Logic Introduction

PHILOSO PHY LOGIC What is LOGIC? Logic is the study of correct reasoning based on the meaning of terms used.. the study of the laws of thought, correct reasoning, valid inference, or logical truth. It is a formal science that investigates how conclusions follow from propositions in a topic-n...

PHILOSO PHY LOGIC What is LOGIC? Logic is the study of correct reasoning based on the meaning of terms used.. the study of the laws of thought, correct reasoning, valid inference, or logical truth. It is a formal science that investigates how conclusions follow from propositions in a topic-neutral manner Logic …can include the act of reasoning by humans in order to form thoughts and opinions, as well as classifications and judgments. Some forms of logic can also be performed by computers and even animals. It includes both FORMAL and INFORMAL logic FORMAL logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths whereas INFORMAL logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory  FORMAL Logic is only interested in the form of arguments, expressed in a formal language, and focuses on deductive inferences  Logic is a process for making a conclusion and a tool you can use. The foundation of a logical argument is its proposition, or statement. The proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate (false). Premises are the propositions used to build the argument.  Theargument is then built on premises. Thenan inference is made from the premises. Finally, a conclusion is drawn. Logic in Philosophy Logic is a branch of philosophy. There are different schools of thought on logic in philosophy, but the typical version is called classical elementary logic or classical first- order logic. In this discipline, philosophers try to distinguish good reasoning from bad reasoning.  Logic in Mathematics Logic is also an area of mathematics. Mathematical logic uses propositional variables, which are often letters, to represent propositions.  4 types of LOGIC INFORMAL LOGIC FORMAL LOGIC SYMBOLIC LOGIC MATHEMATICAL LOGIC Informal Logic Informal logic is what’s typically used in daily reasoning. This is the reasoning and arguments you make in your personal exchanges with others.  Premises: Nikki saw a black cat on her way to work. At work, Nikki got fired. Conclusion: Black cats are bad Example luck. Explanation: This is a big generalization and can’t be verified  In formal logic, you use deductive reasoning, and the Formal Logic premises must be true. You follow the premises to reach a formal conclusion. Premises: Bicycles have two wheels. Jan is riding a bicycle. Conclusion: Jan is riding on two wheels. Explanation: The premises are true and so is the conclusion. Symbolic Logic Symbolic logic deals with how symbols relate to each other. It assigns symbols to verbal reasoning in order to be able to check the veracity of the statements through a mathematical process. You typically see this type of logic used in calculus. Example: Propositions: If all mammals feed their babies milk from the mother (A). If all cats feed their babies mother’s milk (B). All cats are mammals(C). The Ʌ means “and,” and the ⇒ symbol means “implies.” Conclusion: A Ʌ B ⇒ C Explanation: Proposition A and proposition B lead to the conclusion, C. If all mammals feed their babies milk from the mother and all cats feed their babies mother’s milk, it implies all cats are mammals. Mathematical Logic In mathematical logic, you apply formal logic to math. This type of logic is part of the basis for the logic used in computer sciences. Mathematical logic and symbolic logic are often used interchangeably. Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning provides complete evidence of the truth of its conclusion. It uses a specific and accurate premise that leads to a specific and accurate conclusion. With correct premises, the conclusion to this type of argument is verifiable and correct.  Premises:All people are mortal. You are a person. Conclusion: You are mortal.  Inductive Logic Inductive reasoning is "bottom up," meaning that it takes specific information and makes a broad generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. This type of reasoning usually involves a rule being established based on a series of repeated experiences.  Premises: Red lights prevent accidents. Mike did not have an accident while driving today. Conclusion: Mike must have stopped at a red light. Explanation: Mike might not have encountered any traffic signals at all. Therefore, he might have been able to avoid accidents even without stopping at a red light.  Follow the Logic you can use logic to solve problems and to draw conclusions. Sometimes those conclusions are correct conclusions, and sometimes they are inaccurate. When you use deductive reasoning, you arrive at correct logical arguments while inductive reasoning may or may not provide you with a correct outcome A Very Basic Introduction to Logic and Syllogistic Logic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJiLQnMXtxs