World History Notes: Renaissance, Pirates, Mongols, Japan

The Renaissance -​ 1350-1550 -​ Rebirth of classical antiquity (Greeks & Romans) -​ Begins in Italy → rest of Europe -​ Urban society → wealth → secular spirit → new possibilities for enjoyment -​ Recovery from 14th century disasters ie. Black death, political disorder, economi...

The Renaissance -​ 1350-1550 -​ Rebirth of classical antiquity (Greeks & Romans) -​ Begins in Italy → rest of Europe -​ Urban society → wealth → secular spirit → new possibilities for enjoyment -​ Recovery from 14th century disasters ie. Black death, political disorder, economic recession -​ Increased interest in glories of past -​ Humanism: Intellectual movement based on the study of the classics, OR centring of humans in the human experience -​ Petrarch (1304-1374) Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism -​ Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519) -​ Raphael (1483-1529) -​ Michelangelo (1475-1564) - David -​ Strong monarchy in England -​ Tudor King Henry VII (1485-1509) -​ Spain - strong ind. Christian kingdoms -​ Castille + aragon = Isabella of Castille (1474-1504) + Ferdinand of Aragon (1479-1516) They marry and spain is unified more -​ French - territorial state ruled by King Louis XI (1461-1483) -​ Germany - Hundreds of ind. States -​ 1438 Hapsburg dynasty, Austria -​ Mongols Russia -​ Prince Ivan III (1462-1505) Pirates: -​ 1494-1700 -​ Spanish Galleons -​ Privateers (endorsed by gov.) vs. non privateers (rebels basically) -​ Other names for pirates: Corsairs, Buccaneers -​ Sir Francis Drake -​ Sent to steal Spanish gold + silver by Queen Elizabeth -​ Did this over and over again and became very feared -​ Uses Majoins Straight → Drake’s Passage -​ Escapes using pacific ocean -​ Blackbeard (Edward Teach) -​ Scares people to submit to him -​ Pirates don't really like to fight -​ Becomes a pirate hunter (so european kings would pardon him) -​ Messes up, becomes pirate again, hunted, killed -​ Henry Every -​ Disappears (got away with stealing treasure?) France  -​ North America -​ Jacques Cartier -​ 1534-1535 -​ Western Passage -​ St. Lawrence River -​ Iroquois (native people) → disease -​ Samuel de Champlain -​ Quebec 1608 -​ Quebec controls St. Lawrence River England -​ John Cabot 1497 Newfoundland -​ Roanoke -​ Newport 1606 -​ Jamestown 1607 -​ Plymouth 1620 -​ India 1761 -​ Australia 1770 -​ South Africa 1806 Mongols -​ Song dynasty rulers in 1279 -​ Before this they were pastoral people, organized in tribes/clans -​ South plains during winters and north during the summer -​ Felt tents (yurts) -​ Temuchin (Ghengis Khan) 1162-1227 -​ Gradually unifies tribes -​ 1206 elected genghis -​ khan - ‘universal leader’ -​ First conquer semi-nomadic north China -​ Death in 1227 (prevents all out attack on Europe) -​ Attacks Persia 123, baghdad 1258, song 1260-1279 -​ Kubilai khan (1215-1294) -​ Conquest of song, new chinese dynasty Yuan -​ Conquers vietnam temporarily but is eventually driven back -​ Try to conquer japan but it doesnt work -​ Yuan dynasty falls into rapid decline -​ Excessive spending on foreign campaigns -​ Corruption at court + bureaucracy -​ Kublai’s sucessors werent as smart; -​ Zhu Yuanzhang Ming dynasty 1369-1644 -​ Mongols successful -​ Last and greatest nomadic people -​ Organization of unit order; highly effective  -​ Just had trouble acclimating and with succession -​ Pax mongolica- ‘mongol peace’ China before Mongols -​ Han dynasty -​ Collapses 200 -​ Confucianism​ -​ State of instability -​ Tan dynasty (618-907) -​ 1 of 3 golden ages -​ Gunpowder, printing blocks, plows -​ More advanced than europe -​ Song dynasty (960-1279) -​ Only in south -​ Other powers in north -​ Merchants, grand canal connects two rivers, foot binding - beauty standard -​ Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) -​ Not chinese -​ 1st to be conquered by mongols -​ North china -​ Yuan (1279-1368) -​ Mongol dynasty -​ Marco polo goes to china when this dynasty is there -​ Kublai Khan -​ Mongols -​ Ghengis khan (1162-1227) -​ Jin China 1215 -​ Bukhara/samarkand 1220 -​ Ogepei Khan (1227-1241) -​ Drunk- drinks a loy -​ Karakorum capital falls -​ Khan has many grandsons -​ Kublai Khan Russia Kievan Rus -​ Vikings -​ Russians + Byzantines -​ Prince Oleg the Wise (873-913) -​ Kiev moves capital -​ Princess olga of Kiev -​ Oleg’s daughter in law -​ Drevlians kill her husband  -​ She sends them marriage proposal and aristocrats come to Kiev and she murders them all -​ Raises an army -​ Converts all of russia to orthodox christianity -​ Becomes a saint -​ Vladimir 988 -​ Yaroslav the Wise (1015-1054) -​ Justinian of Russia -​ Conquest, law, churches -​ Mongols conquer Russia -​ Ivan III (1462-1505) -​ Marriews Sophia Palaiologina (continuation