Plant Practical Guide PDF

First practical Lecture (General Botany BIO 241) Seeds and Seed Germination Lecture outline Function of plant parts Seed classification Seed Structure Seed Germination Parts of a Plant  Function of plant parts Leaves are a plant food factory and they are the main site of photosy...

First practical Lecture (General Botany BIO 241) Seeds and Seed Germination Lecture outline Function of plant parts Seed classification Seed Structure Seed Germination Parts of a Plant  Function of plant parts Leaves are a plant food factory and they are the main site of photosynthesis Roots o Holds plant in the ground oRoots allow absorption of water and minerals oRoots allow transport of water and minerals Stems Stems support the leaves, flowers and fruits Stems transport water, minerals and sugars to leaves and root Flowers Flowers are many sizes, colors and shapes Make seeds The seeds grow into new plants Seed classification Seeds of dicot plants have. two cotyledons ( e.g. Garden beans, soybeans and cowpeas) Seeds of monocot plants have one cotyledon( e.g. wheat and rice) Seed Structure All seeds contain an embryo- Radicle – COTYLDONS Plumule – Cotyledons. Monocots Dicots TYPE OF SEEDS Non-endospermic endospermic Monocot Endosperm Cotyledon Coleoptile Epicotyl Axis of Embryo Hypocotyl Radicle Pedicel Dicot Factors effecting seed germination: Seed Germination Moisture Temperature Light Oxgen Type of germination 1-Hypogeal 2-Epigeal Hypogeal Germination Hypogeal Epigeal germination  Steps of Germination 1. Seed coat breaks 2. Radicle becomes ROOT 3. Hypocotyl and epicotyl become the STEM 4. First leaves grow = PHOTOSYNTHESIS Seed Germination  Questions o What do seeds need to GERMINATE? o There are two kinds of germination including ……………germination and ………………germination. o Species with one cotyledon are called ………. While the species with two cotyledon are called………… o Draw and label a diagram showing the internal structure of seeds?  Useful Reading http://www.ext.colostate.edu/mg/garden notes/137.html http://theseedsite.co.uk/germinating.ht ml http://www.majordifferences.com/2013/ 10/difference-between- monocotyledonous.html#.UwEwadNDH IU Practical 1 : Seeds The seed is a fertilized egg from the ovary, which is the basis of reproduction in higher plants and start them the life of a new generation  Definition of Seeds a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food Seed classification 2 1 Has 2 cotyledons Has 1 cotyledon  Structure Monocot Seed coat Endosperm Embryo One Cotyledon Plumule Radicale (leaf) (shoot) (root)  Structure Dicot Seed coat Embryo Two Cotyledon Plumule Hypocotyl Radicale (leaf) (shoot) (stem) (root)  Comparing between monocot and dicot seeds One Cotyledon Dicots Two cotyledons  Germination Seed germination is the resuming of growth of the plant embryo. Factors that influence the time at which the seed will germinate : Many Factors such as water, oxygen, and light. A specific temperature range and a suitable soil acidity are also necessary. Auxins and other plant hormones must be produced inside the seed to stimulate growth.  Seed germination seed development into plant Epigeal Hypogeal Hypogeal  Questions What is the seed function ? What are the classification of these seeds ? Write down the structure of bean and corn seeds ? Write down the type of germinations Write down which plant grow from monocot and dicot seeds? Practical 2 : Root  Outline of practical 2 Function of root Types of root system Taproot system Adventitious root system  Function of roots 1- Hold plant in ground 2- allow absorption and transportation of water and nutrients 3- storage of food and nutrients Types of root system  1- Tap root system it have one main root (the taproot) from which smaller branch roots emerge  Notes When a seed germinates, the first root to emerge is the radicle, this radicle develops into the taproot. In most dicot plant Taproots can be modified for use in storage (usually carbohydrates) such as those found in carrot.  Taproot modification The shape of taproots Conical root Fusiform root Napiform root  2- adventitious root system Do not have a primary root.they show almost the same size and width  Notes When a seed germinates the radicle is short lived and is replaced by adventitious roots. Adventitious roots can grow from plant organs other than roots e.g. stems. Most monocot plants. Some adventitious roots are used as storage; for example sweet potatoes.  Fibrous roots - Do not have a primary root.they show almost the same size and width - In monocots plants  Modification of adventitious root Types of adventitious root 5-Climbing 1-Tuberous root 2-Contractile root 3-Aerial root 4-Prop root root 1- Tuberous 2- Contractile 3- Aerial 4- Climbing 5- Prop root Practical 3: stems  Outline 1- function of stem 2- general structure of stem 3- types of stem 4- adaptations of stem  Function of stem 1- support the leaves ,flowers and fruits 2- transport water and nutrition to leaves and root 3- Storage of nutrients General structure of stem blade bla de blade  Types of stem 1-Herbaceous 2-Woody stem 3-erect stems 4-Weak stems a-Climbing c-prostrate (Grape ) (pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons  1-Herbaceous non woody, they die at the end of the growing season (Annual plants ). consist of a primary tissue only  2- Woody stem Hard textured stems with secondary xylem Such : (Trees –Shrubs - Bushes) Solid and thick, and has a strong tissues and can live for hundreds of years  3- Erect stems A stem that stands, It is that grow vertically to the top in the air  4- Weak stems It is not can to carry itself into the air grow on the surface of the ground or climbing or wrapped around pillars Such : pumpkins, cucumbers, watermelons. Grape  Adaptations of stem Photosynthetic Succulent stems Spiny stems Tendril stems underground stems stems 1-Photosynthetic stems  2- Succulent stems Having thick fleshy stems adopted to storing water 3- Spiny stems 4- Tendrils stems Specialised stem with a thread like shape that is used for climbing plants for support.  