Ethical Values for Student Life PDF

SEMESTER-IV Unit-4 Title: - Ethical Values for Student Life Total no. of Periods-15 Full mark-25 Credit point -1 4.0 Aims of the Unit: To familiarize the students w...

SEMESTER-IV Unit-4 Title: - Ethical Values for Student Life Total no. of Periods-15 Full mark-25 Credit point -1 4.0 Aims of the Unit: To familiarize the students with core values of Academics and Goals of Education To create an awareness about Unethical practices in the academics Learning Objectives: The students will learn to behave ethically in the campus Exhibit respectful treatment to others in an organizational context Contribute to develop a positive social environment through active participation and cooperation with others Teaching Hours 4.1 Meaning and Objective of Education: 1-2-3 Knowledge is power and quest for knowledge is the real meaning of education, not quest for Degree and qualifications; Real education builds character: Difference between Academic Qualification and Ability, Academic failure could be failure within the classroom, but not outside (i.e. Failed in exam, passed in life!) 4.2 Challenges for Ethical Practices in Institutions of Higher Education: 4-5-6-7 Ragging, Suicide and Need for Educational Counseling, Violence vs. Peaceful Protest, Conflict resolution, Plagiarism and Violation of Intellectual property Rights, Cheating in Examination and other Fraudulent Practices 4.3 Inter personal Relation and Community Life in HEI: Green Preacher and conservation of Energy, Community Life in 8-9-10-11 Campus including Hostels, Local Common area, Inter personal relations (Students-Teacher, Students-Student and Man- Woman, Positive Friendship). 4.4 Ethical Leadership in Academic Institution: 12-13-14-15 Concept and Traits of Leadership to provide solution, everyone has Leadership Role (not limited to position), Concept of Ethical leadership, Scope of Leadership in college and Universities for Students, Teachers and Administrators, Importance of co-curricular and extra – curricular activities.  Unit-4 Ethical Values for Student Life 4.1 Meaning and Objective of Education 4.1. Meaning and Objective of Education 4.1.0- Objectives 4.1.2- Introduction 4.2 Meaning of Education 4.2.1- Education: A right as well as a commitment 4.2.2- Active learning and self-monitoring 4.2.3- Importance of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities 4.2.4- Handling success and failure in an academic career 4.3 Objectives of Education 4.3.1-Not a quest for only degrees and qualifications 4.3.2- Character-building through real education 4.3.3- Behaviour modulation 4.3.4- Overall personality development 4.4. Difference between academic qualification and ability 4.5. Academic failure: a failure within the classroom but not outside (i.e., failed in examinations, passed in life) 4.6 National Education Policy 2020. 4.6.1 -Principles of National Education Policy 2020 4.6.2-The Vision of National Education Policy 2020 4.7- Summing up 4.8 Keywords 4.9 Checking your progress 4.10 Suggested Reading 1 4.1. Meaning and Objectives of Education 4.1.0 Objectives To apprise the students of the meaning and objectives of education To make students conscious of their right to learn and educate themselves and instil in them a sense of commitment to society To motivate students to explore their hidden talents through participation in different activities 4.1.2- Introduction “Sa vidya ya vimuktaye”- is an old saying in India. It means education liberates one from darkness, ignorance, illiteracy, poverty, hunger, diseases and conflict etc. It is the highest goal of education. Originally, it possibly meant only freedom from ignorance. It meant understanding the nature of the universe and cosmos etc. It also meant liberation of the soul from bondage. Today, education must liberate us. The term education means the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction. In other words, education means preparation for life and a continuous process of progress. Progress of life must be in social, physical, psychological, emotional and educational careers. The highest goal of education is to ensure a better life and eradicate ignorance from society. Ignorance is like a disease which can only be removed from society by spreading education, knowledge and motivating common people for education. Educated people constitute an effective human resource for the country at large. Education brings happiness, makes you self-independent, promotes innovation in science, changes the aim of life, inculcates positive behaviour, overall personality development and develops competency for facing the challenges of life. Education is a process through which we receive knowledge and also share our knowledge with others. Education helps one become a better citizen, a better human resource, a better parent, a better employee and a better human being. Educated persons can understand what is right and what is wrong. Understanding can be developed only through education. 2  Higher Education Institutes are the knowledge incubators to create a knowledge-based society. Education is the only answer to ignorance; it leads towards complete understanding, and harmony in society and development. According to Vedas – “Education is something which makes man self-reliant and self- less”, it means becoming economically independent. One has to learn the skills and specific knowledge needed for the purpose of earning. Let us educate ourselves, spread knowledge and eradicate blind beliefs, illiteracy, ignorance, hunger, poverty, diseases and serve the poorest of the poor. It’s in our hands to build society and the nation at large through education. 4.2 Meaning of Education 4.2.1- Education: A Right as well as a Commitment Education is a right as well as a commitment. Education has become a fundamental right for everyone. If you are educated then you educate your brothers, sisters and other family members. In this way, you are the key individual who can educate society and make it free from hunger. Education is the most important and powerful tool to bring changes in life. So, lots of steps have been taken to spread education. The following legal provisions enable us to learn, to study, to educate and to gain knowledge for the betterment of society and progress of life. The Constitution (Eighty Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India, which pledges to provide free and compulsory education to (of) all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right The Right to Education Act, 2009(RTE) which describes modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children aged between 6-14 yrs. in India. The Article under 21-A of the constitution of India says that every child has a right to fulltime elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards The Universal Declaration of Human Rights holds that education is a fundamental human right for everyone The right to education is indispensable for the exercise of other human rights ▪ Quality education aims to ensure the development of a fully-rounded human being. 3  ▪ It is one of the most powerful tools in lifting socially excluded children and adults out of poverty, and into a more equitable society. ▪ UNESCO data revealed that, if all adults completed secondary education, globally, the number of poor people could be reduced by more than half. ▪ It narrows the gender gap between men and women. Points to know about right to education Primary education should be free, compulsory and universal. Secondary education including technical and vocational, should be generally available, accessible to all and progressively free. Higher education should be accessible to all on the basis of individual capacity and progressively free Those who had no education or had incomplete education also have right to education as adults. Professional training opportunities should be made available to all professionals. Quality of education should be ensured through maintenance of minimum standards. Education has become a legal right. The Directive Principles of State Policy, under the Indian Constitution, stipulate that the state shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provisions for securing right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and in other cases of un-served want. Part IV-(45) says- The state shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years. The right to education has been implemented for everyone. The right to education will be realised by the nation when each and every individual understands the value of education. The young are the real stakeholders to acquire and spread education to every corner of the nation. Education is not only a right, it’s also a global commitment. The 2030 Agenda for (UNESCO under UNO) sustainable development goals comprise 17 goals. Out of the 17, goal no. 04 is the global commitment to education. It aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. 4  The global target 4.1 by 2030 is to ensure that all girls and boys get complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes. Target 4.2 by 2030 is to ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are ready for primary education. Target 4.3 is to ensure by 2030 equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education including Education University. Target 4.4 by 2030 is to substantially increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills for employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship. Target 4.5 by 2030 is to eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the vulnerable including persons with disabilities, indigenous people and children in vulnerable situations. Besides that, the following specific five sustainable development goals are taken with direct reference to education: 1. Health and well-being (SDG 3 target 3.7) By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including (for) family planning information and education and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. 2. Gender equality (SDG 5 target 5.6) Number of countries with laws and regulations that guarantee women aged 15- 49 years access to sexual and reproductive health care, information and education. 3. Decent work and sustainable growth (SDG 8 target 8.6) By 2030 substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education and training. 4. Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12 target 12.8) By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony with nature. 5. Climate change mitigation (SDG 13 target 13.3) Improve education, raise awareness and human and institutional capacity for climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning. 5  The commitment of higher education institutes in the state and the nation at large is not only limited to spreading education but to creating valuable and worthy human resources. State, national and global commitment is to achieve the educational targets by the year 2030. 