عملي الاسبوع -3-pdf - مقدمة في الحاسبات 2024.pdf

Operating Systems: User Interface The two most common types of user interfaces are graphical and command line. Graphical User Interfaces :all versions of Windows provide a graphical user interface (GUI). Command-Line Interfaces: Users interact with a command-line interface by typing strings of char...

Operating Systems: User Interface The two most common types of user interfaces are graphical and command line. Graphical User Interfaces :all versions of Windows provide a graphical user interface (GUI). Command-Line Interfaces: Users interact with a command-line interface by typing strings of characters at a prompt on the screen. In DOS, the prompt usually includes the identification for the active disk drive (a letter followed by a colon), a backslash (\), and a greater-than symbol (>), as in C:\>. Basic Windows Command Prompt Commands HOW TO LAUNCH THE COMMAND PROMPT Press windows + R to open the run window. Type in “cmd” and hit “OK”. How to Open Command Prompt (Windows 11, 10, 8, 7, etc.) These directions apply to Windows 11, Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, and Windows XP. Open Command Prompt in Windows 11 or 10 There are a few ways, but using the search bar on the taskbar is one quick method for opening a command window. 1. Select the Start menu (the Windows icon) on the taskbar or press the Windows key. 2. Type cmd. 3. Select Command Prompt from the list. Open Command Prompt Through the Start Menu Folder Another way to open Windows Command Prompt in Windows 10 is to look in its Start menu folder. Open the Start menu, select the Windows System folder from the list, and then choose Command Prompt from the folder group. Open Command Prompt Using Power User Menu One more method is through the Power User Menu. If you're using a keyboard or mouse, choose Terminal (Windows 11) or Command Prompt (Windows 10) from the menu that appears after pressing Win+X or right-clicking the Start Menu. Open Command Prompt in Windows 8 or 8.1 You'll find Command Prompt in Windows 8 through the Apps screen. 1. Select the Windows Start button and then swipe up to show the Apps screen. You can accomplish the same thing with a mouse by selecting the down arrow icon at the bottom of the screen. 2. Swipe or scroll to the right on the Apps screen to locate the Windows System section heading. 3. Select Command Prompt. You can now execute whatever command you needed to run. Open Command Prompt in Windows 7, Vista, or XP In these versions of Windows, Command Prompt is found through a folder group in the Start menu. 1. Open the Start Menu in the bottom-left corner of the screen. In Windows 7 and Windows Vista, it's a bit faster to enter command in the search box at the bottom of the Start menu and then choose Command Prompt when it appears in the results. 2. Go to All Programs > Accessories. 