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COMPUTERS IN OUR D A I LY L I F E Week 2 2 TOPICS o Introduction o What is Information Technology? o Advantages and Disadvantages of IT? o What is Information and Communications Technology? o Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives o Impact of ICT on the Soc...

COMPUTERS IN OUR D A I LY L I F E Week 2 2 TOPICS o Introduction o What is Information Technology? o Advantages and Disadvantages of IT? o What is Information and Communications Technology? o Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives o Impact of ICT on the Society 3 I N T RO D U C T I O N o Today, all people use computers and rely on computers to perform their tasks whether personal or professional. Professionals are different in their fields and skills, but one thing is common to all of them, they use computers to do their jobs. o The accountant uses computers for financial management; programmers use them to create programs; teachers prepare lectures and presentations; architects create blueprints; students use computers for various reasons like creating reports and thesis and for research purposes. o Businesses, companies, and organizations use computers to process data, store and retrieve information, and provide results and outputs. 4 THE COMPUTER o A computer refers to an electronic device that accepts data and instructions, performs logical and mathematical operations, and generates the outputs of the processing. The outputs or results are the information that we need. 5 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S A N D C A PA B I L I T I E S O F C O M P U T E R o Speed - The computer can work very fast. It takes only a few seconds for calculations that we take hours to complete. A computer can perform millions (1,000,000) of instructions and even more per second. o Accuracy - The degree of accuracy of a computer is very high and every calculation is performed with the same accuracy. o Diligence - A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, fatigue, etc. It can work for hours without creating any errors. o Versatility - It means the capacity to perform completely different types of work. You may use your computer to prepare payroll slips. 6 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S A N D C A PA B I L I T I E S O F C O M P U T E R o Power of Remembering - A computer has the power of storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any number of years. o No IQ (Intelligence Quotient) - A computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can. 7 C H A R AC T E R I S T I C S A N D C A PA B I L I T I E S O F C O M P U T E R o No Feelings - It does not have feelings or emotions, taste, knowledge, or experience. Thus it does not get tired even after long hours of work. It does not distinguish between users. o Storage - The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary storage devices. 8 W H AT I S I T ? o Information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking, and other physical devices, infrastructure, and processes to create, process, store, secure, and exchange all forms of electronic data. 9 I T S O F T WA R E A N D H A R D WA R E o IT includes several layers of physical equipment (hardware), virtualization and management or automation tools, operating systems, and applications (software) used to perform essential functions. o User devices, peripherals, and software, such as laptops, smartphones or even recording equipment, can be included in the IT domain. o IT can also refer to the architectures, methodologies, and regulations governing the use and storage of data. 10 I M P O R TA N C E O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o We are living in the information age and are constantly inundated from every area of our lives with information technology. It is now a part of our everyday lives and has greatly impacted society. o We use information technology to do school work, research for work, recreation, and almost anything else that can be imagined. Family and friends can stay connected through internet applications and smart devices. 11 A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Protecting and Storing Information - Electronic storage systems are being created to hold the information that is being shared over the internet and internal intranets. Secure maintenance of customer and company files is vital to the integrity of the company. o Virtual vaults keep information safe by limiting access to a select few. Security systems are put in place to protect your electronic information and keep it from being wiped out or damaged during a system breakdown. Hackers are also kept at bay with intense securities. 12 A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Automated Processes - The ability to find ways to complete more work in a shorter amount of time is essential to the success of a company. Information technology improves a company’s efficiency by implementing automated processes to make employees more capable of handling a larger workload. Reports, queries, and monitoring financials can be completed by computer programs, leaving employees free to complete other tasks. 13 A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Communication - Communication in every aspect of human interaction is essential. In the business world, communication is imperative to the success of the company. Emailing, video conferencing, and chat rooms allow for easier communication between employees and supervisors as well as employees and clients. 14 A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Remote Access or Telecommuting - When a company has implemented an information technology system, many times employees can then access the company’s network electronically. This enables employees to work from home or while on the road. This gives the employees more flexibility and they are more productive because they can still work when not in the office. 15 D I S A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Expenses of Implementation and Maintenance - Setup costs for implementing an information technology system within a home or business can be very costly. Software training can also take another big bite out of the budget. Information technology 16 D I S A D VA N TA G E S O F I N F O R M A T I O N TECHNOLOGY o Elimination of Jobs - By implementing IT systems into a company, tasks take less time, and therefore, employees have more time throughout the day. Paperwork is processed and filed immediately, reports are generated with the touch of a button, and financial statements are generated automatically. Companies are finding that they can combine jobs and need a smaller staff to operate fully. 