Abnormal Psychology Exam Paper and Practice Questions PDF

FINAL COVERAGE in ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction to Abnormal Psychology NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: Depressive episodes with ○ AXIS I - Needs clinical attention. insuffici...

FINAL COVERAGE in ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Introduction to Abnormal Psychology NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED: Depressive episodes with ○ AXIS I - Needs clinical attention. insufficient symptoms to fit specific diagnoses. ○ AXIS II - More enduring. MENTAL DISORDER ○ AXIS III - General medical attention; all equal. Involves significant issues in thinking, emotions, or behavior due THREE TYPES OF DIAGNOSES ○ AXIS IV - Environmentally influenced to psychological, biological, or developmental factors. Causes Underdiagnosis, Misdiagnosis, Overdiagnosis ○ AXIS V - WHODAS major distress or difficulty in daily activities. Normal stress reactions or socially conflicting behaviors aren't considered BASICS OF THE DSM-5 PRINCIPAL & REASON FOR VISIT mental disorders unless they result from individual dysfunction. More reliable than DSM-IV PRINCIPAL DIAGNOSIS Ongoing research validates diagnoses In-patient admission reason HOW TO DIAGNOSE ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR (integrative, not Symptoms may overlap across disorders REASON FOR VISIT just psychological) Offers clear diagnostic criteria, with additional Out-patient medical services 1. Referral question dimensional measures when needed PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS 2. Diagnosis Strong presumption, insufficient information 3. Treatment CATEGORICAL CLASSIFICATION - threshold 4. Evaluation DIMENSIONAL CLASSIFICATION - Degree HALLUCINATIONS - senses DELUSIONS - false beliefs PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ELEMENTS OF A DIAGNOSIS Study of the nature (etiology), symptomatology (symptoms), DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA & DESCRIPTORS ORGANIZATION OF DISORDERS development (how the disorder developed), and treatment of DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA Arranged by developmental and lifespan considerations, psychological disorders (what will we use) Guidelines for making diagnoses starting with diagnoses that appear early in life. DIAGNOSTIC DESCRIPTORS SIGNS: Physical manifestation; observable behavior CHALLENGES Support diagnoses (e.g., differential diagnoses, detailed SYMPTOMS: Intangible/psychological/emotional issues Maintaining objectivity criteria) SYNDROMES: Combination of signs and symptoms Avoiding preconceived notions Reducing stigma SUBTYPES & SPECIFIERS NOT A DISORDER: Culturally approved responses to common SUBTYPES stress or loss DEFINING MENTAL DISORDERS (4 D’s) Mutually exclusive groups within a diagnosis (indicated Psychological dysfunction by "specify whether"). DIAGNOSIS CONSIDERATIONS: Personal distress SPECIFIERS Must be explained if the client refuses treatment Disability or impairment Describe course, severity, and features (can have Should have clinical utility Deviation or violation of social norms multiple; indicated by "specify" or "specify if"). ≠ Need for treatment ○ SYMPTOM SEVERITY DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL (DSM) SECTION 1: BASICS. USE OF THE MANUAL ○ SYMPTOM SALIENCE A widely accepted system classifies psychological problems ○ PATIENT’S DISTRESS based on behaviors that: CLINICAL CASE FORMULATION ○ DISABILITY Fit a pattern Diagnoses need clinical judgment, not just symptom ○ RISKS & BENEFITS OF AVAILABLE TREATMENTS Cause dysfunction or distress checklists. Must be explained if the client refuses treatment Last for a specific duration Consider cultural and social context. Are not explained by other disorders DSM-5 doesn't cover all mental disorders. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION PRESENTS: What is the client’s problem? UNSPECIFIED: Many mental disorders share symptoms and exist DSM-5 IS NON-AXIAL PREVALENCE: Number of people in the population with on a spectrum with related disorders. DSM-IV axes I, II, and III combined. the disorder Lists relevant medical conditions. INCIDENCE: Number of new cases in a given period OTHER SPECIFIED: Significant depressive symptoms that don't GAF was replaced by the World Health Organization ONSET: How the disorder begins (Acute: sudden; meet all criteria for a major depressive episode. Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS). Insidious: gradual) Abnormal Psychology Page 1  COURSE: Disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context AN ACCEPTED DEFINITION ○ CHRONIC COURSE: Lasts a long time Behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction that is ○ EPISODIC COURSE: Recovery with possible UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY unexpected in its cultural context, associated with distress, recurrence impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, ○ TIME-LIMITED COURSE: Improves without PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER OR PROBLEMATIC ABNORMAL pain, or impairment. treatment in a short period BEHAVIOR ETIOLOGY: What contributes to the development of the A psychological dysfunction within an individual, associated PROTOTYPE: Matches a “typical” profile of a disorder with most disorder? with distress or impairment in functioning, and a response that or all symptoms experts agree are part of the disorder. TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT: Strategies to alleviate is not typical or culturally expected. psychological suffering (pharmacologic, psychosocial, THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY and/or combined treatments) THE GIRL WHO FAINTED AT THE SIGHT OF BLOOD PROGNOSIS: Anticipated course of the disorder (e.g., Judy, a 16-year-old, was referred to an anxiety disorders clinic PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: Scientific study of psychological disorders good or guarded) due to frequent fainting episodes. Two years earlier, during a TREATMENT OUTCOME RESEARCH: How effective are graphic biology class film, she felt lightheaded and began SCIENTIST-PRACTITIONER we in helping? avoiding situations involving blood or injury. Her fear Mental health professionals who adopt a scientific approach in intensified, causing her to feel faint even at minor references to their clinical work STEPS IN MAKING A DIAGNOSIS blood. Six months before her clinic visit, she started fainting CONSUMER OF SCIENCE: Enhancing practice Administer cross-cutting assessments regularly, especially in unavoidable situations involving blood. EVALUATOR OF SCIENCE: Assessing the effectiveness of → LEVEL 1 ASSESSMENT: Detect presence of mental Despite medical evaluations showing no physical issues, her practice health concerns condition worsened, leading to frequent fainting episodes at CREATOR OF SCIENCE: Conducting research to develop → LEVEL 2 ASSESSMENT: Assesses severity school, disrupting classes, and resulting in her suspension. She new, useful procedures Administer WHODAS 2.0 was diagnosed with blood-injection-injury phobia, a severe and Conduct clinical