Genetics Exam Questions and Answers PDF

Here is the transcription of the image into a markdown format. | SUBTOPIC | NOTES | ANSWER | DISCUSSION...

Here is the transcription of the image into a markdown format. | SUBTOPIC | NOTES | ANSWER | DISCUSSION | | :--------------------------- | :-------------------------------------------------------------------- | :----------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | FERTILIZATION | A person's biological sex is determined by the father | TRUE | | | | Development starts when an egg and sperm unite and form a new individual | TRUE | | | | Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote; also called conception. | Fertilization | | | | One-celled organism resulting from fertilization. | zygote | Hereditary Composition of the Zygote | | | the time during which conception is possible is highly unpredictable | fertile window | (a) Body cells of women and men contain 23 pairs of chromosomes, which carry the genes, the basic units of inheritance. (b) Each sex cell (ovum and sperm) has only 23 | | ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES| Methods used to achieve conception through artificial means. | assisted reproductive technology (ART) | chromosomes because of a special kind of cell division (meiosis). (c) At fertilization, the 23 chromosomes from the sperm join the 23 from the sperm join the 23 from the ovum | | | a kind of ART in which the sperm is injected into the woman's vagina, cervix, or uterus | Artificial Insemination | so that | | | a kind of ART in which a woman's ova are surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and implanted in the woman's uterus | In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) | the zygote receives 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs. | | MULTIPLE BIRTHS | Twins conceived by the union of two different ova (or a single ovum that has split) with two different sperm cells; also called fraternal twins; they are no more alike genetically than any other siblings | dizygotic twins | - tend to run in families - this tendency has a genetic basis - 2 separated eggs being fertilized by 2 different sperms | | | Twins resulting from the division of a single zygote after fertilization; also called identical twins; they are genetically similar. | monozygotic twins | - genetically identical - can still differ outwardly due to environmental influences | | | Explain how and when fertilization normally takes place? | | | | | Distinguish between and explain monozygotic and dizygotic twins? | | | | MECHANISMS OF HEREDITY | The science of genetics is the study of | heredity | | | | Coils of DNA that consist of genes. | chromosomes | | | | is located in a specific position on its chromosome and contains thousands of bases. | genes | | | | a process by which the non-sex cells divide in half over and over again, the DNA replicates itself, so that each newly formed cell has the same DNA structure as all the others. | mitosis | Each cell division creates a genetic duplicate of the original cell, with the same hereditary information. Sometimes a mistake in copying is made, and a mutation may result. | | | Small segments of DNA located in definite positions on particular chromosomes functional units of heredity | genes | Genes spring into action when they are turned on or off, either by external environmental factors such as nutrition or stress, or by internal factors such as hormone levels in the mother or fetus. | | | permanent alterations in genetic material. | mutations | Thus, from the start, heredity and environment are intertwined. | | | Complete sequence of genes in the human body. | human genome | | | | the functional units of heredity | genes | | | SEX DETERMINATION | Chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life. | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | | | | Twenty-two pairs of our 23 pairs of chromosomes are | autosomes | | | | Distinguish between meiosis and mitosis? | | Growth and Development: Mitosis occurs in somatic (non-reproductive) cells, allowing for growth, development, and repair of tissues and organs. Gamete Formation: Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells (gametes), | | | | | resulting in the formation of sperm and egg cells. In summary, mitosis drives growth, development, and repair in somatic cells, while meiosis generates genetic diversity in | | | | | reproductive cells, ensuring the creation of unique individuals. | | | Pair of chromosomes that determine sex：XX in the normal human female, XY in the normal human male. | sex chromosomes | | | | Explain why the sperm normally determines a baby's sex? | | Genetic determination of Sex || | | | | Sex chromosomes are either X chromosomes or Y chromosomes. The sex chromosome of every ovum is an X chromosome, but the sperm may contain either | | | | | an X or a Y chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the gene for maleness, called the SRY gene. When an ovum (X) is fertilized by an X -carrying sperm, | | | | | the zygote formed is XX , a genetic female. When an ovum ( X ) is fertilized by a Y -carrying sperm, the resulting zygote is XY, a genetic male | | Sequence of bases within the DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins that determine the structure and functions of living cells. | genetic code | | | PATTERNS OF GENETIC TRANSMISSION | Describe the structure of DNA structure DNA and its role in the inheritance of characteristics | | Genetic information is encoded in DNA : The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the genetic code , which carries instructions for the development and function of an organism。DNA replication: When a cell divides, its DNA is replicated, ensuring that the new cell receives a complete and accurate copy of the genetic material। | | | | | Inheritance of traits: The genetic information encoded in DNA is passed from parents to offspring through the transmission of DNA. This determines the characteristics and traits expressed by the offspring. | | | | | Mutation and variation: Changes in the DNA sequence, such as mutations or genetic recombination during reproduction, can result in variation in traits and characteristics | | | In humans, the 22 pairs of chromosomes not related to sexual expression. | autosomes | । | | | Two or more alternative forms of a gene that occupy the same position on paired chromosomes and affect the same trait. | alleles | Alleles are alternate versions of the same gene。Every person receives one maternal and one paternal allele for any given trait。 | | | Pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sits on chromosomes affect a complex trait | polygenic inheritance | For example there is not an intelligence gene that determines whether or not you are smart rather a large number of genes work in concert to determine you intellectual potential like intelligence | | | an Austrian monk, laid the foundation for our understanding of patterns of inheritance.. | Gregor Mendel | | | | When both alleles are the same, the person is homozygous for the characteristic | homozygous | | | | Possessing differing alleles for a trait | heterozygous | | | | 2 Fundamental principles of genetics | | First traits could be either dominant or recessive । First traits could be either dominant or recessive Second ,traits are passed down independently with ech other | | | Pattern of inheritance in which, when a child receives different alleles, only the dominant one is expressed। | Dominant inheritance | | | | Always expressed traits | dominant traits | | | recessive traits re expressed only if | both copies of the gene are recessive | | | Combination of genetics and environmental Multifactoral factors produce certain complex traits | Multifactorial Transmission | Environment expression that affects the modifies genotype for most part traits a phenomenon most | | | | Imagine | | | |Rio has and athletic inherited and comes from the family that has it so is not he the however | | | Pattern of inheritances in which a child receives inheritances resulting identical recessive | recessive inheritance | Most traits result from multiple and multiple interactions it’s For that is what is the intellectual not multiple what does it give to the intellectual | | Underlying genetics make up is expressed | genotype | The phenotype is the product of any relevant environmental influence and | | Mechanism that turns genes on or off and determine the function of the body | epigenesis | All cells are the particular to change. modification | | | | phenotype | It would need | with | | GENETIC AND CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES| Dominant or recessive | | It will not express the disorder a child must is not expressed | | Pattern of inheritance in which a child receives with allies | | A child must receive a recessive the recessive must must is not | Quantitative study of relative hereditary and measuring | | quantitative | | | statistical estimate of measuring | | Is the population that given a | | Term describing tendency or more | concordant | | | HOW AND HEREDITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT WORK TOGETHER| Potential variability, depending on heredity environmental | reaction range | whether genetics is to It affects the The | | | | | Heredity environment with | | | | limitation on variance of expression of certain inherited canalization | | In to | | | The genetic different of phenotypic | The results from different individuals, genotype and environmental | Genetic genotype individuals |