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# Pathophysiology of the Liver and Bile Ducts **Section 1: Liver Function** * **Main Functions:** * Metabolism * Deamination * Transamination * Gluconeogenesis (glucose production) * Glycogen formation, storage and breakdown * Cholesterol synthesis *...

# Pathophysiology of the Liver and Bile Ducts **Section 1: Liver Function** * **Main Functions:** * Metabolism * Deamination * Transamination * Gluconeogenesis (glucose production) * Glycogen formation, storage and breakdown * Cholesterol synthesis * Detoxification: * Biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous substances * Detoxification of drugs and toxins * Excretion: * Bile production from cholesterol * Bilirubin excretion * Excretion of fat-soluble substances and drugs * Other functions: * Synthesizing coagulation factors, lipoproteins (for cholesterol transport), globulins (immune function), albumin(oncotic pressure), ceruloplasmin and transferrin (iron transport), hormones (steroid hormones, insulin, growth hormones) * Thermoregulation * **Liver Storage:** * Iron, copper, magnesium, zinc, vitamins B12, A, D, E, and K, glycogen **Section 2: Liver Diseases** * **Hepatitis:** * Inflammation of the liver parenchyma * Viral, alcoholic, drug-induced, autoimmune, or infectious * Acute or chronic; can lead to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis * **Fatty Liver (Steatosis):** * Reversible fat accumulation in liver cells (up to 5%) * Often due to high triglycerides or fatty acid intake * Characterised by a high level of triglycerides in liver cells. * Can progress to steatohepatitis (inflammation) if not addressed, which may lead to liver scarring (fibrosis) and cirrhosis * **Steatohepatitis:** * Accumulation of fat combined with liver inflammation and cell death * Alcohol-related or non-alcoholic (associated with obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome). * **Cirrhosis:** * Irreversible scarring of the liver due to chronic liver damage * Causes: alcohol abuse, hepatitis, autoimmune disease, bile duct issues * **Primary Biliary Cirrhosis:** * Autoimmune disease, primarily affecting women. * **Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis:** * Obstruction of the bile ducts (e.g. gallstones, cancer) * **Other Diseases:** * Drug-induced liver injury * Liver cancer (primary or secondary) * Liver encephalopathy **Section 3: Alcoholic Liver Disease** * **Alcoholic Steatosis:** * Reversible fat buildup in liver cells due to excessive alcohol consumption * **Alcoholic Steatohepatitis:** * Fatty liver with inflammation, cell damage, and impaired liver function associated with excess alcohol intake * **Alcoholic Cirrhosis:** * Irreversible scarring of the liver due to chronic alcohol abuse **Section 4: Liver Function Tests** * Note: The image indicates there are tables detailing specific levels of sodium, potassium and other elements which are too truncated to display in the format above. A table summarizing these tests should be included if possible to see fully visible data in the image.