interview persistent fear of blood or injury, which can be disabling and 3 CATEGORIES THAT COMPRISE STUDYING PSYCHOLOGICAL Determine if diagnostic threshold is met impact career choices and health. DISORDERS Consider subtypes/specifiers Evaluate contextual info, disorder text, distress, clinician 3 CRITERIA DEFINING A PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER CLINICAL DESCRIPTION judgment Psychological dysfunction Unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that Apply codes and develop a treatment plan Distress or impairment characterize a specific disorder. Atypical response PRESENTING PROBLEM: Shorthand for why the STRENGTHS OF THE DSM individual came to the clinic. Widely used by mental health professionals PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION: Breakdown in cognitive, PREVALENCE: The number of people in the population Emphasis on empirical research emotional, or behavioral functioning. who have the disorder. Clear diagnostic criteria INCIDENCE: Number of new cases in a given period. High inter-clinician reliability DISTRESS OR IMPAIRMENT: Behavior causing significant SEX RATIO: Percentage of males and females with the Atheoretical language distress or impairment in daily activities. disorder and typical age of onset. Enhances communication between researchers and COURSE: Individual pattern of the disorder. clinicians ATYPICAL OR NOT CULTURALLY EXPECTED ○ CHRONIC: Lasts a long time or a lifetime. Uncommon behavior that deviates from the cultural norm. The ○ EPISODIC: Recovery in a few months with CRITICISMS OF THE DSM greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is. Your behavior is potential recurrence. Breadth of coverage disordered if you are violating social norms, even if a number of ○ TIME-LIMITED: Improves without treatment in a Controversial cut-offs people are sympathetic to your point of view (e.g., Robert short period. Cultural issues Sapolsky, 2002) ONSET Gender bias ○ ACUTE ONSET: Begins suddenly. Non-empirical influences HARMFUL DYSFUNCTION: Determines if behavior is beyond the ○ INSIDIOUS ONSET: Develops gradually over time. Limitations on objectivity individual's control. PROGNOSIS: Anticipated course of the disorder. Abnormal Psychology Page 2 CAUSATION (ETIOLOGY): Study of origins, including biological, Symptoms like despair and lethargy associated with the sin of PERSECUTION OF WITCHES (13TH CENTURY ONWARDS) psychological, and social factors. acedia (sloth). WITCHCRAFT: Seen as a heresy and denial of God, often attributed to Satan. Many accused were mentally ill. TREATMENT & OUTCOME: Success of new treatments can hint TREATMENTS: Rest, sleep, healthy and happy environment, at the nature and causes of the disorder. baths, ointments, potions LUNACY TRIAL (13th Century England) Municipal authorities took responsibility for mentally ill. Trials APPROACHES TO THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL NICHOLAS ORESME assessed sanity based on behavior, memory, and habits. DISORDERS Bishop and philosopher, adviser to the king of France LUNACY: Attributed to the misalignment of the moon Ph.D.: clinical and counseling psychologists Suggested melancholy (depression) as the cause of some and stars. Psy.D.: clinical and counseling “doctors of psychology” bizarre behaviors, rather than demons RPsy: Registered Psychologist THE MOON & THE STARS RPm: Registered Psychometrician THE MAD KING PARACELSUS: Proposed that moon and star movements affect M.D.: Psychiatrist In 1392, King Charles IV of France experienced a mental psychological functioning, potentially causing mental disorders. M.S.W.: psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers breakdown triggered by stress from the Catholic Church’s MN/MSN: psychiatric nurses division. Mistook a noise for an attack, killed several knights, LUNATIC: Derived from "luna" (moon), reflecting the belief in The lay public and community groups and was declared mad. Exhibited bizarre behaviors like the moon's influence on behavior. believing he was made of glass and raging at his coat of arms. Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior Many in Paris thought his madness was due to sorcery, BIOLOGICAL TRADITION especially during a drought and economic crisis. A physician's 3 MAJOR MODELS OF POPULAR BEHAVIOR rest and relaxation treatment temporarily improved his HIPPOCRATES & GALEN (THE HIPPOCRATIC-GALENIC 1. Supernatural model condition, but it worsened after the physician's death. Despite APPROACH) 2. Biological model various treatments, none were effective, and the king believed Suggested psychological disorders are biologically caused and 3. Psychological model sorcery was the cause of his suffering. can be treated like other diseases. HIPPOCRATES: Father of modern medicine, believed SUPERNATURAL MODEL TREATMENTS FOR POSSESSION disorders could stem from brain pathology or heredity. Exorcism, confinement, beatings, and other forms of torture. ○ THE HIPPOCRATIC CORPUS: Suggested that DEMONS & WITCHES Hanging people over a pit of poisonous snakes psychological disorders could be treated like any Bizarre behavior was attributed to the devil and witches, HYDROTHERAPY: Dunking in ice water other disease. believed to cause local misfortunes and inspire drastic actions SHOCK THERAPY: GALEN: Adopted Hippocratic ideas, proposed the against the possessed. Humoral Theory: MASS HYSTERIA ○ HUMORAL THEORY TREATMENTS Large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior (possession by the  Blood: Heart EXORCISM: Religious rituals to expel evil spirits, devil, Saint Vitus’ Dance, tarantism)  Black Bile: Spleen including shaving a cross pattern in the hair and securing MODERN MASS HYSTERIA  Yellow Bile: Liver sufferers to a church wall. ○ EMOTION CONTAGION: The experience of an  Phlegm: Brain TREPHINATION: Cutting holes in the skull to release evil emotion seems to spread to those around us Disease resulted from imbalances in these bodily fluids (e.g., spirits ○ MOB PSYCHOLOGY: If one person identifies a excess black bile causing depression). “cause,” others assume their reactions have the SALEM WITCH TRIALS same source FIRST EXAMPLE OF “CHEMICAL IMBALANCE” IN Led to the hanging of 20 women in Salem, Massachusetts. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS DARK AGES GREEK CONCEPT STRESS AND MELANCHOLY Church gained influence, papacy declared independent of the Based on the four basic qualities: heat, dryness, moisture, and INSANITY state cold. Viewed as a natural phenomenon caused by mental or CHRISTIAN MONASTERIES: Replaced physicians as emotional stress and seen as curable. Mental depression and healers and authorities on mental disorders TEMPERAMENTS anxiety recognized as illnesses. Monks cared for and prayed for the mentally ill; SANGUINE: Ruddy complexion; insomnia and delirium concocted potions due to excessive blood. Abnormal Psychology Page 3  MELANCHOLIC: Depression due to black bile. INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY: Developed by Manfred Sakel, emphasizing positive consequences for appropriate behavior; PHLEGMATIC: Apathy, sluggishness, calm under stress. inducing comas with high doses of insulin. eliminating restraint and seclusion. CHOLERIC: Hot-tempered 1750’s GREEK ASCLEPIAD TEMPLES & MUSLIM EASTERN PRACTICES TREATMENTS BENJAMIN FRANKLIN: Discovered that mild electric CARE: Housed chronically ill, including psychological disorders; BLEEDING/BLOODLETTING: Removing blood, often with shocks could cause brief convulsions and memory loss, provided care, massages, and soothing music. leeches. potentially useful for depression. INDUCED VOMITING: Using tobacco and half-boiled PHILIPPE PINEL (1745-1826) & JEAN-BAPTISTE PUSSIN cabbage. 