4.2.2- Active learning and Self-Monitoring Learning is a continuous process. Higher Education institutions are learning hubs. Students’ learning happens at classrooms, libraries, reading rooms and through different activities. Teachers play an important role in motivating students. Their active participation in different activities initiates the active learning process. Every student should be given opportunities to participate in the following activities: Participation in group learning i.e., group discussions, news analysis, student presentations, seminars and quizzes etc. Participation in classroom activities and interactions Library studies Participation in debates Study hours at reading rooms Participation in different curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities This active participation of students happens when students take interest in the learning process. They are the best self-monitors. They are very particular about their studies, collection of books from libraries, gaining knowledge from teachers and classmates and self-studies. Self-monitoring of students happens when they clarify their doubts, adopt disciplined behaviour, observe punctuality, guide their lives for a better career and involve themselves in the learning process. Self-learning follows the self- monitoring process. The college ambience provides a lot of opportunities for self-learning and self-monitoring. It’s in our hands to avail the learning opportunities and monitor our life for a better future and career. 6  Group Discussion: “Am I aware about how I think and how I learn?” At this point, the teacher can facilitate a discussion on Self-Monitoring. The following questions can be put to them: To what extent students are conscious or aware of how they think in general? Do they reflect on their own thoughts and regulate their own actions so as to live in a meaningful way? Do students monitor their own thought processes so as not to be trapped into negativity? Do they talk to themselves in an encouraging way so as not to waste the present moment with unnecessary worrying? Can they identify the way they learn and master a subject? Do they improve upon the methods they employ for learning different things? The following video clips provide students an insight into the fact that their own beliefs and mind-sets about learning can become the reasons of their failure: Developing a Mind-set for Successful Learning https://www.samford.edu/departments/academic-success-center/how-to-study Beliefs That Make You Fail or Succeed https://www.youtube.com/embed/RH95h36NChI?autoplay=1&rel=0 4.2.3 Importance of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities Co-curricular and extra-curricular activities play an important role in shaping the students’ personality and learning process. Co-curricular activities are those activities which are supplementary to the curriculum. However, many other aspects of human personality such as social development, emotional development, physical development, psychological development need to be nurtured for the all-round development of the student. So, the students must be engaged in extra-curricular activities. As students differ in their aptitudes and interests, and therefore their diverse potential and talents in various domains should be nurtured. For instance: A student may display a talent for playing musical instruments whereas another may be good at drawing. The co-curricular and extra-curricular activities are carried out along with regular subjects taught in schools and colleges because they provide opportunities for nurturing these talents as well as provide a scope for the expression of creativity. Science project competitions, chess competitions, song, dance, painting, presentations, debates, mono action, sports activities have a direct impact on students. They help to identify their potential and also open a pathway for future careers. 7  Group Discussion: Why should I pay back to society? How do I do it? The teacher can facilitate a discussion among students at this point by emphasizing that schools, colleges, universities are all parts of society and they operate with the investments made both by public and private sectors. Similarly, the family and the community, as a part of society, also play an important role in the education of a child. Therefore, students can contribute to society meaningfully in two important ways: Behaving responsibly and sincerely while pursuing learning in a college. Students can discuss in small groups the question: “What is responsible behaviour and what is not?” After graduating and choosing a profession, students can address societal needs. Students can discuss in small groups the question: “What are the opportunities to address societal needs once I start working?” List of some of the co-curricular and extracurricular activities Sports and Athletics Music, Dance, Art and Theatre Volunteering for Social Service Composition, Elocution and Quizzing Foreign language learning 8. Key points to remember: Co-curricular and extra-curricular activities reward and facilitate students’ talent in various fields of human endeavour. Such activities help in the all-round development of human personality as in social, cultural, emotional, physical and psychological aspects of development. Students’ aptitude and interest in particular domains need to be encouraged through co-curricular and extra-curricular activities in educational institutions. Enhancement of creative expressions, practical skills, life skills etc. is the positive consequences of such activities. Such activities are known to facilitate academic achievement, too. Topics for discussion Are co-curricular and extra-curricular activities undertaken in your college regularly? Do students tend to underestimate the role of such activities in HEIs? Give reasons. What roles do teachers play in encouraging students for participating in such events? Many students pursue hobbies and activities they are passionate about. List one of such activities of yours. How regularly do you pursue it? Does your college life help in this activity in any way? What in your opinion is the most important co-curricular activity that helps students in the long run? 9 Positive impact of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities in a student’s life Students get opportunities for practice of teamwork, developing managerial skills and developing leadership and competitive spirit etc. They can showcase their talents in various forums and can take pride in their accomplishments. The participation enables them to handle practical affairs of life through exposure to situations involving conflict, problem solving, co-operation and so on in real life situations. Through participation, students can learn to celebrate their personal victory as well as accept failures gracefully. These activities make the students realise that participation in co-curricular and extra- curricular activities is more important than just winning competitions. Winning trophies and prizes in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities helps in strengthening credentials of the students, which they can mention in their personal profiles. Strong resumes help them find good placement opportunities. It often said that “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”. In other words, without any time off work, a person becomes dull or a student dull. Feeling happy and celebrating friends’ achievements improves inter-personal relationships and maintains positive relationships. Different student-activity clubs constituted for such activities i.e., Literacy club, dramatic club society, music club and activity club etc. It helps students to organise different activities. Ultimately, students develop leadership qualities, inter-personal skills, organising ability and the ability to handle events. 4.2.4 Handling success and failure in one’s academic career Success and failure are like two sides of a coin. They always go together. As life goes on, we face challenges at different stages of our journey. In this journey, sometimes we don’t get results as per our expectations. Even though we put in a lot of effort we are never satisfied with the result. We must know that the result depends on our efforts, content selection, writing style, sequencing answers, wording, starting and closing the content, points to be covered and how much value the question carries, the context and many more aspects. So, one can’t guarantee the result unless it is based on numerical data, multiple choice-based questions and fill in the blanks etc. Sometimes, we write the concepts but we don’t get good 10 marks. The ultimate result is failure but students should remember that there is always an opportunity in future to try once more with renewed effort and courage. If we give up all our hopes before trying then we fail. One shouldn’t lose hope, but try to cope with the situation, should not lose courage and try again to achieve success. Importance of academic success may be worth ending our own life. Success may be defined as the completion of a work, and one gets the benefits of the result as per the evaluation, value attached to the content, satisfaction for the individual and achievement of something as per your wish. Success is a mental satisfaction of positive consequence and on the other hand, failure is the dissatisfaction due to wrong approach to work. Excellence, success and achievement depend on the need, mind-set and expectation level. Sometimes the students secure 99.9% of mark but get dissatisfied because he/she wants 100%. On the other hand, someone just securing the pass mark may feel very happy and satisfied. Therefore, measuring one’s success in life through just one event such as the examination results is definitely a sign of immaturity. There are many ways to achieve success and one must know that academic success is not the only parameter of success. You can become a good orator, an artist, a painter, a singer, a dancer, a sportsperson, an administrator or a farmer and at the same time a good and valuable human being for society and the nation. There are many ways to achieve success and it is also important to know that “Failure is the pillar of success.” 