17 W H AT I S I N F O R M AT I O N A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y (ICT)? o ICT is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices, and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime. 18 W H AT I S I N F O R M AT I O N A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y (ICT)? o Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or research. We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas. 19 W H AT I S I N F O R M AT I O N A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y (ICT)? o Communication is an act of transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs, or verbal interactions. Previously, people communicated through signs or symbols, performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these ‘older’ forms of communication are less utilized as compared to the use of the Internet, e-mail, or video conferencing. 20 W H AT I S I N F O R M AT I O N A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N T E C H N O L O G Y (ICT)? o Technology is the use of scientific knowledge, experience, and resources to create processes and products that fulfill human needs. Technology is vital in communication. 21 U S E S O F I C T I N O U R DA I LY L I V E S o Communication - Nowadays people are in touch with the help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail, voice mail, and social networking people communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of communication. It also provides students from remote areas access to expert teachers and learning resources and gives administrators and policymakers the data and expertise they need to work more efficiently. 22 U S E S O F I C T I N O U R DA I LY L I V E S o Job Opportunities - In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business. Being able to use ICT systems effectively allows employees more time to concentrate on areas of their job role that require soft skills. For example, many pharmacies use robot technology to assist with picking prescribed drugs. This allows highly trained pharmaceutical staff to focus on jobs requiring human intelligence and interaction, such as dispensing and checking medication. 23 U S E S O F I C T I N O U R DA I LY L I V E S o Education - Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and manage information. In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises. 24 U S E S O F I C T I N O U R DA I LY L I V E S o Socializing - The internet and social media provide young people with a range of benefits, and opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can maintain social connections and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more information than ever before. The communities and social interactions young people form online can be invaluable for bolstering and developing young people's self-confidence and social skills. 25 P O S I T I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Access to information: Increase in access to information and services that has accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this increased access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phones and Instant Messaging. Improved access to education, e.g. distance learning and online tutorials. New ways of learning, e.g. interactive multi-media and virtual reality. 26 P O S I T I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not previously exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software, and high-quality printers, screen magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to work with ordinary text rather than Braille. 27 P O S I T I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Communication: Cost savings by using e.g. VoIP instead of the normal telephone, email, messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings, e-commerce web sites instead of sales catalogs. Access to larger, even worldwide, markets. o Information management: Data mining of customer information to produce lists for targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash flow, etc. 28 P O S I T I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods can keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is being sent electronically. o Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the world. o Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts, programmers, and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers. 29 N E G AT I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Job loss: Manual operations are being replaced by automation. e.g. robots replacing people on an assembly line. Job export. e.g. Data processing work being sent to other countries where operating costs are lower. Multiple workers are being replaced by a smaller number who are able to do the same amount of work. e.g. o A worker at a supermarket checkout can serve more customers per hour if a bar-code scanner linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods instead of the worker having to enter the item and price manually 30 N E G AT I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social interaction in their daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people they may feel isolated and unhappy. o Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. o Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to maintain. An ICT system usually requires specialist staff to run them and there is also the challenge of keeping up with ever-changing technology. 31 N E G AT I V E I M PAC T S O F I C T o Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some organizations being exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the organization is competing for customers, donations, or other means of funding nationally or even internationally, they may lose out to other organizations that can offer the same service for less money. T H A N K YO U H I S TO R Y O F COMPUTER Week 2 2 TOPICS o Introduction o Evolution of Computers o Generations of Computers o Classification of Computers o According to Purpose o According to Data Handles o According to Capacity 3 I N T RO D U C T I O N In the earliest Computers, initial calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was computers. o These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical expression. o The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of training in mathematics. o The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that sense until the middle of the 20th century. 4 5 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS The evolution of computers has six generations namely: pre-modern era, first, second, third, fourth, and fifth generations. A. Pre-Modern Era There are three classifications of devices that evolved during the pre- modern era namely manual-mechanical devices, electromechanical, and electronic devices. 6 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Manual-Mechanical Devices are devices that are operated manually by the user. Examples of manual mechanical devices are: Tally Sticks - A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers, quantities, or even messages. 7 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Abacus - It is also called a counting frame and is considered the first man- made computing device. In fact, it was used for centuries. It uses beads and it was invented in China. 