Understanding Culture, Society and Politics PDF

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature, Goals and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science i NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 UCSP – Grade 11...

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature, Goals and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science i NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 UCSP – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 3 – Module 1: Nature, Goals and Perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science Second Edition, 2021 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis- Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Dacon G. Fabugais, Edward A. Alanano & Joevan W. Alcala Editors: Febby A. Macias Reviewers: Gemma F. Depositario, Ed.D. Illustrator: Typesetter Layout Artist: Mila A. Reyes, Rommel P. Dayot Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin CESO V Rosela R. Abiera Joelyza M. Arcilla EdD Maricel S. Rasid Marcelo K. Palispis EdD Elmar L. Cabrera Nilita L. Ragay EdD Carmelita A. Alcala EdD Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 E-mail Address: [email protected] i Introductory Message This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you. ii  What I Need to Know Hello! Learner! How are you feeling today? Did you have a good day? Well, I guess so! Today, we will learn something about the nature, goals and perspectives that are focused on Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science. These interrelated concepts belong to the social science. Social Science is a branch of study which deals with Human Beings – their behavior, growth and development, relationships, resources they use and the various institutions they require to function and the way they carry on with their lives. For example – family, school, workplace, government, judiciary, recreation clubs, etc. All these aspects of life are inter-related and interdependent to one another. So, whether one wants to become a doctor or an engineer or a chartered accountant, an artist or a teacher, he or she has to live in a society, interact with individuals belonging to different cultural and socio- economic backgrounds, adapt to various situations and circumstances, as well as to adhere to certain societal norms in order to lead a peaceful and productive life. Hence, as a Senior High School learner, we need to get acquainted with basic concepts to have an effective and a holistic learning experience. In this module you will learn about: Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science in relation to their nature as a concept, including the aims which these concepts are centered, along with the underlying perspectives that each of these have. Learning Competency: UCSP11/12SPUIa-1, Ia-2 & Ib-3 Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science At the end of this module, you should be able to: 1. define Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science in the context of Social Science; 2. analyze how Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science affect the lives of Senior High school students; 3. differentiate Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science; and 4. reflect on the significance of Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science in in respective areas of specialization. 1 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2  What I Know Pre – Assessment: Read each of the following item carefully and write only the letter which corresponds to the correct answer. 1. It is occasionally called politology, a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions, and political behavior. a. sociology b. anthropology c. political science 2. It is the study of what makes us human. a. sociology b. anthropology c. political science 3. It is the systematic science of studying human behavior within the context of societies. a. sociology b. anthropology c. political science 4. It looks for patterns, recurring characteristics, and events. a. sociology b. anthropology c. political science 5. It is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena. a. sociology b. anthropology c. political science True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false. ___ 6. Political Science is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. ___ 7. Political Science the study of human social behavior. ___ 8. Anthropology looks for patterns, recurring characteristics, and events. ___ 9. Political Science is the study of what makes us human. ___ 10. Sociology is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena ___ 11. Political Science compares humans with other animals (most often, other primates like monkeys and chimpanzees) to see what we have in common with them and what makes us unique. ___ 12. Anthropologist are group of people that share a territory and a culture ___ 13. Anthropology tries to see social behavior by placing it in a wide social context. ___ 14. Sociology is a science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature, and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. ___ 15. Sociology is a study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. 2 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2  What’s In Picture Analysis. Write A if the pictures below are related to Anthropology, S for Sociology and P for Political Science. Do this in your notebook. 1. _____ 2. ______ (Jarus 2014) (Williams n.d.) 3. ____ 4. ______ (Allen 2015) (UCAnthropology n.d.) 5. _____ 6. ______ (Cudebec 2017). (Rawpixel n.d.) 3 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 Did you have difficulty identifying the pictures? Oh, very good! But don’t worry because you will learn more on the next activities. What’s New Analyze the given scenario and answer the guide questions that follow. Imagine you are living several thousand years ago. Maybe you are a wife and mother of three children. Maybe you are a young man eager to start your own family. Maybe you are a prominent religious leader, or maybe you are a respected healer. Your family has, for as long as people can remember, lived the way you do. You learned to act, eat, hunt, talk, pray, and live the way you do from your parents, your extended family, and your small community. Suddenly, you encounter a new group of people who have a different way of living, speak strangely, and eat in an unusual manner. They have a different way of addressing the supernatural and caring for their sick. Everything that this new group of people does is very strange for you. https://perspectives.pressbooks.com/chapter/introduction-to-anthropology/ Guide Questions: What are your thoughts about these differences? ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________. These are the questions that have people faced for tens of thousands of years as human groups have moved around and settled in different parts of the world. Based on the given scenario, how does anthropology, sociology and political science help us understand our society including the interrelated elements embedded with it? ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. As a Senior High school student, what are the basic concepts that we need to learn for us to understand what is happening around us particularly those that occur in our society? ___________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________. 4 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2  What is It One of the important concepts in social science that we need to learn and understand is sociology. Now, what is meant by the sociology? To have a clear grasp of the concept, let us read the following definitions and related information about sociology. Sociology is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior. Sociologists investigate the structure of groups, organizations, and societies and how people interact within these contexts. Since all human behavior is social, the subject matter of sociology ranges from the intimate family to the hostile mob; from organized crime to religious traditions; from the divisions of race, gender and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture. https://www.asanet.org/about/what-sociology In another online article, Sociology is explained as the systematic science of studying human behavior within the context of societies. Society is a broad topic that includes everything from economics to politics to family dynamics. Sociology takes all these systems and more into account. Broadly defined, a society is a group of people that share a territory and a culture. Since the definition of society is so broad, sociology is a very broad topic as well. In fact, it may be the broadest of the social sciences. To elaborate further, sociology is the study of human social behavior. Sociologists may use quantitative (measurable) or qualitative (descriptive) methods to study how humans socialize and organize themselves socially, as well as the origins and implications of social structures. Human social behavior is especially interesting because Homo sapiens has evolved to be a species dependent upon socialization. Most infant animals require some amount of care from parents, however instinct serves as the driving force for animals like deer and lizards. On the other hand, humans are entirely dependent upon the care and teaching of others for the first several years of life. In addition, sociology looks for patterns, recurring characteristics, and events. Sociology looks for these patterns in a variety of scales: sociology can be applied to two people having a conversation to differences and similarities between nations. Sociology tries to see social behavior by placing it in a wide social context. Within this context, sociologists look for patterns that reflect particular generalities of the society. A sociologist might study an individual's behavior or actions to see how it fits into the broader pattern of that person's society and culture. Hence, all sociologists are interested in the experiences of individuals and how those experiences are shaped by interactions within social groups and society as a whole. To a sociologist, the personal decisions an individual makes do not exist in a vacuum. Cultural patterns and social forces put pressure on people to select one choice over another. Sociologists try to identify these general patterns by examining 5 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 the behavior of large groups of people living in the same society and experiencing the same societal pressures. Finally, sociologists are interested in socioeconomic class and mobility, sexuality, law, politics, religion, or linguistics. A sociologist may choose to study any aspect of human social behavior, so these are just some examples of what a researcher might choose to focus on. Where other fields of study, like Anthropology, can tell us why humans are social beings - Sociology tells us how humans are social beings. https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter1-an-introduction-to-sociology/ Now let us explore another important concept which is Anthropology. How do we define and take a look at the concept of Anthropology? One of the online articles discussed that anthropology is the study of what makes us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the many different aspects of the human experience, which we call holism. They consider the past, through archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundreds or thousands of years ago and what was important to them. They consider what makes up our biological bodies and genetics, as well as our bones, diet, and health. Anthropologists also compare humans with other animals (most often, other primates like monkeys and chimpanzees) to see what we have in common with them and what makes us unique. Even though nearly all humans need the same things to survive, like food, water, and companionship, the ways people meet these needs can be very different. For example, everyone needs to eat, but people eat different foods and get food in different ways. So, anthropologists look at how different groups of people get food, prepare it, and share it. World hunger is not a problem of production but social barriers to distribution. Furthermore, anthropologists also try to understand how people interact in social relationships (for example with families and friends). They look at the different ways people dress and communicate in different societies. Aside from that, anthropologists sometimes use these comparisons to understand their own society. Many anthropologists work in their own societies looking at economics, health, education, law, and policy (to name just a few topics). When trying to understand these complex issues, they keep in mind what they know about biology, culture, types of communication, and how humans lived in the past. https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=2150 Now, let us place our attention to Political science. It is a classical discipline that deals with the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen human understanding of the forms and nature of political action and to develop theoretical tools for interpreting politically meaningful phenomena. The discipline deals with the traditional fields of public national life, such as democracy, parliaments, politicians, elections, and the government. https://www.jyu.fi/hytk/fi/laitokset/yfi/en/disciplines/political-science In a similar vein, political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. It entails understanding political ideas, ideologies, institutions, policies, processes, and behavior, as well as 6 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 groups, classes, government, diplomacy, law, strategy, and war. A background in political science is valuable for citizenship and political action, as well as for future careers in government, law, business, media, or public service. https://polisci.northwestern.edu/undergraduate/index.html Political science is occasionally called politology which is a social science that deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions, and political behavior. Political science comprises numerous subfields, including comparative politics, political economy, international relations, political theory, public administration, public policy, and political methodology. Furthermore, political science is related to, and draws upon, the fields of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, human geography, journalism, political anthropology, and social policy. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature, and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deal with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political theory is more concerned with contributions of various classical and contemporary thinkers and philosophers. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in psychology, social research, and cognitive neuroscience. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviorism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources, such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science What’s More Fill in the table with information about Sociology, Anthropology and Political Science Concept Nature Goals Perspective Sociology Anthropology Political Science 7 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2  What I Can Do Make a list of at least any 5 observations in your community. Identify whether each of these relate to sociology, anthropology or political science and provide a short explanation as to how these are interrelated. For example: Local Government Units – Sociology and Political Science Explanation: It shows how people work in an organization governed through a hierarchy or structure. 8 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2  Answer Key Pre- Assessment What’s New: Answers may vary 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C What’s More: To be checked by the teacher 6 – 15. False What I can do: To be checked by the teacher What’s In 1. Anthropology A 2. Sociology S 3. Political Science P 4. Anthropology A 5. Political science P 6. Sociology S 9 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 References: Allen, Mary. 2015. Surviving scientific misconduct. March 15. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://tinyurl.com/228kpcys. American Anthropological Association. n.d. What is Anthropology? Accessed January 13, 2022. https://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.aspx?ItemNumber=21 50. American Sociological Association. n.d. What Is Sociology? Accessed January 13, 2022. https://www.asanet.org/about/what-sociology. Cudebec, Corina. 2017. Hashtag Politics. November 07. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://endeavors.unc.edu/hashtag-politics/. Jarus, Owen. 2014. What is Anthropology? April 15. Accessed January 2014, 2022. https://www.livescience.com/44833-what-is-anthropology.html. Little, Wlliam & McGivern, Ron. 2014. Chapter 1. An Introduction to Sociology. November 06. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter1-an-introduction-to- sociology/. Nelson, Katie. n.d. INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://perspectives.pressbooks.com/chapter/introduction-to-anthropology/. Rawpixel. n.d. Community business team partnership collaboration. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://tinyurl.com/2p8cxndz. UCAnthropology. n.d. Biological Anthropology. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/study/graduate-taught-degrees. University of Jyväskylä. 2017. Political Science. March 22. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://www.jyu.fi/hytk/fi/laitokset/yfi/en/disciplines/political-science. Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences. n.d. What is Political Science? Accessed January 13, 2022. https://polisci.northwestern.edu/undergraduate/index.html. Wikipedia. 2022. Political science - Wikipedia. January 08. Accessed January 13, 2022. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science. Williams, Gareth. n.d. What Are Society and Culture? Accessed January 13, 2022. https://vivaopen.oercommons.org/courseware/lesson/337/overview. 10 NegOr_Q3_UCSP11_Module1_v2 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Schools Division of Negros Oriental Kagawasan, Avenue, Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental Tel #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117 Email Address: [email protected] Website: lrmds.depednodis.net