4.3 Objectives of Education 4.3.1 Not a quest for only degrees and qualifications Education means the quest for knowledge, educating the masses, spreading knowledge, and many other academic pursuits. In other words, we call ourselves educated by obtaining a certificate or a degree. But the real objective of education is not the quest for degrees and qualifications. When someone is skilled in a particular type of knowledge then he/she is considered educated, he/she does not require any degree. A degree holder may not be skilled in that particular aspect. The objective of education is to bring about a change in yourself, your outlook, lifestyle, behaviour, knowledge level and intelligence quotient or problem-solving ability. Learning, experience, skills and expertise also make you knowledgeable, efficient and competent enough to compete in society. You may be a good dancer, singer, actor, tailor, photographer, or may innovate new things and have computing skills, then you are equally educated. Education not only brings a change in your attitude and behaviour but also broadens your understanding of life. You can become a valuable, 11 disciplined and worthy human resource for the country. Many a time, degrees and qualifications are required for certain aspects of life, if it is not be utilized properly then it became becomes obsolete. The knowledge needs to be learned again and again. Practice and memorising make one perfect. Let’s learn, educate ourselves and achieve the degree and qualification but, the real objective of the education will only be fulfilled when you bring positive change in yourself. You should be confident to face the challenges of life, development skills in yourself to earn and self-dependent to serve the society as a good and dedicated human being with a disciplined life. Education must bake bread. Education needs to be linked with skills for executing jobs and make one able to earn livelihood. In a nutshell, education must prepare us to lead prosperous adult life. Even animals and birds train their off springs to lead their adult life. 4.3.2-Real Education builds Character The key aim of education is character building of an individual. As a student, one should have a clear understanding of the meaning of character. Once Mahatma Gandhi shared his views on ‘character’ with students. He said, “Character cannot be built with mortar and stone. It cannot be built by hands other than your own. The principal and professors cannot give you character from the pages of books. Character building comes from your lives and frankly speaking, it must come from within. Put all your knowledge, learning and scholarship in one scale and truth and purity in the other, and the latter will by far outweigh the other”. Knowledge without character is a power for evil only. Students must be disciplined, obliged, committed must inculcate positive attitudes, moral values, compassion for the poor, and must maintain personal and professional ethics in their life. Character comes out of experience, learning and understanding of the realities of life. Character is determined by the values you cherish. You are the hope for the future and you will be called upon. You are discharged from your colleges to enter into public life and serve this country. So, you should have a high sense of responsibility. Students should be humble. A life of a student should correspond to the life of a sanyasi up to the time his studies come to an end. He/she is to remain under the strictest discipline. He/she cannot indulge in addictions and his/her behaviour is to be a pattern of exemplary self-restraint. In other words, character can be built up by the student himself/ herself. In a nutshell character means – Self-discipline Humble behaviour Not indulging in any wrong activity 12  Respect for teachers, parents and elderly persons Learning moral responsibility Develop concern for the poor, disadvantaged and excluded Develop a democratic attitude, respect for human values and constitutional values Practice values pertaining to sustainable environment, cleanliness, gender equity, respect for individuals etc. So, one should know that knowledge without character, education and obligation to society, family and nation, commitment with self-interest and life without sacrifice, service and hard work will never build your character. Character building is a process of disciplining yourself through a continuous process of learning. 4.3.3- Behaviour Modulation Behaviour means “the way in which one acts or conducts oneself, especially towards others”. Human behaviour is basically divided into four types- optimistic, pessimistic, trusting and envious. In other words, behaviour is describes through terms like satisfactory, proper, polite conduct and orderly conduct. And these are reflected in day-to-day activities, life style, body language, attitudes and choices of the individual. As students, we should know what good behaviour is and what bad behaviour is. Good behaviour 1. Maintaining punctuality 2. Having fun together 3. Sharing 4. Practicing healthy habits 5. Practicing coping skills 6. Maintaining good inter-personal relationships 7. Finding time to talk about your feelings 8. Show respect to others 9. Keeping your promises 10. Maintaining your integrity 11. Helping people in doing the right thing 12. Adding value to your life 13. Being empathetic 14. Being always ready to help others 13  15. Giving more than you act 16. Appreciating others 17. Being happy with others’ achievements These are the few examples with which one can modulate behaviour in day-to-day life. It can be better if one knows about bad behaviour. Wrong or Bad behaviour 1. Disrespecting others 2. Lying, cheating, deceiving others and stealing 3. Not keeping promises 4. Comparing oneself with others 5. Not accepting someone in group 6. Engaging in violent talk 7. Aggression 8. Leading indiscipline life 9. Jealousy and anger 10. Taking alcoholic products 11. Showing negative reactions 12. Gambling 13. Gossiping about others 14. Selfish attitude 15. Torturing and putting stress on others 16. Creating pressure on others’ minds Education always provides the environment to modulate your behaviour. It’s in your hands to decide how to behave. It’s your personality which reflects in your behaviour, body language, attitudes, reactions, activities and goodness. As we are human beings, anger, jealousy, aggression and poor understanding are common things between us, but our responsibility is to modulate and change our behaviour. We must inculcate professional attitudes, positive attitudes and accepted behaviour of society. 4.3.4- Overall Personality Development Personality development is considered to be one of the most important objectives of education. The complete development of an individual in terms of physical, social, moral, financial and spiritual depends on proper education. The combination of qualities and 14 characteristics that form an individual’s distinctive character is called personality. Overall personality development depends on the following aspects- You must know yourself. You need to know what your weaknesses and what your strengths are. Having a positive outlook Sharing your opinions Trying to make friends with strangers Being a good listener Correcting your body language Being courteous Reading books as they are your friends In simple terms, personality refers to individual differences in thinking, feeling and behaving. Personality development is a process which helps the individual to gain confidence and high self-esteem and the courage to do the work. It helps in good communication, maintaining inter-personal relationships, to gain recognition and acceptance from society. It plays a most important role in your personal as well as professional life. It also makes an individual disciplined, punctual, obliged, committed to work and ultimately, an asset for an organisation. So, overall personality development helps the individual to become a valuable human being, a worthy human resource and a good human who is acceptable to all. 4.4. Difference between academic qualifications and ability Academic qualifications and ability are two different dimensions of human life. Academic qualifications refer to the accomplishment of a degree with a certificate as proof and ability. These refer to the skill to do a work. As an individual, a student should acquire qualifications for certain jobs. These include degrees, diplomas and certificate courses. The qualifications are to be achieved as per your choice, intellect, knowledge and interest to study; something which is based on your aim to become a specific professional. On the other hand, the skills make you a better professional. There is a saying “karmesu kousalam” - It means every work has to be done with specific skills. Few jobs require qualifications with skills. In many cases, even though qualifications are there (many certificates) but due to lack of skills, your performance may not be good or may not be satisfactory. On the other hand, if someone is a good typist, singer, painter, dancer or actor having good communication skills, cooking, farming, business, selling skills, then he/she needs no qualifications. Here, however, qualifications help. You may be a good cook, however, if you know the nutritional values of 15 ingredients, the quantity of food to be cooked, recipe, procedure of cooking it helps. You must also know the food needs of the family, patient, health condition of children and adults. Similarly, a singer must learn about the throw of the voice. In fact, a born singer, cook, tailor etc. becomes a better singer, cook or tailor through training and the acquisition of domain knowledge. Qualifications may not give you jobs sometimes. It is only a pathway to appear for interviews. Jobs require skills and abilities. In the present time, either you perform or perish, you have to choose one of the alternatives. Your performance requires basic skills like computational skills, communication skills, soft skills, financial knowledge, accountancy, budgeting, reasoning, aptitude, basic mathematics, English as well as Odia writing skills. So, one has to be qualified as well as equipped with skills. Your performance determines your skills. Your skills and abilities are your qualifications. Knowledge combined with skills leads to karmesu kousalam or work with skills. Theory and practice, and knowledge and skills go hand in hand. One fulfils the other. 