulting from anxiety and stress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes factitious disorder imposed on another from malingering?

<p>Forcing illness onto someone else for external gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes localized dissociative amnesia from generalized dissociative amnesia?

<p>Localized is characterized by selective memory loss. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes dissociative identity disorder?

<p>Identities can number from a few to as many as 100. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of dysthymia compared to major depression?

<p>Dysthymia is characterized by a chronic state of depression lasting at least 2 years. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is noted in Bipolar II disorder?

<p>It involves hypomanic episodes following major depressive episodes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cyclothymia?

<p>Chronic mood fluctuations that do not meet criteria for major episodes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common biological factor is associated with major depression?

<p>Lack of serotonin and elevated cortisol. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common risk factor for suicide in individuals aged 15-24?

<p>Presence of depressive disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the prevalence of suicide differ between genders?

<p>Males are more likely to die by suicide using extreme measures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main distinction between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?

<p>Schizophreniform disorder symptoms last between 1 to 5.99 months. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of symptoms are characterized as negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

<p>Alogia and anhedonia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Emil Kraeplin classify dementia praecox?

<p>Into hebephrenic, catatonic, and paranoid types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes a delusional disorder?

<p>The persistence of delusions for one month or more. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are involved in the etiology of schizophrenia?

<p>NMDA glutamate receptors and dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the necessary diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?

<p>At least two positive symptoms, including delusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of disorganized symptoms?

<p>Alogia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by developing delusions from a relationship with a delusional individual?

<p>Shared psychotic disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

<p>Increase in social withdrawal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are classified as atypical antipsychotics?

<p>Clozaril (Clozapine) (B), Risperdal (Risperidone) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a requirement for diagnosing ADHD?

<p>Symptoms must be present after age 12 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a learning disorder compared to a learning disability?

<p>Intelligence compared to one's own IQ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

<p>Difficulty in social communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of intellectual disability corresponds to an IQ score of 45?

<p>Moderate ID (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor associated with sexual dysfunctions?

<p>Fear and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of diagnosing intellectual disabilities?

<p>Deficits in intellectual functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abnormal psychology (4 Ds)

A field study of mental disorders focusing on deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

Hippocrates Humoral Theory

Ancient Greek theory that connected mental disorders to imbalances of bodily fluids (humors).

Trephination

A practice of drilling a hole in the skull to release evil spirits.

Moral Therapy

1790s approach to treating mental illness emphasizing humane treatment and social interaction.

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Dorothea Dix

American activist who fought for improved conditions and treatment of patients with mental health disorders by raising funds for hospitals.

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Psychoanalytic perspective

Focus on the unconscious mind and childhood experiences to understand mental illness.

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Humanistic perspective

Emphasis on individual growth and potential as factors in mental health.

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Cognitive Behavioral Model

Mental health perspective that looks at how thoughts and behaviors influence mental health.

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DSM-5-TR

The latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published in 2022, providing a standardized classification system for mental disorders.

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Specific Phobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive and persistent fear of a specific object, animal, activity, or situation, leading to avoidance behaviors.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of places or situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable if a panic attack occurs; often associated with public spaces.

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Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks—sudden episodes of intense fear or discomfort.

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WAIS

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; a standardized psychological test used to measure intelligence in adults.

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Etiology of Specific Phobia (Biological)

Specific phobias can have a hereditary component, meaning that a predisposition to the phobia might be passed down through families.

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Etiology of Specific Phobia (Psychological - Conditioning)

Specific phobias can develop through learned associations, like classical conditioning and the two-factor model of fear acquisition.

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Panic Disorder Biological Cause

Breathing too fast (hyperventilation) can lead to a chemical imbalance in the body, triggering panic.

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Agoraphobia Psychological Cause

Agoraphobia can develop as a learned fear; a fear of the physical symptoms, and/or misinformation about potential risks.

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Somatic Symptom Disorder

Someone feels many symptoms with no medical basis.

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Conversion Disorder

Anxiety and stress are converted into a physical symptom.

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Illness Anxiety Disorder

Someone worries about having a serious illness, even when there's no evidence.

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Malingering

Deliberately faking illness for personal gain (e.g., to avoid work or get money).

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Dissociative Amnesia

A mental disorder marked by significant memory loss, usually related to trauma or stress. It can be localized (affecting specific events) or generalized (affecting large chunks of time).

