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# Biology Review ## 7 Characteristics of Life * Composed of cells * Maintain homeostasis * Grow and develop * Order * Reproduce * Respond to external stimuli * Evolve ## Chemistry of Biology ### Organic Elements * Carbon (C) * Oxygen (O) * Nitrogen (N) * Hydrogen (H) ### Atoms * **Proton:** (...

# Biology Review ## 7 Characteristics of Life * Composed of cells * Maintain homeostasis * Grow and develop * Order * Reproduce * Respond to external stimuli * Evolve ## Chemistry of Biology ### Organic Elements * Carbon (C) * Oxygen (O) * Nitrogen (N) * Hydrogen (H) ### Atoms * **Proton:** (+) * **Neutron:** (0) * **Electron:** (-) ### Electron Shells * 1st shell = 2 electrons * 2nd shell = 8 electrons * Outermost shell = full → most stable (ex. noble gases) ## Macromolecules ### Carbohydrates * Monomer: hydrocarbon * Sugars end in "-ose" * Energy storage ### Lipids * Monomer: fatty acid & glycerol * Saturated: linear shape * Unsaturated: "kinKs" * Nonpolar: hydrophobic * Structure: amphipathic (both polar and nonpolar ends) ### Proteins * Monomer: amino acids * 20 common amino acids * Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures * Peptide bonds * Hydrophobic (water fearing) * Hydrophilic (water loving) ### Nucleic Acids * Monomer: nucleotide * DNA * RNA * Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine (Uracil in RNA) * Phosphate group * 5-carbon sugar **Additional Notes:** * **Dehydration Synthesis:** Removal of water to form macromolecules * **Hydrolysis:** Addition of water to break down macromolecules * **Monomer:** The unit molecule for macromolecules. * **Polymer:** A long chain of repeating monomers. * **Polarity:** Unequal sharing of electrons (resulting in a slightly positive or negative charge) * **Nonpolarity:** Equal sharing of electrons (no charge). * **Hydrophobic:** Repels water. * **Hydrophilic:** Attracts water. * **FA chains:** fatty acid chains * **Amphipathic:** Molecule with both polar and non-polar parts.

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