4.5. Academic failure could be a failure within the classroom but not outside (I.e., failed in examinations, passed in life.) The concept of ‘academic failure’ must be understood by the students. Many bright and intelligent students have lost their lives because of academic failure. When they could not meet the expectations of teachers and parents, they have committed suicide or destroyed their life by taking drugs and damaging their career. So, one should understand what is academic failure. Academic failure means lack of success in education and loss of academic achievement. Academic performance includes academic failure. Academic failure happens due to many reasons such as personal, financial and social. So, it can be achieved again. One should not be stressed if some points or marks are lost due to some mistakes. Failing in the examination is not a big problem but it creates a big challenge relating to how to pass in human life for sustenance. For a successful, healthy, sociable, and acceptable life with the family and within society one has to be self-sufficient. This life is a gift of God and academic performance is only one way to evaluate yourself. If you have failed again, you have to evaluate other aspects of your life. Life has many colours like the rainbow. So, try to choose the colours from the rainbow and paint your life. All colours are reflected in the sky. So, sky is not the limit, life is limitless. So, choose your career and choose your destiny. Academic failure will be for one course but failing in life is a failure of one’s whole future. There is no such thing called academic failure. Don't be afraid to fail. In fact, failures often lead to success. It has been seen from various quarters that a person’s failure in academic activities 16 has later lead him/her to become a great corporate leader or carry out other challenging activities for the nation and society. Academic achievement is a continuous process. Academic failure can be due to wrong choice of a discipline (like science, arts, commerce, engineering, medicine etc.).Parents sometimes impose a discipline on their children which is not well suited to them. Sometimes, you do not make the right choice due to peer pressure or even out of ignorance. One should consult experts, take an aptitude test, consult professionals of education and career counsellors. One must gain basic knowledge before opting for a subject and the knowledge gap must be addressed. Yes, if you do not have mathematical skills needed for studying economics, you can acquire it. Bridge courses will help you. You may have learning difficulty like lack of concentration, low memory power or even lack of interest. All these can be addressed with professional help. Sometimes, students develop relationship problems with family members, friends from opposite sex, friends and with teachers etc. You must take your teachers /parents/even friends into confidence. You can help yourself. Many a time student don’t work hard enough to succeed. Low self-confidence sometimes affects our performance. Please develop a positive attitude. Tell yourselves “Hum honge kamiyab”. We will succeed. 4.6- National Education Policy 2020 4.6.1-Principles of National Education Policy 2020 The purpose of the education system is to develop good human beings capable of rational thought and action, possessing compassion and empathy, courage and resilience, scientific temper and creative imagination, with sound ethical moorings and values. It aims at producing engaged, productive citizens for building an equitable, inclusive and plural society, as envisaged in our Constitution. A good educational institution is one in which every student feels welcomed and cared for, where a safe and stimulating learning environment exists, where a wide range of learning experiences are offered and where good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources conducive to learning are available to all students. Attaining these qualities must be the goal of every educational institution. However, at the same time, there must also be seamless integration and coordination across institutions and across all stages of education. The fundamental principles that will guide both the education system at large, as well as the individual institutions within it are: 17  Recognising, identifying and fostering the unique capabilities of each student by sensitizing teachers as well as parents to the need to promote each student’s holistic development in both academic and non-academic spheres According highest priority to achieving foundational literacy and numeracy by all students, by Grade-3 Flexibility, so that learners have the ability to choose their learning trajectories and programmes and thereby choose their own paths in life according to their talents and interests No hard separations between arts and sciences, between curricular and extra- curricular activities between vocational and academic streams etc. in order to eliminate harmful hierarchies among and silos between different areas of learning Multidisciplinary and holistic education across the sciences, social sciences, arts, humanities and sports for multifaceted world in order to ensure the unity and integrity of all knowledge Emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than rote learning and learning-for- exams Creativity and critical thinking to encourage logical decision –making and innovation Ethics and human and constitutional values like empathy, respect for others, cleanliness, courtesy, democratic spirit, spirit of service, respect for public property, scientific temper, liberty, responsibility, pluralism, equality and justice Promoting multilingualism and the power of language in teaching and learning Life skills such as communication, cooperation, teamwork and resilience Focus on regular formative assessment for learning, rather than the summative assessment that encourages today’s coaching culture Extensive use of technology in teaching and learning, removing language barriers, increasing access for divyang students and educational planning and management Respect for diversity and respect for local contexts in all educational decisions to ensure that all students are able to thrive in the education system Synergy in curricula across all levels of education from early childhood through school education up to higher education. Teachers and faculty as the heart of the learning process-their recruitment, continuous professional development, positive working environments and service conditions A “ light but tight” regulatory framework to ensure integrity, transparency and resource efficiency of the educational system through audit and public disclosure 18  while encouraging innovation and out-of-the-box ideas through autonomy ,good governance and empowerment Outstanding research as a co-requisite for outstanding education and development Continuous review of progress based on sustained research and regular assessment by educational experts Rootedness and pride in India and its rich, diverse, ancient and modern culture and knowledge systems and traditions Education is a public service. So, access to quality education must be considered a basic right of every child. Substantial investment in a strong, vibrant public education system as well as the encouragement and facilitation of true philanthropic private and community participation 4.6.2- The Vision of National Education Policy 2020 The National Education Policy envisions an education system rooted in Indian ethos that contributes directly to transforming India, that is Bharat, sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society ,by providing high-quality education to all and thereby making India a global knowledge superpower The policy envisages that the curriculum and pedagogy of our institutions must develop among students with a deep sense of respect towards the fundamental duties and Constitutional values , bonding with one’s own country and a conscious awareness of one’s own roles and responsibilities in a changing world.The vision of the policy is to instil among the learners a deep-rooted pride in being Indian, not only in thought , but also in spirit , intellect and deeds as well as to develop knowledge ,skills, values and dispositions that support responsibilities , commitment to human rights, sustainable development and living, and global wellbeing ,thereby reflecting the truly global citizen. 19  Success Stories Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) is a noted American inventor and businessman. He was a self-educated person. He had patented more than 500 inventions. He is credited with some prominent inventions like electric bulb, phonograph, kinetoscope and Dictaphone. Michael Faraday (1797-1867) was a great scientist. He had attended only Sunday school at a church and had no university education. He worked as a book binder early in his life and educated himself by reading books that came to him for binding. He invented the first electric motor. His contribution to physics and chemistry were fundamental. William Henry Gates III known as Bill Gates, was the co-founder of Microsoft and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. He was a Harvard University dropout. His passion for computer programming turned him into the pioneer of famous software company Microsoft, and established him as the youngest self-made billionaire. He is one of world’s richest business person.Since 1987, Bill Gates has been included in the Forbes list of the world’s wealthiest people, and from 1995 to 2017 he held the title of the richest person every year. Steve Paul Jobs (1955–2011) was the co-founder and chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. He is widely recognized as a pioneer of the personal computer revolution. He attended the Reed College in 1972 and withdrew himself afterwards. He was not academically an achiever. In 1985, Jobs was forced out of Apple after a long power struggle with the company’s board. He started his own company NeXT, a computer platform development company. In 1997, Jobs returned to Apple as CEO after the company’s acquisition of NexT. “Think different” was his principle. iPad, iPod, iMac, iPhone, Apple Store, iTunes and iTunes Store etc., are his gifts to the world. Sanjukta Panigrahi(1944–1997) was a dancer from India. She was the pioneer of Odisi Dancer. She learnt Odissi at an early age and contributed to its grand revival. She had left academics at an early age. She was trained and educated at Kalakshetra Foundation. With her never-ending effort she raised Odissi to new heights when dance was not given importance by families and it was discouraged. She was honored with one of India’s high civilian awards, Padma Shri, in 1995. Interest, passion for her work, immortalised her. 20  Sachin Tendulkar, (The famous cricketer), is regarded as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket. He is the all-time highest run scorer in both ODI and Test format with more than 18000 runs. He received the Arjuna Award in 1994 for his outstanding sporting achievements and Khel Ratna award, India’s highest sporting honour, in 1997. He had no college education. Hard work, passion and practice made him a nationally and internationally acclaimed personality. Awanish Sharan is a Chhattishgarh cadre IAS officer. He had secured only 44.5% marks in th the 10 examination and graduated with 60.7%. He became an IAS officer despite being a below average student. He qualified in the toughest examination of the country. He belongs to an extremely poor/financially weak family and he had studied in Hindi medium school. He was not a bright student, but one thing he had was his strong desire to study, to work hard and to achieve his goal. There is no short-cut to achieve success; it’s in your hands to strive to reach the goal. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of Nation was never an outstanding student, yet his life and achievement still provide a compelling example of great success.The patience, moral values, understanding, practicality, punctuality, hard work, simplicity, ideals and values of life could make him the Father of the Nation. Failure makes you perfect. Failure shows the path to success. Failure makes you disciplined. Failure is the pillar of success. 