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# 1.3. Elements of Communication * **Message:** The sign or set of signs being transmitted. * **Sender (Emitter):** The person creating the message. In language, this is the speaker. * **Receiver:** The person who receives and interprets the message. In language, this is the listener. * *...

# 1.3. Elements of Communication * **Message:** The sign or set of signs being transmitted. * **Sender (Emitter):** The person creating the message. In language, this is the speaker. * **Receiver:** The person who receives and interprets the message. In language, this is the listener. * **Channel:** The physical medium for transmitting the message. Can be auditory (air), visual (paper), or audiovisual (television, film). * **Code:** The system of signs shared by the sender and receiver. Language, in this case, is the primary code. Includes other communication systems such as traffic signals. * **Context:** The circumstances surrounding communication (extralinguistic and linguistic context). # 1.4. Verbal Communication Verbal communication, or linguistic communication, uses language as its code to transmit information. Key characteristics: * **Innate but culturally transmitted:** A natural human ability, learned through culture, requiring learning. * **Free use:** Not solely used in response to stimuli; humans choose when and how to speak. * **Complex Structure:** Leads to unique human language properties ## Properties of Human Language | Feature | Description | |----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | **Duality of Structure** | Languages use minimal units (sounds/morphemes) to build up complex meanings. These building blocks combine to create words and meaningful expressions. | | **Productivity** | Human language allows for an infinite number of new and creative messages. Unlike some other communication systems (e.g., animal calls) which have a fixed set of signals. | | **Displacement**| Human language allows us to communicate about things not present in time or place (past, future, hypotheticals, etc). This contrasts to other systems of communication that are often tied to the immediate environment or current circumstances. | **Communication and Context:** Context significantly influences the meaning of transmitted information (e.g., playing cards with a friend vs. playing cards in a competition).