The Self in Western and Eastern Thought PDF

GE2405 THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT Do we live for ourselves or others? Are we chasing self-discovery and fulfillment or working for the greater good? That's where Western and Eastern views on the self differ. How do these perspectives shape our understanding of identity...

GE2405 THE SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT Do we live for ourselves or others? Are we chasing self-discovery and fulfillment or working for the greater good? That's where Western and Eastern views on the self differ. How do these perspectives shape our understanding of identity and our place in the world? This module deals with the concept of self in Western and Eastern thoughts. Individualistic vs. Collective Self The individualistic self refers to a person's identity and sense of worth that is primarily characterized by their unique attributes, preferences, and achievements. It values personal autonomy, self-expression, and pursuing individual goals and aspirations. Example: Kate is a student who sets personal academic goals and works diligently to achieve them, focusing on her own grades and accomplishments rather than comparing herself to classmates. Individualistic culture strongly emphasizes personal goals, independence, and self-reliance. It prioritizes individual rights, freedom of choice, and personal accomplishments over group or collective interests. A few examples of countries known for their individualistic cultures include: o The United States of America o Australia o Canada o United Kingdom o Germany The collective self refers to a person's identity and sense of worth that is closely tied to their group memberships, relationships, and roles within their community. It prioritizes group harmony and fulfilling communal expectations over individual desires or achievements. Example: James actively participates in environmental activism, joining local community clean-up efforts and advocating for sustainable practices to benefit his neighborhood and city. Collectivist culture emphasizes group harmony, cooperation, and the well-being of the community over individual goals. It values loyalty to the group, interdependence, and shared responsibilities. Here are a few examples of countries known for their collectivist cultures: o Japan o China o South Korea o Philippines The Social Construction of the Self in Western Thought The Western concept of the self is individualistic, focusing on freedom, choice, and independence from cultural influence. It emphasizes the uniqueness of each person, egoism, and the idea of a distinct self separate from others. Individualism stresses personal goals, self-realization, and autonomy in decision- making. It does NOT advocate isolation but encourages forming relationships based on personal beliefs and judgments. People engendered in an individualistic culture might describe themselves in terms of personality traits and characteristics, e.g., “I am brave, generous, loyal, and honest.” 05 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 1 of 2  GE2405 The Self as Embedded in Relationships and Through Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought Confucius, born Kongqui in 551 B.C., was China's most influential teacher and philosopher, who has profoundly influenced the Chinese and East Asian civilizations. Confucianism views individuals as part of a larger group rather than separate entities. It centers on human relationships, exemplified by the Five Cardinal Relationships: those between ruler and subject, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger brother, and friends. Harmony is achieved when each person fulfills their duties. According to Confucius, individual identity is shaped by the group they belong to. This identity is called the relational self. Each member must have the same traits that are important and treasured by the group. Each member takes pride in their shared beliefs and remains united through both success and failure. Confucius introduced the idea of the subdued self. It means prioritizing social duties over personal desires. It embodies virtues such as ren (human-heartedness), emphasizing altruism, benevolence, and fulfilling societal obligations. This concept encourages individuals to be selfless and contribute positively to their community by focusing on serving others before themselves. In Confucian thought, the self develops through relationships and spiritual growth. It emphasizes fulfilling social roles, moral cultivation, and harmony with the natural order. Example: A child develops a sense of (Xiao) filial piety by respecting and taking care of their parents, which is seen as crucial for personal development and ethical growth. This focus on family obligations and harmonious relationships is central to Confucian views on self-development. Reference: Corpuz, R., et al. (2019). Understanding the Self. C & E Publishing, Inc. MSEd, K. C. (2022, November 8). What is collectivist culture? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-collectivistic-cultures- 2794962#:~:text=Collectivism%20stresses%20the%20importance%20of,are%20promoted%20in%20individualistic %20cultures. MSEd, K. C. (2023, March 10). Individualistic culture and behavior. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-individualistic-cultures-2795273. Niebauer, C. (2023, June 9). Eastern philosophy says there is no “self.” Science agrees. Big Think. https://bigthink.com/the-well/eastern-philosophy-neuroscience-no-self/. Rattini, K. B. (2019, March 26). Who was Confucius? Culture. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/confucius. 05 Handout 1A *Property of STI Page 2 of 2