Musculoskeletal Anatomy PDF 2022-2023

10/10/2022 Introduction to Musculoskeletal Anatomy Dr. Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat First semester 2022-2023 Standard Anatomica...

10/10/2022 Introduction to Musculoskeletal Anatomy Dr. Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat First semester 2022-2023 Standard Anatomical Position 1. The subject stands erect facing the observer. 2. The head is level with eyes facing forward. 3. Feet level on the ground and directed forward. 4. Upper limbs at the sides and the palms facing forward. 1  10/10/2022 Terminology - Part of the body Terminology - Directions Anterior or ventral means“front”or“in front of.” For example, the knees are located on the anterior surface of the human body. A ventral hernia may protrude from the front or belly of the abdomen. Posterior or dorsal means “back” or “in back of.” For example, human shoulder blades are found on the posterior surface of the body. The dorsal aspect of the foot is the top of the foot. Cranial and caudal refer to direction:Cranial means “skull or head end” of the body; caudal means “tail end.” Superior and inferior—superior means “upper” or “above another”; inferior refers to “lower” or “below another.” For example, the heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm, while the intestines are inferior to it. Medial and lateral—medial signifies “toward the midline or median plane of the body”; while lateral means “away,” or to- ward the side of the body.” For example, the nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose. Proximal and distal—proximal means “toward the point of attachment to the body, or toward the trunk of the body”; distal means “away from the point of attachment or origin, or farthest from the trunk.” For example, the wrist is proximal to the hand; the elbow is distal to the shoulder. Superficial or external and deep or internal—superficial implies “on or near the surface of the body.” For example, a super- ficial wound involves an injury to the outer skin. A deep injury involves damage to an internal organ such as the stomach. The terms external and internal are specifically used to refer to body cavities and hollow organs. 2  10/10/2022 Terminology – Directions Superior (Rostral / Cephalic) Proximal Lateral Anterior Posterior (Ventral) (Dorsal) Medial Distal Proximal Caudal Distal (Inferior) Terminology – planes of movements Planes Sagittal Frontal Transverse Body Right – Left Front – Back Superior – Inferior Movement Front – Back Flexion - Side – to – side Rotation / Turning Extension Abduction - Adduction External – Internal Rotation 3  10/10/2022 Osteology (Study of Bone) Function Supporting & Protecting e.g. brain, spinal cord, hearts … Movement Storing minerals e.g. Phosphate, Calcium Hematopoiesis (formation of blood cells in red bone marrow). Bone tissue Osteocyte – bone cell Osteoblast – cell forming osteocyte Osteoclast – cell breakdown osteocyte 4  10/10/2022 Osteology (bone tissue) Osteocyte Trabeculae Canaliculi Lacuna Bone marrow Spongy Bone Osteon Lamella Compact Bone Haversian canal Osteon Lamella Haversian canal Blood vessels & nerves Volkmann canal Periosteum Spongy bone o Less condense, contains bone marrow o Form & reform according to linear stress – provides maximal strength Osteology (Human Skeleton) Perpendicular (126) Human Skeleton – 206 bones Axial (80) 5  10/10/2022 Osteology (bone shapes) Short Long bones Almost spongy bone Sesamoid ü Strengthen the tendon ü Improve traction mechanic of given muscle Osteology (bone shapes ) Flat bones ü Example, cranial bones, the sternum, scapula, clavicle, ribs, and ilium Sutural (between skull bones) Irregular (vertebrae, pelvis) Pneumatic (air-filled, e.g. maxilla) 6  10/10/2022 Osteology (Bony landmarks) Description Example Elevations/projections Process Any bony prominence Ramus Extension of a bone making an angle with the rest of the structure Ridge Linear elevation Osteology (Bony landmarks) Tendons ligaments Description Example attachment Trochanter Large, blunt prominence found only on the femur Tuberosity Large, round, roughened prominence Tubercle Small, rounded Intercondylar adductor prominence Tubercle tubercle 7  10/10/2022 Osteology (Bony landmarks) Tendons ligaments Description Example attachment Crest Prominent ridge Or Narrow ridge Spine Sharp, slender