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# ROM Chips **1.5** Read Only Memory (ROM) chips are used for permanently storing instructions. These instructions are used by the computer when it boots up, before the operating system loads. The instructions are stored in a program called the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). The unique charac...

# ROM Chips **1.5** Read Only Memory (ROM) chips are used for permanently storing instructions. These instructions are used by the computer when it boots up, before the operating system loads. The instructions are stored in a program called the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS). The unique characteristics of ROM are: * Data stored in these chips is non-volatile, meaning the data isn't lost when the power is off. * Data in these chips is either unchangeable or requires specific operations to change. **1.5.1 Types of ROM** * **ROM:** Data in a standard ROM chip cannot be reprogrammed or rewritten. If the data needs updating, the chip must be replaced. * **PROM (Programmable ROM):** PROM chips can be inexpensively programmed using a special tool (PROM programmer or burner). * **EPROM (Erasable PROM):** EPROM chips can be reprogrammed multiple times, but they must first be removed from the motherboard and have all previous data erased. This is done using a PROM programmer or burner. * **EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM):** EEPROM chips don't need to be removed to be rewritten and the entire chip does not need to be erased. Only specific portions of the stored data can be changed. No special tools are needed. # RAM Chips **1.6** Random Access Memory (RAM) is found in desktop, laptop computers, tablets, smartphones, and printers. * **Volatile:** Data stored in RAM is only current while the device is on; it is lost when the device is turned off. * **DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module):** A small circuit board that holds RAM chips in the motherboard. * **Characteristics:** * Data in RAM chips is stored on the motherboard of the device. * RAM speed impacts the processing ability/speed of the computer (measured in GHz). * RAM capacity is measured in GigaBytes (GB). * The amount of RAM impacts how quickly a computer can process instructions. With more RAM, the CPU can process commands faster, without needing to access slower secondary storage. The amount of RAM influences the performance of the computer. When a computer restarts, the operating system and programs load into the RAM.