of constantinople) -​ Moscow -​ Ivan IV (1547-1584) The terrible -​ Grandy duchy of moscow: 3rd Rome Christopher Colombus -​ From italy -​ Bad guy: raped + enslaved many people from the Mediterranean -​ Good navigator -​ Just thought earth 18,000 miles (its 24000) -​ Visits and enslaves people in Caribbean and south american coasts -​ Didn't discover america -​ Spain vs. portugal both claiming things in south america + Caribbean -​ Treaty of Tordesillas 1493 cuts South america in half and they just kinda split it -​ Tomatoes are from america -​ Columbian exchange -​ Amerigo Vespucci -​ 1499-1502 -​ Goes to america Conquest of the “New world” -​ Europeans know the world is round -​ Unsure of size + extent of Asia -​ Christopher columbus (1451-1506) -​ Italian from Genoa -​ Reach asia from west -​ Queen Isabella of spain finances expedition that reaches the americas in October 1492 -​ He thought he reached Asia and there were 3 more voyages (1493, 1498, 1502) trying to reach the mainland -​ Others realized he found a new place -​ Venetian John Cabot explores New England coastline by license of King Henry VII  -​ Pedro Cabral (Portuguese explorer) discovers south america 1500 -​ Amerigo Vespucci - Florentine, wrote letters and named america america -​ Spanish conquistadors -​ 16th century glory, greed, and religious zeal -​ Weapons + organization = success -​ 1519 Hernando Cotes- Veracruz, gom, Friendly greeting from aztec monarch Moctezuma Xocoyotzin -​ Kidnapped Moctezuma, destroyed shrines, aztec rebelled -​ Aztecs suffer from european diseases -​ Inca Empire (1531-1536 destroyed -​ Francisco Pizarro (1470-1541) -​ Portuguese in Brazil -​ Formal administrative system instituted 1549 -​ Plantations: sugar, coffee -​ Governing -​ The state + church in colonial latin america -​ Most important government positions go to europeans(peninsulares) -​ Head- viceroy -​ Creoles- american born european descendants -​ Wanted to convert indigenous people to christianity -​ Church builds schools, orphanages, etc. -​ Catholic nunneries -​ America was very rich -​ Gold + silver -​ Silver in mexico + peru -​ 1530-1650 16 million -​ Agriculture very rewarding -​ Ecomienda system- use indigenous people as laborers in exchange for ‘protection’ -​ Horrible life for indians -​ Eventually Indian slaves are all gone and dead so they use african slaves instead -​ 1607 english 1st colony at jamestown -​ Others followed suit -​ Caribbean sugar plantations make a lot of money -​ Islands shift control between 17th + 18th century Japan -​ Taika reforms -​ Rong dynasty Japan -​ Adopted chinese gov, bureaucracy, language, writing, etc -​ Nara period 710 -​ Heian Period -​ 792  -​ Kyoto -​ Kamakura Shogunate 1192 -​ Daimyo: lords -​ Samurai: knights -​ Bushido: chivalry(knights code, honor, respect) -​ Fight until very last moment -​ Mongols 1274- 1281) -​ Tokugawa: -​ 15th century traditional system falling apart -​ Decline of Ashikaga Shogunate at Kyoto authority -​ Clan rivalries → warring states -​ Daimyo (great lord) -​ 3 great unifiers -​ Oda Nobunaga (1568-1582) -​ son of samurai, military commander -​ Toyotomi Hideyoshi -​ Farmer’s son → military commander -​ Gradually expands power to Shikoku islands and Kyushu -​ 1590 most daimyo on Japanese islands accept his authority -​ Invaded korea -​ Pacified countryside -​ Sword hunts to disarm population -​ Tokugawa Ieyasu -​ Daimyo of Edo -​ 1603 names himself shogun → most powerful long lasting shogunate -​ In power until 1868 -​ Portuguese land on islands 1543 -​ Began stopping at ports regularly -​ Francis Xavier - jesuit missionary comes to japan -​ Initially both visitors were welcomed but then the Japan felt like the Europeans were interfering with politics -​ 1587 Hideyoshi tries to say they can't come anymore but they protest and he gives in -​ New spanish franciscans are aggressive -​ Japanese regulate trade more closely -​ Only allow a small dutch community on a small island -​ Japanese shogunate subjects forbidden to leave Japan -​ Tokugawa = ‘great peace’ -​ Bakufu- coalition of daimyo + council of elders -​ More centralized than previously -​ State divided into separate territories (3 domains) ruled by ~250 individual daimyos -​ Daimyos were autonomous -​ Support themselves by taxes on land  -​ Still assured loyalty to shogunate by leaving their families in Edo -​ Samurai no longer a warrior -​ Capitalism -​ Merchant class -​ Guilds -​ Rising standard of living -​ Industrialized activities -​ ~1600 Japan unified by Tokugawa shogunate -​ Ban missionaries 1612 -​ Ban everyone 1638 -​ Zen Buddhism state religion -​ Japanese culture freezes in 1600 because all of their borders closed Jesuits -​ Explorers (kind of_ -​ Formed in response to protestant reformation -​ Founded by Inatius