Paradigms Lec (5) Lecture Notes PDF

Paradigms Lec (5) Dania Mohamed Ahmed  Introduction In the realm of interactive systems, the central goal is to enable users to accomplish specific objectives within an application domain, thereby ensuring usability. Designers face two fundamen...

Paradigms Lec (5) Dania Mohamed Ahmed  Introduction In the realm of interactive systems, the central goal is to enable users to accomplish specific objectives within an application domain, thereby ensuring usability. Designers face two fundamental questions: 1. Development of Usability: How can interactive systems be designed and developed to ensure they are usable? This involves creating interfaces that are intuitive, efficient, and effective in supporting user tasks. 2. Measurement and Demonstration of Usability: How can the usability of an interactive system be assessed or demonstrated? This encompasses methods and metrics to evaluate user experience, satisfaction, and task performance One approach to answering these questions is by means of example, in which successful interactive systems are commonly believed to enhance usability and, therefore, serve as paradigms for the development of future products.  What are Paradigms The term "paradigm" refers to a model or pattern of something that serves as a typical example or reference point. It's used in various fields to signify a framework or set of assumptions that guides how people understand and interpret information. Scientific Paradigms: In science, paradigms are frameworks of understanding that encompass a set of accepted theories, principles, and methods within a scientific discipline. They guide research, shape hypotheses, and influence the interpretation of data. Examples include e.g., Aristotelian, Newtonian, and Einsteinian (relativistic) paradigms in physics  Paradigms For Interaction Example Paradigm Shifts: 1. Batch processing 2. Timesharing 3. Networking 4. Graphical display 5. WWW 6. Ubiquitous Computing  Batch processing Description: Batch processing is a computing paradigm where tasks (jobs) are collected, grouped together, and processed sequentially without user interaction during execution. It contrasts with interactive computing paradigms where users interact with the computer in real-time. Key Elements and Impact: 1. Job Submission: Users submit jobs (programs or tasks) to the computer system in batches. These jobs are typically stored in a queue until resources are available for execution. 2. Sequential Processing: Jobs are executed one after another, typically without user intervention once initiated. Each job runs to completion before the next job begins processing. 3. Efficiency in Large-scale Processing: Batch processing enabled efficient handling of large volumes of data and computational tasks, optimizing resource utilization and throughput. 4. Automation: Batch processing systems automate repetitive tasks and workflows, reducing the need for manual intervention and increasing operational efficiency. 5. Early Computing Environments: Batch processing systems were prevalent in early mainframe computing environments, where computing resources were expensive and centralized.  Batch processing Impersonal computing  Timesharing Time-sharing is a computing model where multiple users can simultaneously access and use a single computer system. Unlike batch processing, which handles jobs one at a time, time-sharing allows for real- time interaction, enabling users to get immediate feedback and share system resources efficiently. Key aspects include: 1. Real-time Interaction: Users interact directly with the computer, receiving instant responses rather than waiting for batch processing. 2. Resource Sharing: Time-sharing maximizes the use of expensive mainframe computers by allocating CPU time and memory among multiple users. 3. Multi-user Environments: Multiple users can log in and run tasks concurrently, each within their own session. 4. User Interfaces: It led to the development of interactive user interfaces, allowing users to enter commands and receive outputs directly. 5. Advancements in Networking: Time-sharing helped pave the way for networked computing, where computers can communicate and share resources over networks.  Timesharing Interactive computing  Networking 1. Early Networking Protocols (1960s-1980s) 2. Client-Server Architecture 3. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking 4. Cloud Computing 5. Internet of Things (IoT) 6. 5G and Beyond These paradigm shifts illustrate how networking technologies have evolved to meet changing demands for connectivity, efficiency, and scalability in an increasingly interconnected world. Each shift has contributed to shaping the landscape of modern networking, driving innovation and enabling transformative applications across industries and everyday life.  Networking @#$% ! ??? Community computing  Graphical display The evolution of graphical display technology has brought about several paradigm shifts, fundamentally altering how information is presented, interacted with, and perceived. Here are some notable examples of these shifts: 1. Text-based Displays to Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) 2. High-Resolution and Color Displays 3. 3D Graphics and Accelerated Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) 4. Mobile and Touchscreen Interfaces 5. Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) 6. Flexible and Wearable Displays  WWW The World Wide Web (WWW) has brought about several paradigm shifts since its inception, fundamentally altering how information is accessed, shared, and communicated globally. Here are key examples of these paradigm shifts: 1. Hyperlinking and Information Accessibility 2. Graphical Web Browsers 3. E-commerce and Online Transactions 4. Social Networking and User-generated Content 5. Mobile Web and Responsive Design 6. Semantic Web and Linked Data These paradigm shifts in the World Wide Web have transformed society, commerce, education, and communication on a global scale. They continue to drive innovation, shape digital ecosystems, and redefine how individuals, businesses, and organizations interact with information and technology in the digital age.  Ubiquitous Computing Ubiquitous Computing, also known as pervasive computing, involves seamlessly integrating computational capabilities into everyday objects and environments. The goal is to make computing omnipresent and often invisible to users, enhancing interactions with digital information and services. This paradigm shift is marked by:  Embedded Systems: Integrating computing into common objects.  Sensor Networks: Using sensors to gather and process data in real-time.  Wearable Devices: Incorporating technology into clothing and accessories.  Internet of Things (IoT): Connecting devices to enable pervasive connectivity. As ubiquitous computing evolves, it transforms technology from an accessory to a fundamental part of daily life, unlocking new possibilities and redefining our interactions with the digital world.  Programming toolkits A programming toolkit is a fundamental resource for developers, offering a comprehensive set of building blocks to simplify the creation of complex interactive systems. These toolkits typically include: 1. Pre-built Components: Modules for common functionalities like user interface elements (buttons, menus), data structures, input/output handling, and graphics rendering. 2. Abstraction of Complexity: Reusable components that simplify the implementation of interactive features, making complex tasks more manageable. 3. Cross-platform Compatibility: Support for multiple operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux) and devices (desktops, mobile), allowing code to be written once and deployed across different environments.  Programming toolkits 4. Integration with Ecosystems: Compatibility with other libraries, development tools, and third-party services, enhancing development efficiency. 5. Community and Support: Active developer communities offering forums, documentation, tutorials, and code samples. 6. Customizability and Extensibility: Options to customize and extend pre-built components to meet specific application needs. Overall, programming toolkits streamline development by providing essential resources and supporting flexible, efficient creation of interactive applications.