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# Chemical Concepts **Atom:** The smallest unit of an element, possessing all characteristics of that element. **Mass number/Nucleon number:** The sum of protons and neutrons. **Nucleus:** The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons. **Isotope:** Atoms of the same element having...

# Chemical Concepts **Atom:** The smallest unit of an element, possessing all characteristics of that element. **Mass number/Nucleon number:** The sum of protons and neutrons. **Nucleus:** The central part of an atom containing protons and neutrons. **Isotope:** Atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons. **Element:** Composed of only one type of atom. **Compound:** Formed by two or more different atoms chemically bonded together. **Mixture:** Composed of two or more different components not chemically bonded. **Group:** Columns on the Periodic Table; the group number corresponds to the number of electrons in the outer shell. **Period:** Rows on the Periodic Table; the period number corresponds to the number of electron shells. **Ionic Bonding:** Electrons transfer between atoms to achieve full outer shells, resulting in the formation of ions. **Covalent Bonding:** Atoms share electron pairs, forming simple or giant covalent molecules. **Ion:** A charged particle formed from ionic bonding, having unequal numbers of electrons and protons. **Molecule:** A neutral particle formed from covalent bonding. **Rate of Reaction:** The change in reactant or product concentration over time. Increased particle collisions lead to a faster rate of reaction.