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Dissociative Fugue

A dissociative state where an individual suddenly travels away from their home and assumes a new identity, often forgetting their past life.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A mental disorder where two or more distinct personalities exist within one individual. Each personality has unique traits, memories, and behaviors.

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Object Estrangement

A type of alienation where a person feels disconnected from people, objects, or situations in their environment. It's like a barrier exists between them and reality.

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Somatic Estrangement

A type of estrangement where a person feels detached from their own body or parts of it. It's like their body is not their own.

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Major Depressive Episode

A period of at least two weeks with at least five of the nine symptoms of depression, including depressed mood, loss of interest, and changes in sleep or appetite.

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Dysthymia

A milder form of depression, characterized by persistent low mood for at least two years. It's like a chronic, low-grade sadness.

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Bipolar Disorder I

Characterized by extreme mood swings involving one or more manic episodes with possible depressive episodes. Manic episodes involve periods of elevated mood, racing thoughts, and impulsive behavior.

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Who coined 'schizophrenia'?

Eugen Bleuler, a Swiss psychiatrist, first used the term 'schizophrenia' in 1911 to describe a group of mental disorders characterized by a breakdown of thought processes and a loss of contact with reality.

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What are positive symptoms?

Positive symptoms are an excess or distortion of normal functioning, including hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech.

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What is avolition?

Avolition is a lack of motivation and inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed activities.

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What is schizoaffective disorder?

Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition that combines symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions, with symptoms of a mood disorder, such as depression or mania.

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What's one biological factor linked to schizophrenia?

An excess of dopamine in the limbic system, which is involved in emotions, is thought to contribute to schizophrenia.

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What are enlarged ventricles?

Enlarged ventricles are fluid-filled spaces in the brain that are often found in people with schizophrenia.

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What is delusional disorder?

Delusional disorder is a mental disorder characterized by one or more non-bizarre delusions that last for at least one month.

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What is shared psychotic disorder?

Shared psychotic disorder is a rare mental disorder in which two or more people develop similar delusions as a result of a close relationship.

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Schizophrenia Phases

Distinct stages of schizophrenia characterized by varying symptom severity and potential for recovery.

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Premorbid Symptoms

Early signs of schizophrenia that appear before the onset of prominent symptoms, often subtle and overlooked.

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Prodromal Phase

A period before the full-blown schizophrenic symptoms occur, marked by subtle changes in behavior and social withdrawal.

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Active Phase (Onset/Deterioration)

The stage of schizophrenia with the most severe and prominent symptoms, marked by the 'schizophrenic break'.

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Residual Phase (Chronic)

A persistent state after the active phase where symptoms may have decreased, but some individuals don't fully recover.

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Typical Antipsychotics

Older generation of antipsychotics that target dopamine receptors, effective for positive symptoms but can cause side effects.

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Atypical Antipsychotics

Newer generation of antipsychotics that target dopamine and serotonin receptors, effective for both positive and negative symptoms with fewer side effects.

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ADHD Diagnosis

Diagnosed based on a pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is present by age 12, across two or more settings, for at least six months.

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Study Notes

Defining Abnormal Psychology (4Ds)

  • Deviance: Statistical infrequency, violation of cultural norms. Consider normality relative to others within the same cultural context.
  • Distress: Subjective; can be normal in some situations.
  • Dysfunction: Maladaptive impairment that is pervasive and/or significant.
  • Danger: To self or others.

Historical Viewpoints on Abnormality

  • Before Greeks & Romans: Supernatural tradition (drill holes in the head to release spirits, trephination, spiritual possession).
  • Greeks & Romans: Biological tradition (Hippocrates, 460-377 BCE, father of modern western medicine, believed mental disorders were physical diseases. Proposed humoral theory).
  • Dark Ages & Malleus Maleficarum: Return to superstition; Christian beliefs about demonic possession and witchcraft. Johann Sprenger and Heinrich Kramer (Witches' Hammer, 1484) connected various problems to satanic possessions. Johann Weyer (1563) and Reginald Scot (1584) challenged these beliefs.
  • After the Dark Ages: Reform movement figures such as Dorothea Dix raised money to build mental hospitals in the US, leading to more humane treatment. Philippe Pinel (1780s-1790s France), Benjamin Rush (brought psychology to America, Pennsylvania Hospital 1783), and William Tuke (York treatment) promoted moral therapy. Clifford Beers encouraged changes to address and treat mental illness.