1920’s (1746-1811) JOSEPH VON MEDUNA: Observed that schizophrenia MORAL THERAPY ORIGIN: Pioneered humanitarian CHINESE MEDICINE was rare in epileptics, leading to the idea that induced treatment at La Bicetre; treated patients as sick humans, YIN: Cold, dark wind. seizures might treat schizophrenia. unchaining them and allowing free movement. YANG: Warm, life-sustaining wind. METHODS: Restoring wind flow, including acupuncture. 1938 WILLIAM TUKE (1732-1822) UGO CERLETTI & LUCIO BINI: Developed YORK RETREAT (1796): Founded in Northern England, HIPPOCRATES Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) for depression. treating mental patients with rest, talk, prayer, and Coined hysteria, learned from Egyptians. manual work. SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDERS 1950’s Physical symptoms without physical causes, e.g., Development of the first effective drugs for severe psychotic BENJAMIN RUSH (1745-1813) paralysis, blindness. disorders. U.S. PSYCHIATRY FOUNDER: Introduced moral therapy THEORIES at Pennsylvania Hospital. Wandering uterus cures included marriage and vaginal 1970’s fumigation. Benzodiazepines (Valium & Librium) became widely prescribed. HORACE MANN (1833) WORCESTER STATE HOSPITAL: Reported on the 19TH CENTURY CONSEQUENCES OF THE BIOLOGICAL TRADITION successful treatment and release of previously incurable SYPHILIS EMIL KRAEPELIN (1856-1926) patients with moral therapy, significantly reducing ADVANCED SYPHILIS: Caused by a bacterial A founding figure in modern psychiatry, known for his violent and destructive behaviors. microorganism entering the brain, leading to delusions work in diagnosis and classification of psychological and bizarre behaviors. disorders SMALL, PRIVATELY FUNDED HUMANITARIAN MENTAL PSYCHOSIS: Characterized by delusions and distinguished between different disorders based on their HOSPITALS hallucinations. symptoms, onset, and course, suggesting different FRIENDS ASYLUM (1817) & HARTFORD (1824): Engaged GENERAL PARESIS: Consistent symptoms leading to causes for each. patients in calming activities like gardening and conversed with death, linked to malaria. attendants. LOUIS PASTEUR’S GERM THEORY OF DISEASE IN 1870: END OF 1800s Identified the bacterial cause of syphilis. Led to the belief SCIENTIFIC APPROACH ASYLUM REFORM & DECLINE OF MORAL THERAPY that similar causes and cures might be found for other The search for biological causes of psychological Humane treatment declined due to several factors: psychological disorders. disorders began, focusing on humane treatment POST-CIVIL WAR: Immigrants were denied moral principles. Active intervention and treatment were treatment despite adequate personnel. JOHN P. GREY mostly eliminated. Advent of eugenics and Freud's theories. A leading American psychiatrist who believed all insanity had physical causes. Advocated for treating mentally ill patients as PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION DOROTHEA DIX (1802-1887) physically ill. Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill. Advocated for MORAL THERAPY the improvement of institutions and helped establish 32 THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT A strong psychosocial approach to mental disorders, focusing new public hospitals. 1930’s (1730's?) on emotional and psychological factors rather than a code of Known for the mental hygiene movement, she informed ELECTRIC SHOCK & BRAIN SURGERY: Early treatments conduct. Treating patients normally in settings encouraging the public and leaders about the abuses in mental health for psychosis. social interaction; nurturing relationships; individual attention; care. Unfortunately, the new hospitals had insufficient staff to provide individual attention. Abnormal Psychology Page 4 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY PREFRONTAL LOBOTOMY (Egas Moniz, 1935): NEO-FREUDIANS > Structure of the Mind Surgical destruction of frontal lobe tracts, often leading JUNG (1875-1961): Broke with Freud in 1914. > Defense Mechanisms to listlessness and cognitive impairments. ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY: Proposed a collective > Psychosexual Stages of Development unconscious and cataloged personality traits. > Later Developments EARLY FOUNDATIONS: EMIL KRAEPELIN (1856-1926) > Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Pioneered classification of mental illness based on ADLER (1870-1937) biological causes. INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGY: Emphasized social good, HUMANISTIC THEORY Published the first psychiatry text (1883). feelings of inferiority, and striving for superiority. Coined Defined mental illness as a syndrome, proposing two "inferiority complex." THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL major syndromes: dementia praecox and manic- > Pavlov and classical conditioning depressive psychosis. OTHER PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES > Watson and the rise of behaviorism KAREN HORNEY (1885-1952) & ERICH FROMM (1900-1980): > The beginnings of behavior therapy EARLY FOUNDATIONS: PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACHES Emphasized life span development and cultural influences on > B.f. skinner and operant conditioning MESMER (1734-1815) personality. Treated hysteria with "animal magnetism"; an early The continuation of this page is unknown, the author of this cannot practitioner of hypnosis (mesmerism). ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1994): Developed the theory of find the continuation as they have forgotten it. Oopsie-daisy. JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT (1825-1893) psychosocial development. Used hypnosis to remove hysteric symptoms; combined The Evolution of Contemporary Thought biological and psychological explanations. THE BEHAVIORAL MODEL PAVLOV & CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (1849-1936): Learning by EARLY FOUNDATIONS: BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES JOSEF BREUER (1842-1925) pairing a neutral stimulus with a response until it elicits the MID-1800S: Limited understanding of the biological basis Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis (emotional release) response. of mental illness. in the case of Anna O. ELEMENTS OF LEARNING LOUIS PASTEUR (1860s): Established germ theory, linking In 1895, Breuer and Sigmund Freud published "Studies in ○ Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) disease to microorganisms. Hysteria," partly based on Anna O.'s case. ○ Conditioned Stimulus (CS) GENERAL PARESIS: Degenerative disorder with ○ Unconditioned Response (UR) psychological symptoms, linked to syphilis. EARLY FOUNDATIONS: FREUD & PSYCHOANALYSIS ○ Conditioned Response (CR). 