5- Underground Tubers Rhizomes Bulbs T.S of Stems, Roots and leaves Sixth practical Lecture (General Botany BIO 241) T.S of Dicot root T.S of Monocot Root  Functions of the Endodermis The cells of this tissue store starch It allows solutions to pass from the vascular bundles to the cortex  Functions of the Pericycle It provides protection for the vascular bundles  Functions of the Vascular Bundles The xylem provides a passage for water and dissolved ions from the root system to the leaves The phloem transports organic food from the leaves to other parts of the plant. The cambium, divides to produce new xylem and phloem cells  Functions of the Pith The cells of the pith store water and starch. They allow for the exchange of gases through the intercellular air spaces. T.S of Dicot stem T.S of monocot stem T.S of dicot leaf T.S of Monocot leaf Differences between Monocot and Dicot plant Practical 4 Leaf  Out line Function Part of leaf Types of leaf according to blade Types of leaf according to petiole Shape of simple leaf Shape of compound leaf Shapes of leaf edge Types of leaf veins Leaf arrangement on stem  Function of leaf is a plant food factory ,and they are the main site of photosynthesis Parts of the leaf Edge Type of the leaf according to blade 1- simple leaf 2- compound leaf Types of leaf According to the peti 1- petiolate 2- sessile  Shape of simple leaf Lanceolate Liner  cordate Acicular Ovate hastate Shape of compound leaf Shapes of leaf edge  Types of leaf veins Parallel veined Pinnate veined Palmate veined Leaf arrangement on stem  flower flower  Function of Flower It provides a platform for the sexual reproductive system of the plant  Part of flower Receptacle Non- reproductive Reproductive Androecium Gynoecium Calyx Corolla Stamen Pistil (male) (female) Sepals Petals  Receptacle 1- Non – reproductive part of the plant called Perianth. - It is formed by two different parts:. a-The Calyx b-The Corolla  a-The calyx - It is the green section of the flower. -- It is formed by green leaf – like pieces called Sepals -- Function: They are meant to protect the flower Bud  b-The corolla The corolla or colored section of the flower , - where the Petals. - Function :They are colored and contain Perfume to attract the pollen carriers. Sometimes the Petals and Sepals show the same colour.. In this case , they are called Tepals.  2- Productive part A –Androecium(stamens) - it is male reproductive part of the flower - Stamens to carry the pollen Each stamen is divided into a-Filament: carrying on top of it a “ little bag “ loaded with pollen b-Anther: is the “ little bag “ where pollen is contained The stamen (male part) anther filament pollen  b- Gynoecium(Pistil) - -It is the female reproductive part of the flower. - -each Pistil consists of three parts: a- Stigma on top of it , designed to pick up the pollen b- Style is the connation tube between the stigma and the ovary. c- Ovary is the expanded inferior part of the pistil. It contains the ovules waiting to be fertilized by pollen. The pistil (female part) stigma style ovary  Types according to the corolla 1- Sympetalous If the petals are joined wholly or partly. 2- Polypetalous If the petals are not joined  zygomorphic Actinomorphic (bilateral symmetry) (radial symmetry)  Some types of Sympetalous flowers funnel shaped campanulate Shape of a bell Tubular Bilabiate zygomorphic  Some types of Polypetalous flowers Poppy family Rose family Cruciform -Four petals -Wild rose -Four petals Such as the poppy Five petals Cross shaped ADAPTATIONS OF PLANT Seventh practical Lecture (General Botany BIO 241) Lecturer/ HANAA GHABBAN [email protected] LECTURE OUTLINE What are adaptations ? Reasons for adaptations different adaptations  WHAT ARE ADAPTATIONS ? Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a. particular place or habitat REASONS FOR ADAPTATIONS : 1- For protection 2- For feeding 3- For movement 4- For reproduction Plant adaptations to habitats : Plants in different habitats possess different adaptations: - Mesophytes: plant adapted to grow under medium conditions of moisture. - Xerophytes: plants adapted to grow in a dry habitat. - Hydrophytes: plants adapted to grow in a water habitat.  XEROPHYTES Features : dry plant - Waxy cuticle ( help reduce water loss ) - Have no leaves or smaller leaves (needle shaped ). - Presence of trichomes or hairs ( help shade the plant , reducing water loss ). - Spines to discourage animals from eating plant - Long root systems go deep into the ground to absorb water. - Succulent ( store water in their stems or leaves ) - Stomata are sunken and they are present on the lower surface of the leaves only. * Close in the day. * Open in the night. - XEROPHYTES PICTURES :  HYDROPHYTE - Underwater leaves and stems are flexible to move with water currents. - Large leaves float a top the water, exposing themselves to the sunlight. - Roots and root hairs reduced or absent. - Large air spaces ( This helps them to float in water ).  - stomata are on the upper surface and have a cuticle on the upper surface to exchange the gases. - These plants have a very thin cuticle if submerged. HYDROPHYTE PICTURES : MESOPHYTES This group of plants is intermediate between Xerophytes and Hydrophytes. No special adaptation : - Root system is well developed. - Stems are generally aerial , solid and well branched. - Leaves are generally large , green and variously shaped. - Cuticle is moderately developed. - Vascular and mechanical tissues are well developed. MESOPHYTES PICTURES :