Major Psychological Perspectives

  • Psychoanalytic: Fruedian.
  • Humanistic: Growth to betterment.
  • Cognitive Behavioral: Classical conditioning.

Freud's Personality Structure

  • Id: Animal instinct.
  • Ego: Logical and rational (mediator).
  • Super Ego: Wants you to be good.

Neurotransmitters

  • Amino acids: GABA and glutamate.
  • Monoamines: Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
  • Catecholamines: Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
  • Indolamines: Serotonin.
  • Neuropeptides: Vasopressin and oxytocin

Neurotransmitters (too little/too much)

  • Too little serotonin: Impulsivity, aggression, suicide, excessive sexual behavior, and impulsive overeating.
  • Too much dopamine: Hallucinations, delusions, catatonia, and disorganized speech (Schizophrenia).
  • Too little GABA: Increased arousal (anxiety, tenseness, less sleep, anger, and hostility).

Assessment

  • Reliability: Interrater reliability - consistency between different assessors giving a test. Test-retest reliability - consistency of results on multiple administrations of the same test. Predictive validity - forecasts future outcomes.
  • Validity: Descriptive validity - comparing measures to known results. Construct validity - whether the construct being measured is well-defined.

Classification (DSM):

  • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides a classification system for mental disorders. Several versions have been published since 1952.

Anxiety Disorders

  • Specific phobia: Fear of a specific object or situation.
  • Agoraphobia: Fear of open spaces or public places.
  • Panic disorder: Recurring unexpected panic attacks.
  • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Excessive anxiety and worry.
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Obsessions and compulsions.

Treatment Methods (for various disorders)

  • Medical treatment: Drugs, Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and other therapies.
  • Psychological treatments: e.g., Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Exposure therapy, and other therapies.

Somatic Symptom & Dissociative Disorders

  • Somatic symptom disorder: Physical symptoms without a medical basis.
  • Conversion disorder: Emotional distress converted into physical symptoms.
  • Illness anxiety disorder: Taking every bodily feeling as a terrible disease.
  • Malingering: Assuming a sick role for gain.
  • Factitious disorder: Intentionally creating physical symptoms for attention.
  • Dissociative amnesia: Memory loss.
  • Dissociative fugue: Dissociative state with geographical escape.
  • Dissociative identity disorder: Multiple personality disorder.

Eating Disorders

  • Anorexia: Intense fear of weight gain with little food/purging.
  • Bulimia: Binging followed by compensatory behaviors (e.g., purging).
  • Binge eating disorder: Binging with no compensatory behaviors.

Sleep Disorders

  • Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
  • Hypersomnia: Excessive sleepiness.
  • Narcolepsy: Excessive daytime sleepiness.
  • Breathing-related sleep disorders: Disorders that interrupt sleep.
  • Alcohol: GABA antagonist, glutamate agonist affects behavior and mental functions. Specific effects and risks are highlighted by a specific examples of how the drug can have different effects on the mind through various reactions and examples.
  • Stimulants: Amphetamines, Ritalin, Adderall, MDMA (Molly/Ecstasy), Crystal Meth, Cocaine, affect behavior, perception and mood through a variety of example situations.
  • Narcotics (Opioids): Opioids, Heroin, Fentanyl, Methadone, Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, affect behavior and mood, and other functions of the body.
  • Hallucinogens: LSD, Psilocybin, etc. affect perceptions of others, the environment and themselves.
  • Cannabis: Marijuana affect perception, thinking and psychological experience.

Personality Disorders

  • Describe specific categories and associated symptoms.

Schizophrenia

  • History, positive (hallucinations, delusions), negative (e.g., flat affect), and disorganized symptoms
  • Diagnosing criteria
  • Biological and psychological factors.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

  • ADHD, Autism spectrum disorder, Intellectual disability, specific learning disorder.
  • Associated symptoms and diagnosing criteria

Mood Disorders

  • Major depression, dysthymia, bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia.
  • Symptoms and diagnosing criteria
  • Biological and psychological factors.

Paraphilias and Sex Dysfunctions

  • Sexual dysfunction, fetishism, voyeurism, exhibitionism, transvestic, sadism, masochism, pedophilia.
  • Etiology
  • Diagnosing descriptions
  • Treatment methods.

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Abnormal Psychology Final Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the foundational concepts of abnormal psychology, including the 4Ds: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Learn about historical perspectives on mental disorders, from supernatural beliefs to biological theories, and their impact on modern understanding. This quiz offers an in-depth look at how cultural contexts shape our definition of normality.

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