Computer Organization and Architecture Lecture Notes PDF

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE CSE 2203 LECTURE 1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE Fall 2024 University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh 1 Organization and Architecture Ref: COA by WS, Chapter 1...

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE CSE 2203 LECTURE 1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE Fall 2024 University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh 1 Organization and Architecture Ref: COA by WS, Chapter 1 2 So, Computer Organization and Architecture is the systematic approach to derive the solution of any problem. 3  Computer Architecture ❑ Computer architecture deals with the functional behaviour of a computer system. ❑ It is the design of computers, including their instruction sets, hardware components and system organization. ❑ The view of a computer as presented to software designers. ❑ It refers to those attributes of a system visible to a programmer or, put another way, those attributes that have a direct impact on the logical execution of a program ❑ Examples of architectural attributes include: ▪ instruction set ▪ number of bits used to represent various data types (e.g., numbers, characters) ▪ I/O mechanisms, and ▪ techniques for addressing memory 4 Von Neumann Architecture 5  Computer Organization ❑ Computer organization deals with structural relationship. ❑ It refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications ❑ The actual implementation of a computer in hardware. ❑ Organizational attributes include: ▪ hardware details transparent to the programmer, such as control signals ▪ interfaces between the computer and peripherals ▪ memory technology etc. 6 Organization and Architecture For example ❑ it is an architectural design issue whether a computer will have a multiply instruction ▪ 5 x 5 = 25 ❑ It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system ▪ 5+5+5+5+5 = 25 ❑ The organizational decision may be based on the anticipated frequency of use of the multiply instruction, the relative speed of the two approaches, and the cost and physical size of a special multiply unit 7 Syllabus Introduction to Computer Organization and Computer Architecture Register Transfer and Microoperations Computer memory Programming the basic computer Microprogrammed Control Microprocessor and Microcontroller Pipeline and Vector Processing 8 Prerequisite Course: Digital Logic Design 9  Difference: Computer Architecture Computer Organization Architecture describes what the computer does. The Organization describes how it does it. Computer Architecture deals with the functional Computer Organization deals with a structural behavior of computer systems. relationship. As a programmer, you can view architecture as a The implementation of the architecture is called series of instructions, addressing modes, and organization. registers. Computer Architecture comprises logical functions Computer Organization consists of physical units like such as instruction sets, registers, data types, and circuit designs, peripherals, and adders. addressing modes. different architectural categories found in our CPU organization is classified into three categories computer systems are as follows: based on the number of address fields: Von-Neumann Architecture Organization of a single Accumulator. Harvard Architecture Organization of general registers Instruction Set Architecture Stack organization Micro-architecture System Design For designing a computer, its architecture is fixed For designing a computer, an organization is first. decided after its architecture. 10 Structure and Function Structure ❑ The way in which the components are interrelated ❑ A computer is a complex system; contemporary computers contain millions of elementary electronic components Function ❑ The operation of each individual component as part of the structure ❑ Both the structure and functioning of a computer are, in essence, simple. Figure depicts the basic functions that a computer can perform 11 Structure and Function Function: In general terms, there are four: ❑ Data processing: The computer, of course, must be able to process data. The data may take a wide variety of forms ❑ Data storage: It is also essential that a computer store data. Even if the computer is processing data on the fly, the computer must temporarily store at least those pieces of data that are being worked on at any moment ❑ Data movement: computer must be able to move data between itself and the outside world; ❑ Control: there must be control of these three functions. Ultimately, this control is exercised by the individual(s) who provides the computer with instructions. Within the computer, a control unit manages the computer’s resources and orchestrates the performance of its functional parts in response to those instructions 12 Structure and Function ❑ The computer can function as a data movement device (Figure a), simply transferring data from one peripheral or communications line to another. ❑ It can also function as a data storage device (Figure b), with data transferred from the external environment to computer storage (read) and vice versa (write). 13 Structure and Function ❑ Operations involving data processing, on data either in storage (Figure c) ❑ Or enroute between storage and the external environment (Figure d). 14 Structure and Function Structure ❑ The computer interacts in some fashion with its external environment ❑ In general, all of its linkages to the external environment can be classified as peripheral devices or communication lines. 