3. Choose Command Prompt from the list of programs. Other Ways to Open Command Prompt Command Prompt in Windows 11 through Windows XP can also be opened with a command. To do this, enter cmd into the command-line interface. This can be in the Run dialog box (WIN+R). BASIC WINDOWS COMMANDS Now that you have launched the command line, here are some of the basic commands to know. 1) CHANGING THE CURRENT DRIVE When the command prompt is launched, all that is staring back is a C:\Users\NAME. That is, the current location is at the C:\ drive, inside the default Users\NAME folder. If you want to change the current directory to another drive, simply enter the drive letter – For example d: 2) LIST OF CONTENTS OF THE CURRENT DIRECTORY To list the contents of the current folder, use the dir command. 3) CHANGE THE CURRENT DIRECTORY Next, we have the cd command… Should be Captain Obvious, changes the current directory. There is one trick here – We don’t need to type out the full folder name. For the above example, we can just type out cd h and press tab to cycle through the list of folders starting with “h”. Lastly, use cd.. to go up one level, or cd/ to go all the way back to the root of the current drive. 4) CLEAR SCREEN When the screen gets too messy, use cls to clear the screen. 5) LAUNCHING APPLICATIONS From the command prompt, we can also launch various apps. 6) EXIT Captain Obvious to the rescue again. Hit exit when done, and this will close the current session. ‫‪Command Prompt‬‬ ‫يستخدم هذا البرنامج لكتابة أوامر ‪.Ms-Dos‬ولفتح البرنامج‪.‬‬ ‫قم باالقرر لى ‪ Start‬ثم ‪.All Programs‬اختياا مىقرااث ثم ‪.Command Prompt‬‬ ‫يتم فتح نافذة البرنامج كما في الشكل‪.‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪)19-14‬‬ ‫يمكن كتابة األوامر لتقفيذ بعض المهام بعد لالمة االستعداد (>\‪)C:‬‬ ‫أمر عرض أو تغير الوقت (أمر ‪)TIME‬‬ ‫يستخدم هذا األمر لعرض التوقيت القالي لىجهاز مع إمكانية تغيره لىتوقيت الجديد ‪ ،‬ويتم تقفيذ هذا‬ ‫األمر بالصو ة اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫‪C :\< time‬‬ ‫ثم نضغط لى مفتاح اإلدخال ‪ Enter‬فتظهر الرسالة التالية‪:‬‬  ‫حيث يتم إدخال السالاث أوال ثم الدقائق ثم الثواني ثم أجزاء الثانية ‪.‬‬ ‫( أمر ‪) dir‬‬ ‫أمر عرض الملفات‬ ‫يمكن أن يستعرض المستخدم بياناث المىفاث باستخدام األمر ‪ dir‬كما في الشكل ‪.‬‬ ‫لقد كتابة األمر ‪ dir‬لررص المشغل ‪ c‬كاآلتي ‪C : \ > dir :‬‬ ‫والضغط لى ز ‪ Enter‬سوف نجد االستجابة كما في القافذة التالية ‪:‬‬ ‫أمر نسخ الملفات (أمر ‪)copy‬‬ ‫لكي نقس ا ا ااإ مىفا إل قرص أو فهرس خخر نس ا ا ااتخدم األمر ‪. copy‬لى س ا ا اابيل المثال لكي نقس ا ا ااإ‬ ‫مىف‪ file1.docx‬من الررص الموجود بالمشا ا ااغل ‪ D‬إل فهرس ‪ book‬لىي قرص ‪ C‬يتم اسا ا ااتخدام‬ ‫األمر كاآلتي ‪-:‬‬ ‫‪C : \ book> copy d: file2.docx‬‬ ‫لقد استخدام األمر ‪ copy‬نكتب موضع واسم المىف المراد نسخه وبعده مكان واسم المىف الذى تريد‬ ‫القسإ إليه‪:‬‬ ‫أمر حذف ملف (أمر ‪)DEL‬‬ ‫لقاذف مىف واحاد نسا ا ا ا ا ا ااتخادم األمر ‪ del‬افترض اناه لاديقاا مىف ‪ file1.docx‬لى الفهرس ‪book‬‬ ‫ونريد حذفه يكون األمر كاآلتي‪-:‬‬ ‫‪C:\book> del file1.docx‬‬ ‫نالحظ أنقا استخدمقا األمر ‪ del‬متبولا بمكان المىف ثم باسم المىف‪.‬‬ ‫إنشاء الفهارس (األمر ‪) md‬‬ ‫إلنشاء فهرس (أو مجىد) نستخدم األمر ‪.md‬األمر التالي يقشئ فهرسا فرعيا باسم ‪-: book‬‬ ‫‪C:\> md book‬‬ ‫تغيير الفهرس (األمر ‪)cd‬‬ ‫لىتقرك إل فهرس مختىف لى المش ا ا ا ا ا ااغل العامل نس ا ا ا ا ا ااتخدم أمر ‪.cd‬إذا أ دنا التقول إل الفهرس‬ ‫‪ book‬الموجود ف الفهرس ‪ C‬يتم ذلك كاآلتي‪-:‬‬ ‫‪C:\> cd book‬‬ ‫لىعودة لىفهرس الرئيسي ‪ C‬يتم كتابة األمر \‪cd‬‬