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# DEVELOPMENT **Longitudinal Study:** - Study the same group over an extended period of time **Cross-Sectional Study:** - Study different groups at the same point in time **What puts a child at risk (prenatal):** * Malnourishment * Maternal illness * Genetic mutations * Teratogens (agents that p...

# DEVELOPMENT **Longitudinal Study:** - Study the same group over an extended period of time **Cross-Sectional Study:** - Study different groups at the same point in time **What puts a child at risk (prenatal):** * Malnourishment * Maternal illness * Genetic mutations * Teratogens (agents that pass through the placenta and get to the baby - e.g., alcohol, drugs, viruses) - fetal alcohol syndrome causes brain damage and facial defects **Prenatal Development:** * Preloaded apps (automatic reflexes): rooting, stepping, moro reflexes * Babies are nearsighted * Habituation (decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation) # MATURATION - Development based on genetic instructions in an orderly sequence # MOTOR DEVELOPMENT - Age at which a child achieves developmental milestones - Gross motor skills: involve large muscle groups - Fine motor skills: involve small muscle groups (e.g. hold a spoon, hand-eye coordination) # CRITICAL PERIOD - Time in early life when exposure to specific stimuli or experiences produces normal development (e.g., vision, language) # CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (3.7) * **Taste aversion:** Avoiding a food due to a negative experience * **Biological preparedness:** A predisposition to learn associations (e.g., taste and nausea or smells and fear) * **Counterconditioning:** Exposure therapy to help unlearn fears * **Higher-order conditioning:** Learning new associations with already learned associations (e.g. using foods that are liked to associate other foods with)