UTS Sociology PDF

CHAPTER 2 MEAD'S set of stages in the course of Self-development What is Sociology? 1. The preparatory stage – he Sociology is one of the disciplines in believed that self did not...

CHAPTER 2 MEAD'S set of stages in the course of Self-development What is Sociology? 1. The preparatory stage – he Sociology is one of the disciplines in believed that self did not exist at the social science which aims to birth. The self develops over time discover the way by which the social and dependent on social interaction surrounding/environment influences and social experience. people’s thoughts, feelings, and - children’s behavior are primarily behavior. based on imitation. Imitate the behaviors of those around them. Main focus is in understanding Became familiar with the symbols human societies, the need to know (verbal & non-verbal) used in their and be aware of social processes interactions. may make people see themselves 2. The Play Stage – skills at knowing better when they realize how the and understanding the symbols of social world impacts on their communication is important it is the existence. basis for socialization. Through George Herbert Mead communication, social relationship Was born February 1863 in are formed. Massachusetts, USA. - Role-taking is the process of Graduated and taught grade school mentally assuming the perspective at the Oberlin College. of another person to see how this In 1887,enrolled at Harvard person might behave or respond in a University and main interest were given situation. Play stage is philosophy and psychology. important it widens the child’s It was his students who put together perspective and realizes that they his numerous writings and edited are not alone and there are others them for publication. around them whose presence has to He died of heart failure in 1931. consider. 3. The Game stage – (8-9 years old) MEAD'S Social Self the child begins to consider several Social Behaviorism is the power of task and various types of the environment in shaping human relationships simultaneously. Has behavior. the ability to respond not just to one ‘Self’ as dimension of personality but several members of his social that is made up of individual’s environment. self-awareness and self- image. MEAD'S Theory of the self Self cannot be separated from the The self is not present at birth society. Begins as a central character in a Used the term ‘ generalized other’ child’s world. Children see used to explain the behavior of the themselves as the center of their person when he sees/considers universe and is having difficulty other people in the course of his understanding others around them. actions.  As they grow and mature, there is a 3. People develop some sort of change in the self. feeling about themselves as a - See other people around them and result of those impressions. their reactions. Ex. Family, that play a major Ex. You may see yourselves as a confident role in the formation of the self. or inferior. MEAD'S I and ME Notice: in his three phases, he use the word - I self – when the person initiates or ‘imagine’. Meaning there is a possibility that performs a social action, the self people develop self-identities based on the functions as a subject. The wrong perception of how others see them. subjective element of the self is the Wrong perceptions, however, can still “I”. change based on positive social experience. ex. I will go on a date. I am not what I think I am - Me self – when the person takes the I am not what YOU think I am role of the other, the self functions as I am what I think YOU think I am an object. The objective element of the self is the me. Erving Goofman Ex. The choice for the best drawing was Canadian- American sociologist awarded to me. Known in his role in the development The formation of the self is not the end of of Modern American Sociology. the process of socialization. It continues for He observed that people early in as long as the person is alive. their social interactions learned to slant their presentation of Charles Horton Cooley themselves in order to create (1864-1929) American sociologist preferred appearances and satisfy use the ‘sociopsychological particular people. approach’ understand how sociology He referred to his process of altering work. how the person presents himself to Believed that people learn who they others as impression management. are through their social interaction Impression management - A process in with other people. Seeing one’s which we try to influence somebody's personal qualities, the view of the perception about a person, thing, or event. self is influenced by the impression View to Self is label as and perception of others, called it as dramaturgical approached – he ‘ the looking-glass self’. sees similarities of real social Charles Horton Cooley… interaction to a theatrical three phases of developing self presentation. 1. People imagine how they present Used the phrase face- work to themselves to others. describe another aspect of the self. Ex. You dress-up elegantly for the prom. Dramaturgical Approach - Society is a 2. People imagine how others drama in which actions, in terms of social evaluate them. symbols, are crucial events. Ex. Others will see you as pretty and Ex: politics, mass communications, attractive by the way you fix yourself. leadership, social movement, rituals, ceremonies. The presentation of the self in everyday CHAPTER 3 Rules of social interaction and modes of self presentation What is Anthropology? Field of social sciences that focuses When an individual presents himself before on the study of man. others, they commonly seek to acquire Man or environment, what it means information about him. to be human. Physical/biological characteristics They will be interested in their status, his Person's social influence and conception of self, his attitude toward them, relationship that influences his and his trustworthiness... Information about culture. the individual helps to define the situation, 4 subfields of Anthropology enabling others to know what expect of him. 1. Archeology - Archeologist focused is the past and how is it contributed Front to the present ways of now people - Setting - Physical layout and conduct their daily lives. backgrounds 2. Linguistics - Focuses on language - Appearance - Everything we can do and its importance to understanding to our bodies human history, culture, biology. - Manner - What we do with our 3. Biological Anthropology - Focuses bodies primarily on how the humans body Front stage adapt to the different earth Back stage environment. 