4.7- Summing-up To apprise students of the true meaning and objectives of education To make students conscious of their rights to learn, and educate them along with a sense of commitment to society To explore their hidden talents through participation in different activities The introduction of this chapter provides a fundamental understanding of “education”. “Sa Vidya Ya Vimuktaye-Education which liberates one from darkness, ignorance, illiteracy, poverty, hunger, disease and conflict”. The highest goal of education is to bring a better life and eradicate ignorance from society. It is the preparation for life and a continuous process of progress. The meaning of education has four aspects i.e.-Education is a right as well as a commitment. It explains the Right to Education, Eighty-sixth Amendment Act, 2002 and article 21-A in which the Constitution of India provides free 21  and compulsory education to all children in the age-group of six to fourteen years as a fundamental right. Handling of success and failure is the most important challenge for a student and everyone else. As they always go together, one must remember “Failure is the pillar of success”. Academic failure could be a failure in one course or subject, or getting low marks, and it is limited to a particular field of study. But life is a bigger platform, where one can flourish in many aspects. 4.8- Keywords Education: The act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing powers of reasoning and judgement and generally, of preparing oneself and others for leading an intellectually mature life Commitment: An agreement or pledge to do something in future Active Learning: Students learning by thinking, discussing, investigating and creating and also by solving problems, making discussions, taking decisions and explaining ideas Self-Monitoring-It’s a personality trait that involves the ability to monitor and regulate self-presentations, emotions and behaviour in response to situations and social environments. Co-Curriculum- An activity pursued in addition to the normal course of study Extra-Curriculum-All activities outside the normal curriculum Success-The accomplishment of an aim or purpose Failure- Lack of success, proving unsuccessful, non-performance of something expected Academic failure-Lack of success in education which leads to the loss of opportunities for receiving higher education, and to social and economic losses. Ability- Skills to do something, Talent, skills or proficiency in a particular area. Academic Qualification: The academic training conferring certificates, diplomas or degrees indicating the successful completion of an education program or a stage of a program 22  Bridge course-A bridge course for newly admitted students is conducted every year before the commencement of the first semester classes. The main objective of the course is to bridge the gap between subjects studied at the pre-university level and subjects they would be studying at the graduation level. 4.9- Check your progress Q-1. Answer in two or three sentences: (a) Sa Vidya ya vimuktaye (b) Definition of Education (c) Right to Education (d) Sustainable development goal-04 (e) Active learning (f) Self-Monitoring (g) Co-curricular activities and extra-curricular activities (h) Handling success and failure (i) Character building (j) Behaviour modulation (k) Good behaviour and bad behaviour (l) Self-discipline (m) Overall personality (n) Academic qualification v/s Ability (o) Academic failure Q-2. Answer in 50 words: (a) Explain education as a right as well as commitment. (b) Differentiate between active learning and self-monitoring. (c) Explain about education as a fundamental right. (d) What is the importance of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities? (e) How should one handle success and failure in an academic career? (f) Education is not the quest for degrees and qualifications. Discuss. (g) Explain the role of education in character building? (h) What do you mean by character building? (i) How should one modulate one’s behaviour? (j) What is overall personality? (k) What is the difference between academic qualifications and abilities? 23  (l) Academic failure is not a failure. Explain? (m) What are the steps to improving one’s life? (n) Failure is a pillar of success. Explain? (o) What is the vision of NEP 2020? Q-3. Answer in 250 words: (a) Define education and explain the statement: “Education is a fundamental right” (b) Why is education a right as well as a commitment? (c) What are sustainable development goals of education 2030? (d) Explain the provision of education as per the directive principle of state policy. (e) Describe the importance of co-curricular and extra-curricular activities at higher education institutions? (f) What are the objectives of education? (g) Real education builds character. Briefly discuss. (h) Explain the difference between academic qualifications and abilities. (i) Explain the statement “Failed in examination and passed in life”. (j) How can academic failure be a path to success in life? (k) How can the overall personality of students be built up? (l) State the principles of NEP 2020. 4.10- Suggested Reading Tom Bentley. Learning beyond the Classroom: Education for a Changing World (1998) Education System in India: Issues, Challenges and Problems J. Krishnamurti. Education and the Significance of life Selected works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol-6 24  Unit-4 Ethical Values for Student Life 4.2 Challenges for Ethical Practices in Institutions of Higher Education 4.2.0 Objectives 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Meaning and concept 4.2.2.1- Ragging 4.2.2.2- Suicide 4.2.2.3- Need for educational counselling 4.2.3Violence v/s Peaceful protest 4.2.3.1 Violence 4.2.3.2 Peaceful protest 4.2.3.3 Violence v/s Peaceful protest 4.2.3.4 Conflict Resolution 4.2.4 Violation of Intellectual Property Rights 4.2.4.1 Intellectual Property Right (IPR) 4.2.4.2 Plagiarism 4.2.4.3 Cheating in examination 4.2.4.4- Other fraudulent practices 4.2.5 Let us sum up 4.2.6 Keywords 4.2.7 Check Your Learning 4.2.8 Suggested Reading 1 4.2.0 Objectives Ethical practices constitute the foundation of higher learning. As major stakeholders of the academic community, faculty and students have a responsibility to abide by ethical principles regarding academic freedom, intellectual integrity, fair and respectful treatment to others. It is being observed that these principles are missing these days. Ragging, suicide cases, violence, cheating, and fraudulent practices are evident in higher education institutions. As the students are the future of the nation, they should be more concerned about the ethical practices. This chapter will make you Understand the essence of ethical practices. Learn ethical responsibility. Conscious about the need to lead a disciplined life and not to get involved in violent and fraudulent practices. 4.2.1 Introduction Ethical principles and practices must guide the behaviour of the individual. Ethical codes of conduct and standards are given in official student handbooks or in the college websites, which are to be followed by the students. The intention is to modulate behaviour, develop an ethically responsible human being and also to develop disciplined, non-discriminatory attitudes, love and affection, obligations, moral responsibility and formation of overall personality of students. 4.2.2 Meaning and concept 4.2.2.1 Ragging The word “ragging” is very commonly known to everyone. The Higher learning institutions are facing a lot of problems due to ‘ragging’. So, it is essential to make students aware of this unethical practice, which will make them face imprisonment, damage their careers and also may get them debarred from joining and appearing to any professional jobs due to the tag of being a criminal. Ragging is a criminal offence as per a Supreme Court ruling. It is an offence under the Indian Penal Code and under section 116 of the Karnataka Education Act 1983. The Ethical principles, moral values and a sense of responsibility are to be ingrained and should become an intrinsic characteristic of students. A student should give respect to teachers and also follow the rules established for them. A disciplined student is disciplined in all respect in society. Students should take academic responsibility, maintain integrity and practice self-discipline. Life can be understood through the love and affection of friends at college, sharing of joys as well as failures, 2 handling stress, taking responsibility, and helping each other for career growth. Ultimately, this will help students grow ethically and acquire strength to face the challenges of life. So, ethical practices mean the application of ethics, values, principles, and code of conduct in an organisation. It is applicable to all aspects of organisational conduct. Students as well as teachers or employees of higher learning institutions must follow an ethical conduct. It will help to inculcate qualities such as respecting each other, caring for each other, positive friendship, and acceptance. The Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has given a more comprehensive meaning of ragging-Ragging is any disorderly conduct, whether by words spoken or written, or by an act which has effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness of any student, indulging in rowdy or indiscipline activities which cause or are likely to cause annoyance, hardship or psychological harm or to raise fear or apprehension thereof in a fresher or a junior student and, which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the psyche of a fresher or a junior student. In 2001, the Supreme Court banned ragging across India. Death of students, fear psychosis, damage of careers and also physical and mental torture still persist in some higher learning centres. The case of the death of Aman Kachru, a student of a medical college in Dharmasala due to ragging in 2009, prompted the Supreme Court to direct all educational institutions in the country to strictly follow the Anti-ragging, Law. In fact, the impact of ragging was very high in South India. As per the report, many students committed suicides in South India. According to the statistics, the highest number of cases of ragging was found in 1997 in Tamil Nadu. So, Tamil Nadu became the first state where ragging was completely banned in 1997. If at any point colleges/universities/ higher learning institutions do not follow the rules or ignore the matter then legal action can be taken against them. University Grants Commission (UGC) has formed strict rules related to the behaviour of students. Some states in India have passed their own legislations on ragging. Central legislations track Ragging in India through the Indian Penal Code (Section 294,323,325,326,339,340,341,342,506). UGC regulations on controlling ragging activities were initiated for higher educational institutions in 2009.AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education) and Medical Council of India have made their own regulations under their respective Acts. So, students who are future citizens and human resources should not damage their lives, careers, and conduct by indulging in such activities. Let us create a ragging-free campus, accept our freshers as the great alumni, and accept them as friends, brothers and sisters. It’s a great responsibility of students to maintain the sanctity of their institution as a temple of learning. The stakeholders of the institutions are idols who can protect the college with great moral strength, responsibility, obligation and ethical ways of life. 3  Negative Impacts of Ragging You will be considered as a criminal. You will destroy your career. You will be imprisoned for this activity. You will lead a life of a destitute in society. You may get life time imprisonment in the case of death of the victim. You may be debarred from college. You will not be allowed to appear for a job interview. Your career will not be accepted for any professional service. 