Frog Urogenital System Quiz

Study Notes

The urogenital system is a combination of the urinary and reproductive systems
Both male and female frogs have a common opening for both systems, called the cloaca
The objectives of studying the frog's urogenital system are identifying the organs, tracing the pathway of urine, and identifying the egg and sperm cells

The kidney is composed of nephrons that remove metabolic wastes from the body and regulate the amount of ions
Mesonephric ducts are part of the urinary system
Urine collects and is stored in the urinary bladder until released
Urine flows from the kidney to the urinary bladder via the ureter

The male reproductive system includes the testes, located on the ventral surface of the kidneys
Sperm are the male sex cells or gametes
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, which are paired structures on the ventral wall of the kidneys
Oviducts transport the eggs from the ovaries to the cloaca

The cardiovascular system in frogs has a three-chambered heart, divided into two atria and one ventricle
Blood vessels include arteries and veins, carrying oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
The heart's function is to transport nutrients, gases, waste, and hormones, protect the body from infection and blood loss, and regulate body temperature

The frog's nervous system includes the brain and the spinal cord, which are connected through the medulla oblongata
The brain consists of parts such as the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon), midbrain, and hindbrain (cerebellum, and the medulla oblongata)
The spinal cord links the brain to most parts of the body, including the olfactory lobe (associated with smell), which is part of the frog's brain
The ventricles are cavities inside the brain and spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid

The frog has external nares (nostrils), an eye, a tympanic membrane (eardrum), forelimbs (with digits and a webbed foot), and hindlimbs (with digits and a webbed foot)
A frog's skin is important in respiration
There are distinct external features for identifying male and female frogs (e.g., enlarged thumb pads)

The internal parts of the mouth include the tongue, vomerine teeth, maxillary teeth, eustachian tube opening, gullet, and glottis.
The glottis connects the mouth to the respiratory system
Internal nares are openings in the roof of the mouth, connecting to the nasal cavities
Structures in the head aid in catching prey and allow for respiration.

Diagrams illustrate standard dissection incisions for frogs. The incisions are for safely removing body coverings to examine internal structures and organs

Frog muscles include various types such as skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles with specific functions and locations.
Different muscle types and their functions, including examples, are described. (e.g., Skeletal muscles for body movement)
Diagrams and descriptions are given for the identification of muscles.

The skeletal system includes an axial skeleton (skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage) and an appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs).
The bones provide support, protect internal organs, and enable movement.
Detailed information is given on different parts of the skeleton including descriptions of bones of the forelimbs and hindlimbs.

This system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and other accessory organs
The system's overall function is related to food processing in frogs
Internal anatomy details and diagrams are present illustrating the placement of various vital organs involved in digestion.

The frog's respiratory system involves the nose, glottis, trachea, lungs, and other structures
The system facilitates gas exchange and air intake
Breathing organs are present within the chest and throat regions providing details on function and structure.