15 Structure and Function Structure ❑ Internal structure of the computer - four main structural components: ❑ Central processing unit (CPU) ❑ Main memory ❑ I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment. ❑ System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. 16 Computer System Level Hierarchy ❑ Computer System Level Hierarchy is the combination of different levels that connects the computer with the user and that makes the use of the computer. It also describes how the computational activities are performed on the computer and it shows all the elements used in different levels of system. ❑ Computer System Level Hierarchy consists of seven levels: 17 Computer System Level Hierarchy ❑ Level-0: It is related to digital logic. Digital logic is the basis for digital computing and provides a fundamental understanding of how circuits and hardware communicate within a computer. It consists of various circuits and gates etc. ❑ Level-1: This level is related to control. Control is the level where microcode is used in the system. Control units are included in this level of the computer system. ❑ Level-2: This level consists of machines. Different types of hardware are used in the computer system to perform different types of activities. It contains instruction set architecture. ❑ Level-3: System software is a part of this level. System software is of various types. System software mainly helps in operating the process and it establishes the connection between hardware and user interface. It may consist operating system, library code, etc. ❑ Level-4: Assembly language is the next level of the computer system. The machine understands only the assembly language and hence in order, all the high-level languages are changed in the assembly language. Assembly code is written for it. ❑ Level-5: This level of the system contains high-level language. High-level language consists of C++, Java, FORTRAN, and many other languages. This is the language in which the user gives the command. ❑ Level-6: This is the last level of the computer system hierarchy. This consists of users and executable programs. 18 Computer Evolution and Performance Ref: COA by WS, Chapter 2 19 Digital Computer General structure of computer consists of: ❑ A main memory, which stores both data and instructions ❑ An arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) capable of operating on binary data ❑ A control unit, which interprets the instructions in memory and causes them to be executed ❑ Input and output (I/O) equipment operated by the control unit 20 Digital Computer Two fundamental types of components are required: Gate ❑ A gate is a device that implements a simple Boolean or logical function. Gates control data flow; ❑ such as IF A AND B ARE TRUE THEN C IS TRUE (AND gate) ❑ Data processing: Provided by gates. Memory ❑ Memory cell is a device that can store one bit of data; that is, the device can be in one of two stable states at any time; ❑ Data storage: Provided by memory cells. ❖ So, a computer consists of gates, memory cells, and interconnections among these elements. The gates and memory cells are, in turn, constructed of simple digital electronic components 21 Digital Computer Gates in Integrated circuit: ❑ A thin wafer of silicon is divided into a matrix of small areas, each a few millimetres square. The identical circuit pattern is fabricated in each area, and the wafer is broken up into chips. ❑ Each chip consists of many gates and/or memory cells plus a number of input and output attachment points. This chip is then packaged in housing that protects it and provides pins for attachment to devices beyond the chip. ❑ A number of these packages can then be interconnected on a printed circuit board to produce larger and more complex circuits 22 Digital Computer Gates in Integrated circuit: ❑ Initially, only a few gates or memory cells could be reliably manufactured and packaged together. These early integrated circuits are referred to as small-scale integration (SSI). ❑ As time went on, it became possible to pack more and more components on the same chip 23 Digital Logic Circuits Ref: COA by MM Manno, Chapter 1 Logic Gates Logic Gates Boolean Algebra Boolean algebra is an algebra that deals with binary variables and logic operations. Three basic logic operations – AND, OR, Complement Example Boolean function: F = x + ýz Boolean Algebra The purpose of the Boolean algebra is to facilitate the analysis and design of digital circuit. It provides a convenient tool to: 1. Express in algebraic form a truth table relationship between binary variables. 2. Express in algebraic form the input-output relationship of logic diagrams. 3. Find simpler circuits for the same function Boolean Algebra Logic diagram Map Simplification More the complexity of algebraic expression means more the complexity of logic diagram Karnaugh map or K-map Method provides simple, straightforward procedure for simplifying Boolean function Minimum number of terms needed to express the function Map Simplification Minterm: Each combination of the variable in the truth table is called a minterm. Following truth table has 8 minterms: The minterms can be expressed as: F(x,y,z) = Σ(1, 4, 5, 6, 7) Map Simplification: K-map Map Simplification: K-map Minterms: F(A, B, C, D) = Σ(0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10) The simplified function can be expressed as: F = B́D́ + B́Ć + ÁCD́ Map Simplification: K-map ‘Sum-of-Product’ ‘Product-of-Sum’ Map Simplification: K-map Consider the following boolean function together with don’t-care minterms. Expression is: 37