4.2.2.2 Suicide ‘Suicide’ is one of the major social issues found affecting students. Mental health is an important concern for all. Higher education institutions have the great responsibility to take care of the mental health of their students. Mental illness of students leads to suicide or killing himself/herself. Students who are suffering from mental illness are not able to control academic stress, peer pressures because of problems with their parents or family. Finally, they decide to commit suicide. The term ‘suicide’ is derived from the Latin word “Suicidium” means “the act of taking one’s own life”. There are many factors responsible for suicide, which include: Failure in academics Stress Incompetence Mental disorder Conflict Lack of inter-personal relationships Adventure due to influence of social media, advertisements or stories Unemployment or low socio-economic conditions Loss of near and dear ones Falling into the trap of substance abuse Discrimination Psychological and mental illnesses 4  Fear Depression Poor life- skills Being an Introvert Isolated life Non acceptance of failure Non adjustment to the situation Suicidal tendency is prevalent among college students. At least, every hour one student is dying by killing himself/herself in India. So, higher education institutions have the moral responsibility of understanding students’ minds. Each stakeholder and the authorities need to be very sensitive to the state of a student’s mind, what the student is doing, talking about and how he/she spends time and what are their actions, attitudes of the students. College is a time of significant transition; many students live away from home for the first time and have less contact with and access to family and friends. So, adjusting to the new environment, fresh challenges of academic demands, peer pressure and a stressful life are a very difficult task for a student. Many students come to college with a prior history of mental ill health, family stress and personal difficulties. Teachers, hostel authorities, friends and college employees have the moral responsibility to get connected with students and give them moral support at every moment. So, as a student or a friend, here are ways in which you can help someone who is in a depressed mood or showing a suicidal tendency. Inform the authorities immediately Inform parents Show interest and be supportive Do not share the secrets others confide in you Offer one hope that alternatives are available Do not leave the person alone Do not be judgemental Try to avoid talk of suicide. Consult a counsellor. Give confidence. Assist persons who need any help. 5  Suicide is not an alternative or solution to the challenges of life. Yes, life is not a bed of roses. But the beauty of life is realised only after facing a lot of challenges. God has given us a brain, a healthy body, mind and some support. So let us try to survive and flourish with these. The best comes out of the worst and only the fittest survive. Students are real stress-handlers, real counsellors, and a source of real strength for their friends. So, let us not allow our friend to die and let us try to put a smile on his/her face. 4.2.2.3- Need for educational counselling Educational counselling refers to providing assistance and guidance to students to choose career paths and to opt for better courses or programmes of study, which will accord with their interest and preferences. Many a time students fail to get an opportunity to pursue a career of their preference. This problem arises because of low marks, due to non-availability of seats, not getting a seat at their preferred colleges, financial constraints and many more issues. At this point of time, educational counselling is essential. To resolve these issues, educational counsellors must interact with students, create interest in them, show the opportunities available for them and also help them choose a career not just for study but for the enrichment of their lives. Many a time student never get good educational counsellors so they get biased in selecting a career. Once a wrong step in your career is taken, you cannot get back the time you spent on it. So, it would always be better for students to receive proper educational counselling to opt for career suitable options. Career opportunities are not limited. Our responsibility is to find out the right opportunity and embrace it. Every student has some potential, some skills and some knowledge but he/she does not know how to utilise them. It is the responsibility of teachers, career counselling cells and the authorities to give them exposure of knowledge and open the doors for the students to fly. Right career and right job are like two sides of a coin. When one is choosing a career, he/she must have a very clear idea about what scopes are there and what types of jobs are available. The greater responsibility of educational counsellors is to give guidance and to provide exposure in a particular career and show the path to achieve success in fulfilling career goals. Career achievement is the academic journey of a student. He/she must undertake it and come out with flying colours. 6 4.2.3 Violence v/s Peaceful protest 4.2.3.1 Violence ‘Violence’ means behaviour involving physical force intended to hurt, damage or kill someone or something. In other words, it is the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened in actual activities, against a group or community that either results in injury, death, psychological harm, mal -development or deprivation. As students are adolescents and due to hormonal changes, they are sometimes aggressive and show violence- prone behaviour. It affects the entire educational environment of the higher learning institutions. Anger, aggression, and conflict can be controlled in many ways, but once someone’s life is at stake or huge destruction occurs, institutions cannot be repaired or restored. All higher education institutions are built up with the efforts of teachers, students and parents’ and through contributions in terms of effort, taxes, cash and kind. When we damage public property, we damage our own property. Our educational institutions are like our home, where we spend maximum hours of our life. We build our skills, knowledge, behaviour, personality and also build our career. The body can be cured but if any damage happens to the institution, it requires a lot of time to get re-shaped. We are the gardeners, so our responsibility is to water and protect the garden, which enhances the of our beauty through flowers with fragrance. There are lots of factors responsible for violence. They are biological, social, cognitive and situational factors. The biological factors refer to some neurological disorders, psychological problems, behavioural changes due to chemical influences of aggression and violence. Socialisation factors refer to those processes through which a person learns patterns of thinking, behaviour and feeling from his or her early life experiences. These influence the behaviour of a person. Violence-prone attitudes are reflected in reactions, talking styles and modes of behaviour. Cognitive factors refer to ideas, beliefs and patterns of thinking. Violence- prone individuals have different ways of interpreting life. They generally accept the violence as a norm and believe it is the right way of life and prefer to be members of violent groups or gangs. They involve themselves in anti-social activities. Situational factors refer to the elements and characteristics of the environment such as steps, aggression, abusive behaviour, stress or illegal activities which encourage violent behaviour in others. Sometimes conflict between two students leads to conflict between two groups and then it takes the shape of a violent attack and violent protest. A peaceful 7  situation or ambience should be the priority of all educational institutions. Some situations lead to violence. These are factors which are responsible for causing violence. All higher learning institutions should keep an eye on students’ behaviour. The majority of offenders snap, bite and kill their victims. Campus violence is a hazardous activity for students, who come to a college for a safe and sound learning purpose. A college is a place that inculcates a sense of unity, independence, freedom and sharing of views. A safe campus environment is one in which students, faculty and staff are free and feel comfortable to carry out their activities. A violence- prone campus is hunted by the fear of violence. The effect of violence on the campus in higher education institutions cannot be measured. It damages the image of the institution, destroys the career of the students and encourages miscreants in the campus. Various kinds of violence included- Rape Assault, fighting, mugging Physical violence Harmful acts which target specific individuals or groups Casual violence known as wilding Suicide Ragging There are different laws and verdicts of the Supreme Court against violence. UGC guidelines direct the universities, colleges and educational management to take strict action against bullies and offenders on pain of either disassociating, in the case of a college or cutting down financial assistance if it is a university. The Supreme Court of India took serious note of ragging in 2001, when in Vishwa Jagriti Mission, through President v/s Central Government through Cabinet Secretary and others (1998) it set out guidelines to deal with this phenomenon. In Vishakha Vs. State of Rajasthan and others (1997) the Supreme Court recognised the omnipresent phenomenon of sexual harassment of women in Indian society. The Court defined sexual harassment as unwelcome behaviour including physical contact, demand or request for sexual favours, sexually- coloured remarks, exhibiting pornography and other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of a sexual nature. There are punishments under the Indian Penal Code against acts of ragging. Every single occurrence of ragging or abetting in ragging puts an obligation on the institution to get an 8  FIR registered. There are provisions on the IPC, which can be used by student to register an FIR in a police station (Anti-Ragging Laws in India,2018) Besides, laws for ensuring a safe and violence-free campus can be created through the following steps: ▪ Conveying clear expectations for the conduct among students, faculty, staff and visitors ▪ Supporting healthy group norms ▪ Helping students to avoid harm through such measures as escort services and self- defence programmes. ▪ Providing a range of support services for students including mental health services, crisis management and compassionate services to victims. ▪ Safe campuses with CCTV surveillance and proper security arrangements A violence- free campus can be created of when our students take responsibility of the campus. They should feel as if they are in their own homes, playgrounds, friend-circle and knowledge centres. The sense of safety can be conceived through healthy minds and safety approaches towards life. Let’s have a safe campus full of happiness. There should be no quarrels, no conflicts, no violence, no discrimination and no arguments. Love and affection are the real keys to a peaceful campus. Discipline comes only when there is understanding, good inter-personal relationship between student groups, a healthy competition between rivals and an eagerness to achieve the career goals. So, let’s have a disciplined life, attain career goals, spread happiness and avoid violence. 