4. Cultural Anthropology - How Face to face interaction - influence people in different places live and upon another's actions understand the world around them. Encounter - interaction that occurs Human interaction (way of life). one occasion Cultural Diversities - are manifested in Performance - activity of a given different ways and at different levels of participant on any occasion depth. Symbols are considered the most Part or routine - the pre-established superficial of culture and values belong to pattern of action the deepest level or are considered the core Role- bundles of activities laced of culture. together Symbols: words, gestures, pictures, Dramatic realization - individual or objects that have a recognized/ must express what he wishes to accepted meaning in a particular convey culture. Role embracement- Idealized roles Heroes: persons from the past or incorporate officially accredited present who have characteristics values of society. E.g. Teacher, that are important in a culture. priests, parenthood, students. Rituals: activities (religious or Role distance social) participated in a group of people for the fulfillment of desired  objectives and are considered to be 2. All thoughts are constantly changing socially essentially. or are never static. Values: Considered to be the core 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as of every culture. Values are its focus shifts from one object to unconscious and can be neither be another. discussed nor be directly observed 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are but can only be interred by the way different from independent of people act and react. consciousness itself. 5. Consciousness can focus on CHAPTER 4 particular objects and not others. - The me self is considered as What is Psychology? separate object or individual that the Psychology is a field of the social person refers to when discussing or sciences that deals with the describing their personal experience. description, explanation, prediction Called the empirical me and control of behavior ( Ciccarelli & Ex. The gift were sent to ME. Meyer, 2006). The I self is the self that knows and 19th century – the field assumed the recognizes who they are and what they existence of the states of have done. Called the Pure ego or the consciousness in human beings. thinking self. Believes that the world of material things including the people exist Ex. I borrowed the book from the library. independently of the perceiving human mind. ME self is considered in 3 components The mind-body problem of 1. The material self – consist of the philosophy is one issue in the field of things or objects that belong to the knowledge. person. Ex. His body, family, clothes, Nature-nurture Controversy books and money. The body is the Discovered that the Causes of human core of the material self and behavior is influence by nature and nurture, everything that is attached to it each one to a greater or lesser degree. identifies the person. The style of Connected to the study of human behavior clothes he wears, the type of books is the concept of the self. he reads, the culture of his family and the amount of money that he William James has. Professor of psychology and - The more attached and identified the philosophy at Harvard University and person is to his material things, the more he known as being one of the great will be affected if any of them changes. pragmatists. 2. The social self – refers to the Known in his, “Theory of self” person is in a particular social The ‘ME’ & The ‘I’ situation. Changes in behavior Five Characteristics: usually result from the different 1. All human thoughts are owned by social situations the person finds some personal self. himself in. James believed that  people have many social selves Murray Bowen ( 1913- 1990) an American because of the many social Psychiatrist and prof. of Psychiatry. He situations they find themselves in. developed the “Family Therapy and 3. The spiritual self – refers to the self systematic Therapy”. In his observations that is more concrete or permanent of the family (particularly his own) he came when compared to the material and up with the concept of a differentiated self. social selves. The self is the most In this theory, he observed two forces subjective and intimate part of the affecting a person. First, is ‘togetherness’ self. It involves aspects like and second is ‘individuality’. A balance individual’s personality, values, and should be maintained between these two morals that are usually stable and forces: too much togetherness creates constant. It is always engaging in the friction and conflict and prevents the process of introspection ( development of the person’s sense of self; self-observation). A method that to much individuality on the other hand includes reflecting or looking inward results in distant and estrange feelings to the study and understand the how towards family and other people. and why of the self. A differentiated self, though still affected The self is what James called the Pure Ego. by the presence of others, has the ability to Pure Ego is similar to the person’s soul and separate feelings and thoughts. The person mind. Comprises the totality of the person’s recognizes that he has his own personality identity. It takes into