1905: Discovery of the microorganism causing syphilis (1856-1939) suggested other mental illnesses might have biological WATSON & THE RISE OF BEHAVIORISM causes. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY JOHN WATSON (1878-1958): Revolutionized psychology in 1913 Human behavior is determined by unconscious forces. with behaviorism, influenced by Pavlov. EARLY FOUNDATIONS: GENETICS Psychopathology arises from conflicts among these forces. BEHAVIORISM: Focus on observable behavior and GALTON (LATE 1800s): Proposed that mental illness KEY CONCEPTS learning over innate tendencies. Experiment: "Little could be inherited. ○ Structure of the Mind Albert" with Rosalie Rayner (1920). BEHAVIORAL GENETICS: Studies the genetic contribution ○ Structure of Personality to behavioral differences. ○ Psychosexual Stages of Development MARY COVER JONES (1896-1987): Used behavioral techniques EUGENICS: Promoted enforced sterilization to eliminate ○ Defense Mechanisms to extinguish fear (Case of Little Peter). undesirable traits. State laws (late 1800s - early 1900s) ○ Techniques of Psychoanalysis mandated sterilization of the mentally ill. By 1945, over THE BEGINNINGS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY 45,000 people in the U.S. had been forcibly sterilized. LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT JOSEPH WOLPE (1915-1997): Developed systematic ANNA FREUD (185-1982): Focused on defensive reactions of desensitization, adding incompatible actions with fear in EARLY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS the ego. First proponent of ego psychology. Published "Ego and therapy. INSULIN-COMA THERAPY (Manfred Sakel, 1927): the Mechanisms of Defense" (1948). Inducing comas with insulin. B.F. SKINNER & OPERANT CONDITIONING ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) (Cerletti and Bini, HEINZ KOHUT (1913-1981): Developed self-psychology, E. THORNDIKE (1874-1949): Learning through consequences 1938): Using electric shocks to induce seizures. focusing on self-concept and neurosis. (Law of Effect). Abnormal Psychology Page 5 B.F. SKINNER (1904-1990): Principle of reinforcement. GENETIC VULNERABILITIES HINDBRAIN: Medulla (vital functions), Pons (movement POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: Strengthens behaviors with GENETIC INFLUENCE coordination), Cerebellum (motor activities and balance). pleasant stimuli. Mental disorders show some genetic influence, but not MIDBRAIN: Coordinates movement with sensory input, NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: Strengthens behaviors that exclusively determined by genes. part of the reticular activating system. terminate negative stimuli. Studies suggest heredity is a predisposing factor for FOREBRAIN disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and alcoholism. ○ THALAMUS: sensory relay MODELING Relatives of schizophrenia patients have increased risk ○ HYPOTHALAMUS: regulates bodily functions and LEARN BY IMITATION: Observing and imitating others' based on genetic proximity. emotional states behavior, can occur without reinforcement. ○ CORPUS CALLOSUM: connects hemispheres BANDURA & MENLOVE (1968): Modeling reduced THE NEUROSCIENCE PARADIGM ○ LIMBIC SYSTEM: emotions and memory children's fear of dogs. BRAIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION  AMYGDALA: fear response Examines contribution to psychopathology.  HIPPOCAMPUS: long-term memory HUMANISTIC THEORY Mental disorders linked to aberrant brain processes.  NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS: reward center SELF-ACTUALIZING: The belief that everyone can reach their Mechanisms involve neurons, neurotransmitters, ○ CEREBRAL CORTEX: thinking and sensory highest potential if free to grow, though difficult conditions can nervous system structure and function, and the processing impede this. neuroendocrine system.  LEFT HEMISPHERE: Controls the right side, ABRAHAM MASLOW (1908-1970) logical tasks. Describe the hierarchy of needs. NEURO & NEUROTRANSMITTERS  RIGHT HEMISPHERE: Controls left side, CARL ROGERS (1902-1987) NEUROTRANSMITTERS: Chemicals allow neurons to signal emotional tasks. Developed client-centered therapy. across synapses. RECEPTOR sites on postsynaptic neurons absorb LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX THE IMPORTANCE OF COGNITION neurotransmitters (excitatory or inhibitory). FRONTAL: Speaking, muscle movements, planning, AARON BECK (1821-PRESENT): Developed cognitive therapy for REUPTAKE: Reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter judgments. depression, focusing on distorted perceptions. by presynaptic neuron. PARIETAL: Sensations (touch, pressure, pain, temperature). ALBERT ELLIS (1913-2007): Proposed irrational beliefs cause NEUROTRANSMITTERS & PSYCHOPATHOLOGY TEMPORAL: Auditory processing. emotional reactions and developed RATIONAL-EMOTIVE OCCIPITAL: Visual processing. BEHAVIOR THERAPY (REBT). NEUROTRANSMITTERS FUNCTIONS THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS): Connects the brain Acetylcholine (ACh) Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, THE PRESENT: THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD & AN INTEGRATIVE attention, memory, and controls muscle to sense organs and muscles. APPROACH contractions Sophistication of scientific tools and methodologies and the SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS): Sensory message Norepinephrine (NE) Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and understanding that no one influence occurs in isolation. mood transmission and voluntary movement control. Dopamine (DA) Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control Conceptual Models of Psychopathology of movement and sensations of pleasure AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS): Regulates glands and involuntary processes. Serotonin (5-HT) Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in sleep, MODELS OF ABNORMALITY SYMPATHETIC: Excitatory, fight-or-flight response. mood, anxiety, and appetite MODELS/PARADIGMS: Perspectives to explain events, setting PARASYMPATHETIC: Conserves energy, rest-and-digest basic assumptions and guidelines for investigation, influencing Gamma-aminobutyric acid Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved functions. (GABA) in sleep and inhibits movement observations and interpretations. Glutamate Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM: HPA axis: Central to the body's in learning, memory formation, nervous stress response. BIOLOGICAL MODEL: THE GENETIC-ENVIRONMENT PARADIGM system development, and synaptic INTERACTION OF GENES & ENVIRONMENT: Behavior and plasticity psychopathology influenced by gene-environment interaction. NEUROSCIENCE & TREATMENT Behavior is partly heritable. Psychoactive drugs alter neurotransmitter activity (e.g., Genes don't operate in isolation from the environment. THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines). Both BRAIN COMPONENTS biological and psychological interventions are necessary. Abnormal Psychology Page 6 EVALUATING BIOLOGICAL MODELS Healthy personalities balance dominance with helping Overemphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses, psychic Genetic factors and neurotransmitter disturbances are others. structures as unobservable and untestable, and underemphasis implicated in many disorders, but interaction with Focused on changing illogical ideas and expectations for on social relationships. environmental factors is also crucial. better behavior. LEARNING-BASED MODELS PSYCHODYNAMIC MODEL KAREN HORNEY Abnormal behavior as learned, like normal behavior. Behavior influenced by unconscious psychological forces. Basic hostility from harsh parenting, leading to basic CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Acquiring phobias through Abnormal symptoms arise from intrapsychic conflicts. anxiety. associations (e.g., trauma with a neutral stimulus). Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, focusing on Neurotic trends related to personality disorders. OPERANT CONDITIONING: Behaviors strengthened by unconscious motives and repressed experiences. consequences, leading to habits. ERIK ERIKSON PUNISHMENT: Decreases behavior frequency (positive THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY Focused on psychosocial development. and negative). STRUCTURE OF THE MIND Emphasized social relationships and personal identity SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY: Includes roles for cognition CONSCIOUS: Present awareness. formation. and observational learning. PRECONSCIOUS: Memories not in awareness but can be accessed. OBJECT RELATIONS THEORY (MARGARET MAHLER) NORMALITY FROM THE LEARNING PERSPECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: Largest part contains basic biological Focuses on symbolic representations of important Normal behavior involves adaptive responses to stimuli. impulses (sexual and aggressive instincts). others, particularly parents. Maladaptive fears from conditioning can hinder Internal conflicts arise from the attitudes of introjected functioning. STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY figures. ID: Operates in the unconscious, follows the pleasure INTROJECTION: Incorporating parts of parental figures EVALUATING LEARNING MODELS principle, seeks instant gratification. into one's personality, influencing perceptions and CRITICISMS EGO: Develops to cope with frustration, seeks to balance behavior. Behaviorism alone doesn't explain human behavior richness; the id's demands with social customs. social-cognitive theory underemphasized genetic contributions SUPEREGO: Develops from internalization of moral ATTACHMENT THEORY: An infant's attachment style to and subjective experience. standards, acts as the conscience. caregivers influences psychological health or problems later in life. HUMANISTIC MODELS FREUD STAGE THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Emphasize personal freedom and conscious choices for ORAL STAGE (birth to 18 months): Sucking & chewing. PSYCHODYNAMIC VIEWS ON NORMALITY & ABNORMALITY meaningful lives. ANAL STAGE (18 months to 3 years): Pleasure from NORMALITY CARL ROGERS & ABRAHAM MASLOW: Inborn tendency elimination. FREUD: Strong ego controls id's instincts and withstands towards self-actualization. PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 years): Pleasure from sexual the superego's condemnation; psychological health ROGERS: Abnormal behavior results from a distorted organs. equates to the ability to love and work. self-concept influenced by conditional positive regard. LATENCY PERIOD (6 to 12 years): Sexual impulse ADLER: Psychological health involves compensating for dormant. feelings of inferiority by striving to excel. HUMANISTIC VIEWS ON NORMALITY GENITAL STAGE (adulthood): Heterosexual interests MAHLER: Ability to separate one's own ideas and PATHWAY TO SELF-ACTUALIZATION: Self-discovery and predominate. feelings from those of introjected objects. self-acceptance. Getting in touch with true feelings, accepting them, and acting accordingly. OTHER PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORISTS ABNORMALITY EVALUATION: Focus on conscious experience is both CARL JUNG (ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY) Imbalance among psychic structures. strength and weakness due to its subjective nature. Incorporates self-awareness and self-direction. Underlying conflicts from childhood buried in the Personal and collective unconscious with archetypal unconscious can lead to anxiety and psychological COGNITIVE MODELS images. disorders. COGNITION: Thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and Dimensions of personality (extroversion vs. introversion). Unchecked id urges can result in psychosis. attitudes underlying abnormal behavior. INFORMATION-PROCESSING MODELS: Psychological ALFRED ADLER EVALUATING PSYCHODYNAMIC MODELS disorders may result from disruptions in information Driven by feelings of inferiority, striving for superiority. CRITICISMS processing. Abnormal Psychology Page 7 COGNITIVE THEORISTS Conditions with onset in the developmental period, impairing C. Symptoms in two or more settings. ALBERT ELLIS: Developed RATIONAL-EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. D. Functional interference. THERAPY (REBT) to dispute irrational beliefs. E. Not better explained by another disorder. AARON BECK: Proposed cognitive therapy to correct INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY (INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL cognitive distortions like selective abstraction, DISORDER) SPECIFIC LEARNING DISORDER overgeneralization, magnification, and absolutist A. Deficits in intellectual functions (reasoning, problem- Persistent difficulties in academic skills despite interventions, thinking. solving, etc.), confirmed by clinical assessment (IQ test). including reading, writing, and mathematics. B. Deficits in adaptive functioning (conceptual, practical, EVALUATING COGNITIVE MODELS social). MOTOR DISORDERS Limited impact on severe disturbances like C. Onset during the developmental period. schizophrenia. DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DISORDER (DCD) Unclear if distorted thinking causes or results from GLOBAL DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY: Fails to meet developmental A. Deficits in coordinated motor skills (clumsiness, depression. milestones in several areas; diagnosed for individuals unable to inaccuracy). undergo IQ testing, often under age 5. B. Functional interference. THE SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE (SCP) C. Onset in early development. FOCUS: Social stressors (poverty, racism, unemployment) COMMUNICATION DISORDERS D. Not explained by other conditions. lead to abnormal behavior. THEORETICAL VIEWPOINTS LANGUAGE DISORDER: Persistent difficulties in language use STEREOTYPIC MOVEMENT DISORDER ○ SOCIAL CAUSATION MODEL: Greater social stress and comprehension; onset in early development. A. Repetitive, purposeless motor behaviors. in lower socioeconomic groups. B. Functional interference. ○ DOWNWARD DRIFT HYPOTHESIS: Problem SPEECH SOUND DISORDER: Difficulty with speech production, C. Onset in early