4.2.3.2 Peaceful protest Life is a very complex system. It includes the capacity for growth, reproduction, functional activities and continual changes proceeding to death. To give justice to life, human beings struggle in various ways in society. The work, actions, decisions and ways to achieve success and goals are contributed by human efforts. Sometimes mistakes, wrong approaches, selfish interests dominate the human mind and ultimately an individual takes wrong steps. When any action is meant as a peaceful protest, or is known as nonviolent resistance or non-violent action, the act of expressing disapproval through a statement or action without the use of violence. There are different types of peaceful protests such as boycotts, sitting, squatting, civil disobedience and non-cooperation. The Supreme Court, in its judgement, has upheld “the right to peaceful protest as a constitutional right. Which is rightly observed in “Freedom of speech, right to assemble and demonstrate by holding dharanas and peaceful agitation”. On the other hand, if you are causing any harm or engaging in 9 violence or causing damage to the property, if you cannot be said to be engaged in peaceful protest. The great example of peaceful protest is ‘Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violence for resistance that helped to end British rule in India and achieved Independence”. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful protest against unethical decision. It includes the right to hold meetings, strikes, rallies, events. It serves as a vehicle for bringing about change. Students should be the vehicles of change. If they protest against the unethical practices like cheatings during examinations, using unethical means to get good marks, protest against drug and alcohol abuses while respecting each other’s opinions then there will be transformations in the sphere of education. It can only happen when each student protests individually and independently. Each student must spread such messages and promise not to get involved in any unethical practices. Protest does not mean to demanding something, or going on strike. It should be to bring change, to create a disciplined community and to be a role model for others. Protest assured of bringing peace and maintaining a harmonious environment in the campus. Law, rules and policies are instruments means to control violent activities but maintaining peace, harmony and protesting peacefully for a greater cause, are the real instruments to usher change in society. Laws related to Right to Protest Right to Freedom of Assembly – Article 19(1)(c):Individuals have the freedom to peacefully congregate in order to question and object to government actions through demonstrations, agitations, and public assemblies, as well as to form long-term protest movements. The Right to protest peacefully is enshrined in the Indian Constitution—Article 19(1)(a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression; Article 19(1)(b) assures citizens the right to assemble peaceably and without arms. Article 19(2) imposes reasonable restrictions on the right to assemble peaceably and without arms. These reasonable restrictions are imposed in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence. In the Ramlila Maidan Incident v/s. Home Secretary, Union of India &Others. case (2012), the Supreme Court stated, “Citizens have a fundamental right to assembly and peaceful protest which cannot be taken away by an arbitrary executive or legislative action.” 10  Right to protest: Restrictions- This is a fundamental right but if it is in a nonviolent form, then the government can accept these protests. If the protests violate the following norms then strict action can be taken on the public- 1. -Protest is an acceptable exercise unless it damages and harms the security of the state. 2. - Friendly relations with neighboring countries are harmed 3. -Violation of public order 4. -Contempt of court 5. -The integrity and sovereignty are threatened The fundamental right to protest is protected under article 19 (1) (a), 19 (1) (b) and 19 (1) (c). Right to Freedom of Speech – Article 19(1)(a): The right to free speech and expression is translated into the freedom to publicly express one’s opinion on the activities of the government. Right to Freedom of Association- Article 19(1)(b): It is vital to have the right to form political organisations. These can be organised in order to challenge government activities collectively. Right to Freedom of Assembly – Article 19(1)(c): Individuals have the freedom to peacefully congregate in order to question and object to government actions through demonstrations, agitations, and public assemblies, as well as to lunch long-term protest movements. When these rights are combined, they allow anybody to peacefully gather and demonstrate against the state’s actions or inaction. The protests are for democracy, and the objective of the protest is to protect the integrity of laws in the country. 11  4.2.3.3 Violence v/s Peaceful protest The concepts of violence and peaceful protests are explained in this chapter. As a student we should know in what ways the concepts are different. Violence Peaceful Protest Behaviour involving physical force intended A non-violent resistance or non-violent act of to hurt, damage on kill someone or something. expressing disapproval through a statement or action without the use of violence. Violence does not have any positive result. A peaceful protest always gives a positive result. Violent action involves the use of physical A peaceful protest involves moral strength, force in an attempt to resolve the issue on and support to resolve an issue. demand. Violence always happens suddenly and A peaceful protest requires a consistent results in damage, destruction, physical harm protest against some unethical issue till the and bring no good outcome. goal is achieved. Violence happens between two or more Peaceful protest is always for the group, parties/individuals to advance self-interest. community and for greater interest. Violence occurs due to physiological, Peaceful protest always takes place to resolve cognitive, social and situational factors. for a socially relevant issue. Violence is legally prohibited Peaceful protest is legally permitted. 4.2.3.4 Conflict Resolution Human activities are based on agreement and disagreement. When someone is doing a particular work, and if that is not accepted by others, conflict arises. This is a human tendency. The term ‘conflict’ refers to a serious disagreement or argument between two individual, groups or community. A conflict is a struggle which arises due to a clash of interests, opinions, rights, demands and for personal benefits. It can be looked at in with a positive way. Conflicts can give a better option, alternative solutions to a problem, provide justice to a victim and help one understand other’s minds. At colleges, due to some issues conflict is created and innocent students become a part of this problem. Conflict leads to gang war and gang war leads to violent activities and ultimately, the result is damage to career and life which is irreparable. There are four types of conflict: 12  1. Conflict with the self 2. Conflict with others 3. Conflict with the environment 4. Conflict with the super -natural. It can otherwise be broadly divided derived into two categories – internal and external. Internal conflict arises due to one’s own opposing desires, whereas external conflict sets someone against something or someone beyond their control. So, a major responsibility lies in the resolution of conflicts. The concept of conflict resolution refers to an informal or formal process that two or more parties use to find a peaceful solution to their disputes, disagreements, or non-acceptance of any issue. Generally, conflict arises during organising a programme, events and sometimes while hosting them. The authorities need to be very vigilant about this. There are many steps which can be adopted to resolve the conflict. Step-1-Understand the issue Step-2- Identify the reasons of a conflict Step-3- Set a discussion time Step-4- Find a common solution Step-5- Taking steps to arrive at a compromise Step-6- Avoiding the problem- creating elements Step-7- Listen carefully to both the parties Step-8- Build confidence between the two parties and urge them to tell the truth Step-9- Appeal to their conscience Step-10- Provide a win solution Conflict resolutions can be initiated through the involvement of students, respecting their ideas and understanding problems address root causes. 4.2. Violation of Intellectual Property Rights 4.2.1- Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual Property Rights refer to patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant variety rights, trade dress, geographical indications and the innovatory products, results of research and the need to protect your innovative work. This legal right has to be claimed over your work. There are three important types of intellectual property protection. 