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# Physics Concepts **1. Elastic Potential Energy** Elastic objects can be deformed and return to their original shape. When an elastic object is stretched or compressed, work is done on it, and energy is stored as elastic potential energy. **2. Scalar vs. Vector Quantities** | Symbol | Scalar |...

# Physics Concepts **1. Elastic Potential Energy** Elastic objects can be deformed and return to their original shape. When an elastic object is stretched or compressed, work is done on it, and energy is stored as elastic potential energy. **2. Scalar vs. Vector Quantities** | Symbol | Scalar | Vector | |---|---|---| | *s* | Distance (m) | Displacement (m) | | *v* | Speed (m/s) | Velocity (m/s) | | | *v = Δs/Δt* | *v = Δs/Δt* | | *a* | | Velocity (m/s²) | | | | *a = Δv/Δt = (v-u)/t* | *Scalar quantities* have only magnitude (size). *Vector quantities* have both magnitude and direction. **3. Distance-Time Graph**  The gradient (slope) of a distance-time graph represents speed. **4. Scalar and Vector Quantities** Scalar quantities have only magnitude. Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. **5. Air Resistance** The size of air resistance on a moving object depends on its speed and the area perpendicular (90°) to its motion. **6. Velocity-Time Graph**  The gradient of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration. The area under the line on a velocity-time graph represents the total distance travelled. **7. Hooke's Law (Springs)** The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the force applied, provided its limit of proportionality is not exceeded. *Force (F) = spring constant (k) x extension (e)* *F = ke* Stiffer springs correspond to larger spring constants. **8. Elastic Potential Energy of a Spring** The work done to stretch or compress a spring (up to the limit of proportionality) can be calculated using: Elastic potential energy = $E_e = \frac{1}{2} \times \text{spring constant} \times (\text{extension})^2$ $E_e = \frac{1}{2}ke^2$ **9. Terminal Velocity** An object falling through air accelerates. As speed increases, drag (air resistance) increases. This increase in drag causes the resultant force to decrease, so acceleration reduces until it travels at its terminal velocity. **10. Measuring Spring Extension Experiment**  This diagram shows an apparatus used to measure the extension of a spring with weights. A spring is attached to a system, a metre rule. Weights are hung from the spring, and the extension is measured on the rule. Data gathered from this experiment can be used to determine the spring constant or to prove Hooke's law.