Anatomy PDF

Anatomy - It is the study of the structure of the body. Physiology - It is the study of the function of the body. Tissue - A group of cells with similar or common function. Organ system - A group of organs with similar or common function. Integumentary system - organ system that controls body temper...

Anatomy - It is the study of the structure of the body. Physiology - It is the study of the function of the body. Tissue - A group of cells with similar or common function. Organ system - A group of organs with similar or common function. Integumentary system - organ system that controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards Skeletal system - organ system that supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells Muscular system - organ system involves in movement, support and produces heat Gross Anatomy - It is the study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope Organization - This refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform specific functions. Growth - This refers to an increase in the size or number of cells or parts of the organism. Homeostasis - This refers to the existence and maintenance of a relatively constant environment within the body. Distal - A directional term which means farther from the point of attachment to the body? Deep - A directional term which means away from the surface? Pelvic Cavity - Trunk cavity that contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs Abdominal cavity - Trunk cavity that contains stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas & kidneys Cell - Basic unit of all living things Cell membrane - It is thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell Organelle - A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell Cytoplasm - A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended Nucleus - Organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA Endoplasmic reticulum - A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another Mitochondria - “Powerhouse” of the cell Ribosome - An organelle that is responsible for making proteins Mitosis - Cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes? All are function/s of cell:  Cell metabolism and energy use  Synthesis of molecules  Reproduction and inheritance Diffusion - It is the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent Osmosis - It is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane Osmotic pressure - It is the force required to prevent movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane Microtubules - Type of cytoskeleton that provide structural support, assist in cell division, forming essential components of certain organelles Microfilaments - Type of cytoskeleton that determine cell shape and involved in cell movement Cell Division - It is the formation of two daughter cells from a single parent cell Histology - It is the microscopic study of tissue structure. Epithelium - Types of tissue that covers and protects surfaces, both outside and inside the body Nervous - Types of tissue that is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities All are general characteristics of epithelial tissue:  Mostly composed of cells with very little extracellular matrix between them.  Covers body surfaces that include the exterior surface, lining of digestive, urinary, reproductive, & respiratory tracts, heart & blood vessels, and linings of body cavities.  Distinct cell surfaces All are Major function of Epithelia:  Protecting underlying structures  Acting as a barrier  Secreting substances Squamous - Cells are flat or scale-like. Columnar - Cells tend to be taller than they are wide. Glands - Structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into blood; primarily composed of epithelium, with a supporting network of connective tissue. Muscle tissue - Main function is to contract, or shorten, making movement possible. Inflammatory response - It is unpleasant but beneficial occurrence in the human body when tissues are damaged Chronic Inflammation - This results when the agent responsible for an injury is not removed or something else interferes with the healing process Chemical mediator - These are substances that are released or activated in the injured tissues and adjacent blood vessels Neutrophils - It is a type of phagocytic white blood cell that enters the tissues and fights infections by ingesting bacteria Macrophage - It is a second type of phagocytic cells that removes the dead neutrophils, cellular debris, & the decomposing clot The following is a function of the skin  Hair on the head acts as a heat insulator.  The nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense. The following is a major function of the Integumentary system  Protection  Sensation  Temperature regulation Epidermis - It is the most superficial layer of the skin Keratinization - It is a process in which new cells (with keratin) is pushing old cells to the surface. It takes 40-56 days for the new cells to reach the surface Stretch marks - These are visible lines through the epidermis that result from overstretched skin Dermis - Second major skin region Factors affecting skin colors:  Genetics  Pigments in the skin Reticular layer - It is the deepest layer of dermis; accounts for 80% of dermis. Melanin - The group of pigments primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color. Melanocytes - Responsible for production of melanin. Melanosomes - These are melanin-containing vesicles which move into the cell processes of melanocytes. Hair bulb - where the hair is produced. Hair shaft - Flexible strands of keratinized cells Testosterone and good nutrition promote hair growth. Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days. Bruising - A blue to purple discoloration caused by broken blood vessels. Cyanosis - A bluish color of skin caused by a decrease in the blood oxygen content. Jaundice - Associated with liver disorder. Skin cancer is most common type of cancer that is mainly caused by UV light exposure from the sun. Skin cancer is common to develop in fair-skinned people or older than 50 years old. Effects of Aging:  Gray or white hair is evident  Skin becomes thinner, and elasticity is lost  Sweat and sebaceous glands are less active resulting in reduced ability for thermoregulation. Function of the skeleton do the rib cage, vertebral column and skull represent:  Protect soft body parts. Function of the skeletal system requires the leg bones to be extremely strong:  Support of the entire body. Major type of bone that is mostly solid matrix and cells:  Compact Bone  Cortical Bone Spongy Bone - A lacy network of bone with many small, marrow-filled spaces. Osteoblast - It is responsible for formation of bone, repair, and remodeling. Bone Remodeling - It is responsible for changes in bone shape, bone repair, adjustment of bone to stress, and calcium ion regulation. Complete - Type of bone fracture that the bone is broken into at least two fragments. Greenstick - An incomplete fracture on the convex side of the curve of bone. There are 206 bones in the average adult skeleton have Four classifications of bones  Long,  Short  Flat  Irregular Vertebral Column - It is the central axis of the skeleton, extending from the base of the skull to slightly past the end of pelvis. Thoracic cage - It protects the vital organs and prevents the collapse of the thorax during respiration. Sternum Also known as a breastbone. Clavicle - Another name for collarbone Scoliosis - It is an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. Kyphosis - It is an abnormal posterior curvature of spine, mostly in the upper thoracic region; results in a hunchback condition. Classification of Joints according to Degree of Motion:  Synarthroses   Diarthroses  Amphiarthroses Dwarfism - It is a type of disorder wherein abnormally small body size due to improper growth at epiphyseal plates. Gout - There is an increased production and accumulation of uric acid crystals in tissue, including joint capsules. Rickets - A growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in minerals (Ca2+) or vitamin D; results in bones that are soft, weak and easily fractured. Major Function of Muscular System are:  Contraction of the heart  Movement of the body  Maintenance of posture Excitability - The capacity to respond to a stimulus. Elasticity - It is the ability to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched. Endomysium - A thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber. Epimysium - The overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the whole muscle. Type of muscle is involuntary:  Smooth and Cardiac Type of muscles are striated  Cardiac and Skeletal I band - is the light area of the sarcomere? H band - The center part of the sarcomere that gets smaller when a muscle contracts and appears when the muscle relaxes. Calcium is an ion stimulates the contraction of muscle. Myoglobin - A protein that holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells Rigor Mortis - It is the stiffening of muscle fibers that occurs after death. Fatigue - A temporary state of reduced work capacity. Muscle tone - A constant tension produced by body muscles over the long periods of time.