13  Types of intellectual property protection Patents-If you have come up with new innovations, experimental results, research, findings you may protect your work by applying patents. This will give you the legal right as the owner on the said innovative work. Trademarks- This can be claimed by your business brand. Suppose you have a Start-up Company and you want to protect and legalise the brand, then you have to apply for your trademarks. Copyright- The Copyright is a type of intellectual property right which allows the owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adopt, display and perform any creative, or literary, idea or music, artistic or any educational write- up. Copyright includes exclusive rights such as reproduction, adoption, publication, performance and display. As per rules, the owner of the copyright can claim the ownership for works created after January 1, 1978 which lasts for the life of the author in addition to another 70 years after his death. Copyright is presented by this symbol i.e. for the works. Intellectual property rights are crucial for students. Students can protect their creations in the field of music, write-ups, innovations, new ideas, experiments, new products, and new brand. The Ownership is always essential for credentiality. But these things are unethically stolen away and someone else takes credit for innovation. This can be prevented only through building awareness of students. A genuine creation needs to be protected and ownership must be claimed by creators and credentials will be attached to their works. 4.2.4.2 Plagiarism ‘Plagiarism’ is today’s buzz word in research. Young generations should be aware of this concept. This is an unethical act. ‘Plagiarism’ means presenting or claiming someone else’s work or ideas as your own without his/her consent and also without acknowledging the original owner. All published, unpublished materials, manuscripts, printed and electronic content involve ownership. Copying others’ write-ups and claiming these to be yours constitute a theft and fraud. A writer who is copying others write-ups should give proper credit to the writer of the original and pay acknowledgement him/her. Plagiarism is of four types such as: 14  Direct Plagiarism- The word-by-word copy of someone’s work without quotation marks, source indications or reference numbers and without giving foot notes Self-Plagiarism- A type of Plagiarism in which the writer republishes a work entirely or reuses the portions of a previously written text while writing a new article. It means that if you are publishing the same work by copying the contents of one write- up then it is called self- plagiarism. Mosaic Plagiarism It is a type of Plagiarism when a writer borrows phrases from a source without using quotation marks or just replaces for the authors words with synonyms while keeping the same general structure, paragraphs, style and meaning of the original. This is also a fraudulent activity; one should not use the phrases without citing the source and using quotation marks. Accidental Plagiarism- It refers to a crucial type of plagiarism. It occurs when a person unintentionally neglects to cite their sources or misquotes their sources or unintentionally paraphrases a source by using similar words, groups of words and sentence structures without attribution. It commonly occurs due to lack of proper citation or wrong citation or neglecting to quote. The author or writer is the owner of all the words, sentences, paragraphs, thought processes and ideas. So, one should not copy these, one can read text and get the idea. The idea can be improved, can be justified with other dimensions and can be modified with innovations but cannot be copied directly. It can be permissible only with proper acknowledgment, source indication and reference numbers. Students should be aware of such things so that they can protect their write-ups and never copy any write ups and ideas from others. Innovation, thinking and creativity are real intellectual outputs of the students. Section 57 of the Copyright Act allows the author an exclusive right. It offers the author an opportunity to protect the work from unauthorised copy of the work. Section 63 of the Act considers violation copyright as a criminal offence. The punishment may include imprisonment for 6 months to 3years. So, students, lets us create our own content and not copy from others. It is a highly offensive and constitutes a criminal activity. 15 4.2.4.3 Cheating in Examination Cheating in the examination is the most common criminal offence by committed by students. It means engaging in dishonest practices and communicating in any way during an examination with another person inside or outside the examination hall. In simple terms, the undisciplined manner during the examination and keeping unauthorised materials during an examination. It can be easily explained in the following terms. Communicating in any way about examination questions with others students. Helping others during an examination Keeping write-ups, books or any other materials for cheating purposes. Using any digital gadget for copying or collecting information from outside. Giving or accepting assistance from any person who is not an invigilator. These illegal practices are not allowed in an examination hall. It will lead to damage to your career. You will be booked under mal-practice. So, one has to work very hard to secure good percentage of marks. If you prefer to copy, the marks which you will secure through copying will not be helpful in any way. Knowledge always prevails. You need to study, memorise, practice and understand concepts then only learning happens. So, it is always preferable to get marking your own efforts not seeking help from others. If you get the marks through your own hard work, then you will be an achiever and a successful person in society. So, avoid unethical practices and prepare yourself to become the best student your college. 4.4.1.6 Other Fraudulent Practices The opposite of ethical practices is fraudulent practices. Fraudulent practices refer to “any act of omission, including misrepresentation, that knowingly or recklessly misleads or attempts to mislead, a party to obtain financial benefits or to avoid obligation”. In simple terms, a fraudulent activity means being deliberately deceitful, dishonest or untrue. A higher learning institution owns the responsibility of creating professionals for all sectors of society. Students should be well versed with such knowledge so that they can safeguard the administration and eradicate the disease of ‘corruption’. Four types of terminology are used to understand the fraudulent behaviour i.e., corrupt practices, fraudulent practices, coercive practices and collusive practices. Corrupt practices refer to the offering, giving, receiving or soliciting directly or indirectly of anything in terms kind and money to influence for any personal benefit. 16  Fraudulent practices refer to the omission, including misrepresentation that knowingly or intentionally misleads, or attempts to mislead a party/person/organisation, to obtain a financial benefit or to avoid an obligation. Coercive practices mean harming, threatening to harm any person, property or someone influence improperly, directly or indirectly Collusive Practice refer to the “arrangement between two or more parties designed to achieve an improper purpose, influencing someone directly in a corrupt mass. Fraudulent activities and behaviour damage the integrity and lead to a corrupted society. Justice for common people is not achieved. Students are the future administrators. They must be conscious of these undesirable activities in society. Let us understand different types of fraudulent activities. Academic fraud Financial fraud Banking fraud Mail fraud Cyber fraud Debit and credit card fraud Voter fraud Healthcare fraud Tax refund fraud Internet fraud Licensing fraud Fraud in the medical sector Charities fraud Merchant fraud These fraudulent activities are persisting in many ways. Academic fraud- Related to examinations, cheating, partiality, plagiarism, Financial fraud- Deception, money laundering, offering money for illegal activities. Banking fraud- Stealing the personal financial information and swiping away the money. Mail fraud- Stealing data or information about someone or something through fraudulent schemes on mail 17  Cyber fraud- Intention to corrupt someone’s personal and financial information Debit and credit card fraud- Using someone’s credit card and debit card information illegally Voter fraud or electoral fraud- This involves illegal interference with the process of election Healthcare fraud- Intentionally deceiving the health care system to receive unlawful benefits or payments Tax refund fraud-Tax- related identity stealing occurs when someone uses your stolen personal information, including social security number to file a tax return. Internet fraud-Stealing data from Facebook, social media or internet platforms, phishing and identity theft etc. using virus, malware etc Licensing fraud- Using others licences specifically driver’s licences or illegal issue of licences. Fraud in the medical sector- Posing as doctors or medical associates, stealing organs or giving wrong prescription or dealing in fake medicines etc. for money- making. Charities fraud- The act of using deception to get money from people who believe they are making donations for a noble cause. Merchant fraud- When a fraudster poses as a merchant in order to process a transaction and steal the funds. To prevent and control these activities various legal codes are available. The Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 sets out the penal provisions concerning the majority of criminal offences in India. IPC penalises dishonest acts, misappropriation of property, criminal breach of trust, cheating and dishonesty including delivery of property, or forgery. Fraudulent behaviour exists in many ways as students are real stakeholders of the country, and they need to move towards to achieve a nation faced with fraud and corruption. 4.2.5 Let us sum up Objectives- To understand the essence of ethical practices To enable you to realise your ethical responsibilities To make you conscious of the need to lead a disciplined life 18  Ethical principles and practices provide guidelines to modulate the behaviour of the individual. Ragging is a misconduct which causes mental torture, physical torture, harassment, hardship and raises fear and psychological stress in students. This is an unethical practice which will lead the ragger (who indulge into such activity) to imprisonment. It damages his/her conduct and career and they will never qualify for any job and will be identified as criminals. ‘Suicide’ is a major social problem. The mental illness of students leads to suicide. Many factors are responsible for suicide among students. Academic failure is a major challenge. So, each stakeholder in higher learning institutions needs to be concerned about students and understand the mental health of their student. Educational counselling means providing assistance and guidance to students to help them choose suitable careers and to opt for a preference of study, which will be suit their interests and preferences. An educational counsellor’s responsibility is to show students right career options, give them confidence, encourage them by convincing them that every field is has its own platform to flourish. The pursuance of a career is always supported with ski