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# Learning Objective Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. ## Historical Developments **As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, a...

# Learning Objective Explain the causes and effects of the rise of Islamic states over time. ## Historical Developments **As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples. These states demonstrated continuity, innovation, and diversity.** ### Between 1200-1450 The Arab Empire was politically fragmented, but Islamic culture and religion remained vibrant. #### Egyptian Mamluks - Mamluks = enslaved Turks from Central Asia; served as soldiers and bureaucrats for Arabs - Seized control in 1250-1517 - Facilitated trade in cotton and sugar - Will prevent the Mongols from expanding into Africa #### Seljuk Turks - Also Muslim Turks from Central Asia; conquered into the Middle East - Ruler = sultan (reduced the role of the Islamic caliph) - Less tolerant of other religions than the Abbasids; limited travel of Christians (→ Crusades) #### Delhi Sultanate - Established in India by 1206 - Five dynasties that ruled India from 1206-1526 - Difficult to convert the Indian masses: - Islam = monotheistic, no images, equality - Hinduism = polytheistic, many idols, caste system **Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion, and Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries, and Sufis.** ### Military Expansion - Early Islamic expansion did not focus on religion - After Abbasid decline, greater focus on culture along with military expansion - Turks from central Asia were warriors—established this new round of Islamic states ### Merchants/Trade - Merchants had more prestige than other societies (Muhammad and his 1st wife were merchants) - Caravans of soldiers, pilgrims, merchants, and scholars traveled on trade routes - Merchant communities developed ### Missionaries - Ulama = educated scholars who served as judges, interpreters, administrators, prayer leaders, and teachers of the Sharia; charged with passing on the core teachings of Islam to others ### Sufis - Responsible for conversions in sub-Saharan Africa and South and Southeast Asia - Made Islam appealing by assimilating it into existing religious traditions