of Loyola -​ Francis Xavier -​ India 1542 -​ Malacca 1545 (spice city) -​ Japan 1549 China(again) -​ Ming dynasty -​ Replaces mongols 1368-1644 -​ 3rd golden age -​ Great wall of China- Ching Shi, remodelling in the 1600s -​ Ode to Mulan (where Mulan comes from, different than the movie) -​ Yong le Emperor (1402-1424) -​ Zheng he (1403-1433) Chinese explorer -​ Had a huge merchant fleet -​ Coo overthrows this empire -​ Zhengtong Emperor -​ Isolationism (like Tokugawa Japan) -​ China used to be like the richest, but as they become isolated, this disintegrates -​ Qing Dynasty -​ 1644-1911 -​ Opium wars- British want tea from China, cant trade gold or silver because of mercantilism(money is precious money = power no money = no power) so they trade opium instead which is obviously very bad because it gets like everyone high and decreases workers etc. Age of Exploration and Expansion  -​ Islam and spice trade -​ 13th century Islam precence in sea ports of Sumatra and Java -​ 1292 Marco Polo observes Muslims having missionary activity is SUmarra -​ 14th century muslims engages in growing percentage of Spice trade -​ 15th century new sultanate at Malacca(malacca because of its strategic location) -​ Malacca visited by chinese fleet under Zhengehe -​ Accepted vassalage + cement new relationship by making visit to Ming emperor in beijing -​ Paramesvara converted to Islam- enhances Malaccas trade through the strait dominated by Muslim merchants -​ Paramesvara - vassal of hindu state Maka Paphit on Java -​ Malacca becomes leading economic power in region -​ Spread of Islam to southeast Asia -​ Songhai -​ Kingdom of Mali under Mansa Musa → decline → new power (Songhai) -​ Sonni ali- founder -​ A local chieftain, seized Timbuktu from Berber overlords 1468 -​ Military commander seized power: Askia Muhamed (1493-1528) -​ Muslim (not criticized), relies on Islam faith to strengthen national unity and centralize authority -​ Trans-saharan trade: gold for salt -​ 1591 Moroccan forces conquer city, long period of decline -​ Europe -​ Christians + spices -​ Long been attracted to Asia -​ They had knowledge + technology to go beyond Europe -​ Dre Portolani- detailed charts by navigators and mathematicians -​ No curves taken into account so not useful for longer journeys -​ End of 15th century cartography has fairly accurate knowledge -​ Shipmasters: Sternpost rudder (China) → caravals -​ Compass + Astrolabe Mughals(I lost 1st part) -​ Economic difficulties -​ Capital from indian aristocracy → company officials, sent products back to Britain -​ \Destruction of local industries -​ British textiles imported instead -​ British expansion hurts peasants -​ 1770 massive famines→ death of ⅓ of population -​ Indians cant fight the British -​ Gunpowder empire -​ Firearms -​ Also success from dynamic leadership, political acumed, religious zeal -​ Society  -​ Muslims and Hindu and Persian concepts and cultural values -​ Sikhism- 16th century blended both faiths -​ Hindus defended their faith against Mughal monarchs who were trying to impose Islamic religion -​ Some Hindu men forcefully married Muslim women and converted them -​ Gov. orders to destroy hindu temples, sometimes ignored -​ Many Mughals chieftains/elites married Indian women and adopted Indian dress -​ Many Indians decided to convert Muslim during this time -​ A lot of the population lived in poverty -​ Participant in foreign trade from Indian sea → red sea → Persian gulf → strait of Malacca → Indonesian Archipelago -​ Cloth from India -​ 18th century Mughal power threatened -​ Rebellious groups -​ Vulnerable from abroad attack -​ 1739 Delphi sacked by Persians -​ Collapse because draining of imperial treasury , decline of ruler competence, persian kingship x indian decentralized power -​ 1st Europeans in India were portuguese -​ End of 16th century English and Dutch appear -​ Compete with Portugal for trading privileges -​ English at Surat 1608 trading privileges denied by emperor Jahangir -​ 1616 finally allowed ambassador at imperial court in Agra -​ 1619 1st English factory (trading station) -​ English presence grows -​ Rivals: Dutch and French -​ Dutch focused more on spice trade -​ French factories of their own -​ Joseph Francois Depleix -​ Madras 1746 -​ British under Sir Robert Clive drive French out -​ They only have 1 port left or maybe even none -​ Position of women -​ Babur and successors rely on women for political advice -​ Aristocratic women were awarded honorific titles, got salaries, allowed land and businesses -​ Women allowed to to inherit land, sometimes had Zamindar rights -​ Muslim isolating women sometimes also -​ Most women betrothed at age of 10 -​ Mughal culture -​ Persian x Indian Architecture -​ Taj Mahal, tomb of Humayun, floral mosaics Africa Portugese