account the past, and endowed with unique characteristics present, and future selves of the individual. not found in other members of the group. This perception of identity arises from a For him to attain self-fulfillment, he should continuous stream of human have the will to separate himself from the consciousness. group, live his own life and fulfill his destiny. Being able to free himself from the influence Global and Differentiated Self Models of others allows him to define himself. The global self represents the overall value Carl Rogers that a person places upon himself. This American psychologist who affects how he views and feels about proposed the personality theory himself. It is inevitable for a person to be known as the “ Person Centered born and grow up in the presence of other Theory.” people. The group of people that he Self concept- refer to how a person thinks interacts with every day of his life strongly about or perceives himself. influence him. These people are who he turns to when he needs advise, someone to Two types of self concept. talk to or just to be with. He turns to them for support and seeks their approval in the Real self-concept refers to all information journey of finding himself. His global self is and perception the person has about the product of all experiences that he had in himself. Answers the question, who am I? the society which accounts for the kind of person he presently is. The Ideal self-concept is the model version The True and False Selves the person has of himself. Its borne out of Donald Woods Winnicott his experience, standards and demands of (1896-1971) an English pediatrician society and the heroes and models which and psychoanalyst who studied child he chooses to imitate. Answers the development. question, who do I want to be?” Through play he observed children/people as having true and Roger stated that there would be false selves. sameness, equality between the real True self – one which seen as self as self and the ideal self in order for the creative, spontaneously experiencing each person to be happy and satisfied day of their lives, appreciating being alive, with his life. If the real self is different real, integrated and connected to the whole from the ideal self then the person of existence. The true self is the individual will experience dissatisfaction and who recognizes his strengths and accepts may see himself as a failure or a his limitations, enjoy winning and success loser. and learns from mistakes and failures. Self-Discrepancy Theory of Higgins Never afraid to try all over again. (1987) stated that people use internalized standards to which they compare A False Self maybe manifested as a form of themselves. defense. It lacks spontaneity, is dead and Empty. It is the mask that hides the true Its called self-guides which provide person for fear of the pain of rejection and directions for how the person should failure. Usually surface when a person is present himself. If found deviating/diverting forced to comply with existing norms and from these guides, the result is standards. According to Winnicott, true and self-discrepancy. It may cause emotional false selves are present in all individuals. discomfort and can be manifested as guilt or worst as indifference. The Self as Proactive & Agentic Multiple and Unified Selves Albert Bandura ( 1925-present) There exist individuals different Developed “the social Cognitive aspect of the self. theory”. In this theory, the person is The self is made up of parts. seen as proactive and agentic which This part of self may manifest means that he has the capacity to themselves when situation call for it. exercise control over his life. A unified being is essentially connected to Triadic Reciprocal Causation consciousness, awareness and agency. Paradigm refer to the mutual This is the person who is able to deal with influence between three sets of and accept the complexities and the factors: personal factors (e.g., perceived unfairness that exist in life. They cognitive, affective and biological manifest content with the present state of events), the environment, behavior. affairs and continue to adjust, adapt, evolve and survive as an individual with an integrated, unified multiple selves.  Four Features of Human Agency achieving his goal he will also 1. Intentionality refers to the actions proactively set new higher goals for performed by the person himself. intentionally or with full awareness Self-regulation allows the person to of his behavior. It involves planning set goals that are better and higher with awareness of the possible than the former, challenging his consequences of actions. capabilities and making hin=m wiser Ex. Kenneth went online to apply for a and self-actualized individual. passport because he wants to travel outside his country. 2. Forethought refers to the person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of his behavior. Ex. Kenneth chose an interview date for his passport application where most likely he will be on-leave. 3. Self- reactiveness refers to the process in which the person is motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes his progress in achieving his goals. Ex. Kenneth saves a larger portion of his salary in the bank so he can have enough cash to travel to Japan. 4. Self- reflectiveness refers to the person looking inward and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other people’s effect on him. An important aspect is self-efficacy which is the person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will produce the desired positive results. Ex. Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and experience life a little while still able and capable. Self Regulation The person engage in self-regulated behavior when he reactively attempts to minimize the discrepancies between what he has already accomplished and what he still wants to achieve. After seing that he is at the right track in