development. behaviors lead to social status decline. limiting effective communication; onset in early development. D. Not explained by other conditions. EVALUATING SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES SOCIAL (PRAGMATIC) COMMUNICATION DISORDER: Persistent TIC DISORDERS Focus on social stressors' impact on abnormal behavior. difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication, leading to A. Sudden, rapid, recurrent motor or vocal tics. social challenges; onset in early development. B. Onset before age 18. THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE C. Not attributed to substance or medical conditions. EXAMINE: Contributions of biological, psychological, and CHILDHOOD-ONSET FLUENCY DISORDER (STUTTERING): TYPES sociocultural factors in psychological disorders. Disturbances in speech fluency and motor production; onset in ○ TOURETTE’S DISORDER: Multiple motors and one DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL: Interaction of vulnerability early development. or more vocal tics. factors (biological) and stressful life experiences. ○ PERSISTENT (CHRONIC) MOTOR OR VOCAL TIC AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD) DISORDER: Either motor or vocal tics, but not EVALUATING THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE both. Complexity is both a strength and a weakness. AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD) A. Persistent deficits in social communication and SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM & OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS PSYCHOTHERAPY interaction across contexts. Structured treatment based on psychological framework with B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or CONDITIONS: Schizophrenia, Brief Psychotic Disorder, client-therapist interaction. Treat psychological disorders, activities. Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, change maladaptive behaviors, solve problems, and develop C. Symptoms occur during the developmental period. Delusional Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder. potential. D. Functional impairment. E. Not better explained by other mental disorders. SCHIZOPHRENIA DSM-5 Disorders (DX) A. Two or more symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS A. Impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or symptoms) for at least 1 month. hyperactivity-impulsivity. B. Functional impairment. B. Symptoms present before age 12. C. Signs for at least 6 months. Abnormal Psychology Page 8 PHASES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS BIPOLAR DISORDERS PRODROMAL: Early, subtle symptoms. AVOLITION: Lack of motivation. ACTIVE/ACUTE: Full manifestation of severe symptoms. ASOCIALITY: Impaired social relationships. BIPOLAR I: At least one episode of mania. RESIDUAL: Decrease in severe symptoms, persistent less ANHEDONIA: Loss of interest or pleasure. overt symptoms. AFFECTIVE FLATTENING: Lack of emotional expression. BIPOLAR II: At least one episode of hypomania and one episode STABLE/MAINTENANCE: Managed symptoms, ALOGIA: Reduced speech. of major depression. prevention of relapse. DISORGANIZED SYMPTOMS CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER: At least 2 years (1 year for SYMPTOM DOMAINS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA DISORGANIZED SPEECH: Issues organizing ideas and children/adolescents). Numerous periods of hypomanic and POSITIVE SYMPTOMS: Delusions, hallucinations. speaking coherently. depressive symptoms that do not meet full criteria for episodes. NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS: Avolition, asociality, anhedonia, DISORGANIZED BEHAVIOR: Agitation, unusual dressing, affective flattening, alogia. childlike behavior, hoarding. MANIC & HYPOMANIC EPISODES (DSM-5 CRITERIA) DISORGANIZED SYMPTOMS: Disorganized speech and GENERAL CRITERIA behavior. MOVEMENT SYMPTOMS Distinctly elevated or irritable mood. Abnormally increased ABNORMAL PSYCHOMOTOR BEHAVIOR: Disturbances in activity or energy. At least 3 of the following (4 if mood is POSITIVE SYMPTOMS movement behavior. irritable): DELUSIONS: Beliefs contrary to reality and firmly held in spite of CATATONIA: Prime example of this symptom. Common Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor disconfirming evidence in schizophrenia agitation. TYPES ○ Rigidity or stupor lasting hours or days Rapid speech. ○ THOUGHT INSERTION: Belief that external ○ Performing strange movements Flight of ideas or racing thoughts. sources place thoughts in one's mind. ○ Maintaining uncomfortable positions without Decreased need for sleep. ○ THOUGHT BROADCASTING: Belief that one's shifting Increased self-esteem or grandiosity. thoughts are broadcast to others. ○ Erratic, extreme movements Distractibility. ○ GRANDIOSE DELUSIONS: Exaggerated sense of ○ Echolalia (repetition of words or behaviors) Excessive involvement in risky activities. one's importance, power, or identity. ○ DELUSION OF REFERENCE: Belief that insignificant BRIEF PSYCHOTIC DISORDER: Sudden onset of schizophrenia MANIC EPISODE: Symptoms last at least 1 week, require occurrences refer to oneself. symptoms lasting more than 1 day but less than 1 month. hospitalization, or include psychosis. Cause significant distress SUBTYPES OF DELUSIONS or functional impairment. ○ EROTOMANIC TYPE: Belief that another person is SCHIZOPHRENIA DISORDER: Symptoms equivalent to in love with the individual. schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months and without HYPOMANIC EPISODE: Symptoms last at least 4 days. ○ GRANDIOSE TYPE: Conviction of having great but required decline in functioning. Observable changes in functioning without marked impairment. unrecognized talent or insight. No psychotic symptoms present. ○ JEALOUS TYPE: Belief that a spouse or lover is SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER: Social and unfaithful. interpersonal deficits, cognitive or perceptual distortions, DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS ○ PERSECUTORY TYPE: Belief of being conspired eccentric behavior, often beginning in early adulthood. against, cheated, or harassed. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD): Symptoms nearly every ○ SOMATIC TYPE: Delusions involving bodily DELUSIONAL DISORDER: At least 1 month of delusions without day for at least 2 weeks. Functional impairment. Sad mood or functions or sensations. other psychotic symptoms, no criteria met for schizophrenia, loss of pleasure in activities, plus at least 5 of the following: ○ MIXED TYPE: No single delusional theme specific functional impairment related to delusion, brief manic Sleeping too much or too little predominates. and depressive episodes. Psychomotor retardation or agitation ○ UNSPECIFIED TYPE: Dominant delusional belief is Weight loss or appetite change unclear or doesn't fit other subtypes. SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER: Mood episode and active-phase Loss of energy schizophrenia symptoms occur together, with at least 2 weeks Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt HALLUCINATIONS: Sensory experiences without input from the of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood Difficulty concentrating or making decisions environment, often auditory. symptoms. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide Abnormal Psychology Page 9 PERSISTENT DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (DYSTHYMIA): Depressed Situations provoke fear or anxiety, are avoided, require a C. NOT DUE TO SUBSTANCES/MEDICAL CONDITIONS: mood most of the day, more than half the time for 2 years (1 companion, or are endured with intense fear. Symptoms are not caused by drugs, medications, or year for children/adolescents). At least two of the following: Symptoms last at least 6 months. medical issues. Poor appetite or overeating D. NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY ANOTHER DISORDER: For Sleeping too much or too little GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER example, worries (anxiety), appearance preoccupations Poor self-esteem Excessive anxiety and worry for at least 50% of days over (BDD), or hair-pulling (trichotillomania). Low energy 6 months. SPECIFY IF TICK-RELATED: A history of tics (e.g., Trouble concentrating or making decisions Difficulty controlling worry. repetitive movements or sounds). Feelings of hopelessness Associated with at least 3 of the following: ○ Restlessness BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER DISRUPTIVE MOOD DYSREGULATION DISORDER (DMDD) ○ Fatigue A. APPEARANCE PREOCCUPATION: Focus on perceived Chronic, severe irritability with: ○ Difficulty concentrating physical flaws that are unnoticeable or minor to others. Frequent temper outbursts ○ Irritability B. REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS/MENTAL ACTS: Actions like Persistent irritable or angry mood between outbursts ○ Muscle tension mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, or ○ Sleep disturbance comparing appearance to others. PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC DISORDER (PMDD): Mood lability, C. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: Causes major distress or irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms during the SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER problems in social, work, or daily life. premenstrual phase, remitting around the onset of menses. Excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation. D. NOT EXPLAINED BY EATING DISORDER: Concerns are May include behavioral and physical symptoms, associated with Persistent for at least 4 weeks in children/adolescents, 6 not solely about weight or body fat (as in an eating significant distress or interference with daily activities and months in adults. disorder). relationships. Significant distress or impairment. SPECIFY IF MUCLE DYSMORPHIA: preoccupation ANXIETY DISORDERS SELECTIVE MUTISM with being too small or not muscular enough. Consistent failure to speak in social situations where SPECIFIC PHOBIA there is an expectation to speak. HOARDING DISORDER Marked fear triggered by specific objects or situations. Interferes with normal social communication. A. DIFFICULTY DISCARDING: Persistent trouble discarding Avoided or endured with intense anxiety. Duration of at least 1 month. or parting with possessions, regardless of their value. Symptoms persist for at least 6 months. Not attributable to lack of knowledge or comfort with B. REASON FOR DIFFICULTY: Strong need to save items and Significant distress or impairment. spoken language, nor explained by another disorder. distress when discarding them. C. CLUTTER: Possessions clutter living spaces, making them SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER (SOCIAL PHOBIA) OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE & RELATED DISORDERS unusable unless others intervene to clean. Marked fear of social scrutiny. D. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: Causes distress or problems in Anxiety about being negatively evaluated. OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER social, work, or daily life, or creates an unsafe Trigger situations are avoided or endured with intense A. OBSESSIONS, COMPULSIONS, or BOTH environment. anxiety. 1. OBSESSIONS E. NOT DUE TO MEDICAL CONDITIONS: Not caused by Symptoms persist for at least 6 months. Intrusive, unwanted thoughts, urges, or images medical issues like brain injury or genetic disorders. Significant distress or impairment. causing distress. Attempts to ignore, suppress, or F. NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY ANOTHER DISORDER: Not neutralize them (e.g., with compulsions). due to symptoms of other mental disorders (e.g., OCD, PANIC DISORDER 2. COMPULSIONS depression, schizophrenia). Recurrent unexpected panic attacks. Repetitive behaviors (e.g., washing, checking) or SPECIFY IF WITH EXCESSIVE ACQUISITION: At least 1 month of concern about more attacks or mental acts (e.g., counting) performed due to Includes collecting unnecessary items with no behavioral changes due to attacks. obsessions or rigid rules. Aimed at reducing space for them. distress or preventing feared outcomes but are AGORAPHOBIA excessive or unrealistic. TRICHOTILLOMANIA (HAIR-PULLING) DISORDER Fear or anxiety about at least 2 situations where escape B. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: Obsessions or compulsions take 1 A. HAIR PULLING: Repeatedly pulling out one’s hair, leading or help may be difficult. + hour daily or cause major distress/impairment in life. to noticeable hair loss. Abnormal Psychology Page 10  B. ATTEMPTS TO STOP: Repeated efforts to reduce or stop A. OVERLY FAMILIAR BEHAVIOR: Child actively approaches ADJUSTMENT DISORDER the hair pulling. and interacts with unfamiliar adults in a way that is A. EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESSOR: C. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: Causes distress or problems in overly familiar or inappropriate. Symptoms develop within 3 months of an identifiable social, work, or daily life. B. NOT JUST IMPULSIVITY: behavior is not solely due to stressor. D. NOT DUE TO MEDICAL CONDITIONS: Not caused by a impulsivity (e.g., ADHD) B. SIGNIFICANT SYMPTOMS: causes one or both; medical condition (e.g., skin disorders). C. HISOTRY OF NEGLECT OR CARE ISSUES: child has faced a. DISTRESS disproportionate to the stressor E. NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY ANOTHER DISORDER: Not extreme insufficient care, such as; b. IMPAIRMENT in social, work, or other important related to other mental health issues (e.g., body a. Social neglect or deprivation areas dysmorphic disorder). b. Frequent changes in caregiver C. NOT ANOTHER DISORDER: does not meet criteria for c. Rearing in settings that prevent forming another mental disorder or worsen a preexisting one EXCORIATION (SKIN-PICKING) DISORDER attachment D. NOT NORMAL GRIEF: symptoms are not typical A. SKIN PICKING: Repeatedly picking at the skin, causing D. LINK TO CARE ISSUES: behavior is assumed to result bereavement visible skin lesions. from the neglect or care issues in criteria C. E. TEMPORARY SYMPTOMS: resolve within 6 months after B. ATTEMPTS TO STOP: Repeated efforts to reduce or stop E. DEVELOPMENT AGE: child's developmental age is at the stressor or its effects end. skin picking. least 9 months C. SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: Causes distress or problems in DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER social, work, or daily life. POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER D. NOT DUE TO SUBSTANCES OR MEDICAL CONDITIONS: A. TRAUMATIC EVENT EXPOSURE: Experienced, witnessed, DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA Not caused by drugs (e.g., cocaine) or medical conditions learned about, or repeatedly exposed to details of A. MEMORY LOSS: Inability to recall important personal (e.g., scabies). actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual information, often related to trauma or stress, beyond E. NOT BETTER EXPLAINED BY ANOTHER DISORDER: Not violence. normal forgetfulness. related to other mental health issues (e.g., psychotic B. INTRUSION SYMTOMS (1 REQ.): Distressing memories, B. IMPACT: causes significant distress and functional symptoms, body dysmorphic disorder). dreams, flashbacks, or emotional distress triggered by impairment reminders of the trauma. C. NOT DUE TO OTHER CAUSES: Memory loss is not due to TRAUMA- & STRESSER-RELATED DISORDER C. AVOIDANCE SYMTOMS (1 REQ): avoidance of substances, medical conditions, or psychological reminders, either; disorders. REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER a. Internal (thoughts, feelings) D. DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE (SUBTYPE): Includes wandering in A. LACK OF ATTACHMENT: child shows little or no b. External (places, people) a confused or purposeful manner. attachment to caregivers D. NEGATIVE THOUGHTS/MOOD CHANGES (2 REQ): TYPES OF AMNESIA: B. SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE: Persistent Persistent negative beliefs, emotions, or inability to feel ○ LOCALIZED: forgetting specific events during a emotional and social difficulties (e.g., minimal emotional positive emotions, detachment, or memory gaps about period responsiveness or limited positive emotions). the trauma. ○ SELECTIVE: forgetting some but not all details of C. HISOTRY OF NEGLECT OR CARE ISSUES: child has faced E. AROUSAL/REACTIVITY CHANGES (2 REQ): Irritability, an event extreme insufficient care such as; recklessness, hyper vigilance, difficulty concentrating, or ○ SYSTEMATIZED: forgetting information related to a. Social neglect or lack of basic needs trouble sleeping. a specific theme or person b. Frequent changes in caregivers F. DURATION: symptoms last longer than 1 month ○ GENERALIZED: forgetting one's entire life c. Living in unusual settings that limit attachment G. IMPAIRMENT: causes significant problems in daily life or ○ CONTINUOUS: forgetting new events as they D. LINK TO CARE ISSUES: the behavior is assumed to result functioning occur from the neglect or care issues in Criteria C H. NOT DUE TO SUBSTANCES/MEDICAL ISSUES: symptoms DEPERSONALIZATION/DEREALIZATION DISORDER E. NOT AUTISM: symptoms are note explained by ASD are not caused by drugs, alcohol, or medical conditions A. CORE SYMPTOMS F. AGE OF ONSET: symptoms appear before age 5 a. DEPERSONALIZATION: Feeling detached from G. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE: child's developmental age is at ACUTE STRESS DISORDER one’s body or thoughts, like an observer. least 9 months A. Similar to PTSD but lasts for a shorter duration b. DEREALIZATION: Feeling the world is unreal or B. Symptoms occur between 3 days and 1 month after a distorted. DISINHIBITED SOCIAL ENGAGEMENT DISORDER (DSED) traumatic event B. REALITY TESTING: Awareness that the experience is not real remains intact. Abnormal Psychology Page 11  C. IMPACT: Causes significant distress and functional A. SYMPTOMS: ADJUSTMENT DISORDER impairment. One or more symptoms affecting voluntary motor or A. EMOTIONAL/BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE TO STRESSOR: D. NOT DUE TO OTHER CAUSES: Symptoms are not caused sensory functions, such as: Symptoms develop within 3 months of an identifiable by substances, medical conditions, or other psychological Paralysis, seizures, coordination issues, stressor. disorders. numbness, or insensitivity to pain. B. SIGNIFICANT SYMPTOMS: causes one or both; B. INCOMPATIBILITY: Symptoms are not consistent with a. DISTRESS disproportionate to the stressor DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER (DID) recognized medical conditions. b. IMPAIRMENT in social, work, or other important A. DISRUPTED IDENTITY: Two or more distinct personality C. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION: Not better explained by areas states (alters) or a sense of possession, observable by another medical or psychological condition C. NOT ANOTHER DISORDER: does not meet criteria for others or reported by the person. D. IMPACT: Symptoms cause significant distress or another mental disorder or worsen a preexisting one B. MEMORY GAPS: Frequent inability to recall everyday functional impairment. D. NOT NORMAL GRIEF: symptoms are not typical events, personal information, or traumatic events bereavement beyond typical forgetfulness. FACTITIOUS DISORDER E. TEMPORARY SYMPTOMS: resolve within 6 months after C. IMPACT ON LIFE: Causes significant distress and A. SYMPTOM FABRICATION: The individual fakes or the stressor or its effects end. functional impairment in daily life. manufactures physical or psychological symptoms D. EXCLUSIONS: Not part of culturally or religiously without an apparent external motive. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER accepted practices, or childhood fantasy play (e.g., B. SELF-PRESENTATION: The person presents themselves imaginary friends). or another as ill, impaired, or injured. E. NO OTHER CAUSES: Not due to substance use, medical C. DECEPTION EVIDENCE: Deceptive behavior is clear and conditions, or other psychological disorders. consistent. D. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION: Not better explained by SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER another medical or mental disorder. SUBTYPES SOMATIC SYMPTOM DISORDER FACTITIOUS DISORDER ON SELF (MUNCHAUSEN A. SOMATIC SYMPTOMS: One or more physical symptoms SYNDROME): the individual fabricates symptoms that cause significant distress or disrupt daily life. for themselves B. EXCESSIVE REACTIONS: at least one of the following; FACTITIOUS DISORDER IMPOSEED ON ANOTHER a. Persistent thoughts about the seriousness of (MUNCHAUSEN SYDROME BY PROXY): the symptoms individual fabricates symptoms in another person, b. High anxiety about health or symptoms presenting them as ill or injured. c. Excessive time or energy spent on health concerns C. DURATION: symptoms persist for at least 6 months ILLNESS ANXIETY DISORDER (HYPOCHONDRIASIS) A. Preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease B. No significant somatic symptoms present C. High level of anxiety about health D. These fears must lead to excessive care seeking or maladaptive avoidance behaviors E. Duration of at least 6 months F. Not better explained by another mental disorder FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGICAL SYMPTOM DISORDER (CONVERSION DISORDER) Abnormal Psychology Page 12