prominence Osteology (Bony landmarks) Processes for Description Example articulation Head Rounded extremity protruding from narrow neck Neck Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis a smooth, rounded articular process Condyle Prominence on or above a condyle Epicondyle Trochlea a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley 8  10/10/2022 Osteology (Bony landmarks) Facet Small, flat articular surface Facet Depressions Supra/infra Spinatus fossa Fossa Shallow depression or Basin like depression Groove or Narrow depression Bicipital groove Glinoid Fossa Sulcus Osteology (Bony landmarks) Openings Description Example Foramen A rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves A Canal through the substance of a Meatus bone Sinus A chamber within a bone, normally filled with air Notch V/U shaped depression 9  10/10/2022 Arthrology (study of joint) Joint Naming § Joints are named according to the bones that form them. § For example Joint between Humer + ulna – Humeroulnar joint Joint between Glenoid fossa + humer – Glenohumeral joint Joint between Acromion + clavicle – Acromioclavicular joint q Exceptions Hip bone (ilium, ischium, pubis) + femur – Hip joint or Coxal joint Tibia + fibula + talus – Ankle joint or Talocrural joint Arthrology (structure & function) Joint structures 1. Fibrous joint Minimal joint cavity (space b/w the articulating surfaces) Collagen-dense connective tissue holds bones tightly together. Little or no movement is possible Most stable joint structures. 10  10/10/2022 Arthrology (structure & function) Joint structures 1. Fibrous joint 3 types a. Suture: periosteal connection b/w bones b. Syndesmoses: ligament or interoseous membrane b/w bones c. Gomphoses: socket for tooth Arthrology (structure & function) Joint structures 2. Cartilaginous joint Cartilage b/w adjacent bones This cartilage increases joint pliability (easily bent without breaking) Intervertbral disc Absorbs loads from Costochondral junction walking, running, Pubic symphesis Allows ribcage to expand jumping, lifting. Makes pelvic girdles as a & contract for breathing suspension system During walking & running on uneven surfaces 11  10/10/2022 Arthrology (structure & function) Joint structures 3. Synovial joint The most mobile joint structures. Named for their egg like structure (syn- means together and ovi- means egg). Lubricant Arthrology Synovial joint 12  10/10/2022 Arthrology (structure & function) Joint – Degree of mobility 1. Synarthrotic joints § (syn- means together, arthrosis means joint articulation) § have little or no movement. 2. Amphiarthrotic joints § (amphi- means surrounding) § Slightly movable. 3. Diarthrotic joints § (di- means separate or apart) § The most mobile of all joints. Arthrology (Joint Movement) Physiological movements Depends on Accessory movements Describes Joint movements through the cardinal planes Describes Movements b/w joint surfaces Flexion Roll Bending the joint – joint angle decrease Points on one bony surface (A&B) come in Extension contact with Straightening the joint – joint angle increase corresponding series of points on the other (a&b) Abduction Glide Move away from center or body midline Point on one bony surface comes in contact Adduction with a series of points Move toward center or body midline on another External rotation Spine Turning motions away from body midline One surface (A) rotates clockwise or Internal rotation counterclockwise Turning motions toward body midline Pronate/ Supinate around a stationary Turn forearm & hand to make palm directed longitudinal axis (a&b) Downwards/Upward 13  10/10/2022 Arthrology (Joint Movement) Accessory Movement Helps maintain optimal joint position during physiological movements. Prevents compression and loss of contact between the articulating surfaces of the joint. Full-range physiological movement depends on normal, healthy accessory motion. This in turn depends on a certain amount of "give" in the joint capsule & ligaments that surround that joint. This "give" is called Joint play. Myology (Range of motion - ROM) q The extent of movement possible at a joint. q Three categories: Active: joint movement by client Resisted: client moves joint against resistance, or meets external resistance in attempting to produce joint movement Passive: joint movement by therapist while client is resting 14