8 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Napier’s Bones - It is a manually- operated device used for calculating products, quotients, square and cube roots. It was invented by John Napier in 1614. 9 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Oughtred’s Slide Rule - It is a mechanical analog computer consisting of movable bars with a precise scale that uses approximations for solving problems like multiplication, division, roots, logarithms, and trigonometry. It was invented by William Oughtred. 10 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Pascaline Calculator - It is also called Adding Machine. It is the first mechanical calculating device that uses cogged wheels that can be used to add and subtract two numbers. It was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. 11 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Stepped Reckoner - Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672. The machine can add, subtract, multiply, and divide automatically. 12 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Babbage’s Difference and Analytical Engines - These engines embodied most of the design of modern computers. The Difference engine can compute tables and the Analytical engine is completely automatic and is capable of calculating any mathematical problems. It was invented by Charles Babbage. 13 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Arithmometer - A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820, The first reliable, useful, and commercially successful calculating machine. The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions. The first mass- produced calculating machine. 14 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Devices. The principal components of electronic devices are circuit boards, transistors, or silicon chips, and use electrical switches and circuitry instead of mechanical relays. Examples of electronic devices are: ABC (Atanasoff-Berry-Computer) - The first special-purpose digital computer that solves simultaneous equations. It was developed by John Atanasoff. 15 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) - The first fully electronic general-purpose digital computer ever completed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. 16 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It is also known as an Electronic Binary Digital computer that uses a binary representation of data and internally stored programs; the first full-size stored-program computer, built at the University of Cambridge, England by Maurice Wilkes and others to provide a formal computing service for users. EDSAC was built according to the von Neumann machine principles. 17 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) 18 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS B. First Generation Computers (1951-1958) The size of computers during the first generation computers are mainframes. The major hardware features are vacuum tubes and magnetic drums and the processing speed is 1,000 instructions per second. 19 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS One example of the computer during this generation is Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC). It is the first commercial business computer and was developed by John Eckert and John Mauchly. Another example is IBM 701 which is the first generation IBM computers. The most popular 1st generation computer is IBM 650. 20 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS C. Second Generation Computers (1959-1963) The major hardware features of second-generation computers are transistors and magnetic cores. Its processing speed is 1,000,000 instructions per second and the size is mainframe. 21 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS TRADIC is one example of a second- generation computer. It is the first transistorized computer. More examples of second-generation computers are UNIVAC II, IBM 7070, 7090, and 1400 series. 22 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS D. Third Generation Computers (1964-1970) During the third generation, minicomputers already became available. The major hardware features are integrated circuits or “chips” and the processing speed is 10,000,000 instructions per second. 23 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS One example of third generation computer is IBM System 360. It is the first general-purpose machine used in science and business. 24 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS E. Fourth Generation Computers (1971-present) The fourth generation started in 1971 up to the present. The size of a computer varies from mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers. The major hardware features are microprocessors or large-scale integrated circuits. The minimum processing speed is 100,000,000 instructions per second. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. 25 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS Fourth-generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices. 26 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS F. Fifth Generation Computers (Present-Future) Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. 27 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S The computers can be classified according to purpose, according to data handled, and according to capacity. 28 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S According to Purpose General-purpose computers have the ability to store different programs of instruction and thus, perform a variety of operations. Examples of general- purpose computers are personal computers, laptops, and tablets. 29 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Digital Computers refer to machines that specialize in counting. It operates by counting values that are discrete, or separate and distinct. 30 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Analog Computers. The name analog comes from the word “analogous” meaning similar. Analog computers are used for scientific, engineering, and process control purposes. They deal with quantities that are continuously variable. One example is the analog speedometer in an automobile. 31 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Hybrid Computers. Although both analog and digital computers are extremely used in widely accepted in various industries, manufacturers designed a computer that combines the best features of both types. This special-purpose machine called a hybrid computer combines the measuring capabilities of the analog computer and the logical and control capabilities of the digital computer. It offers an efficient and economical method of working out special types of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Some Hybrid machines contain special equipment to convert analog voltages into digital voltages, and vice-versa. 32 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 33 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S According to Capacity Supercomputers - These are arguably the most powerful in terms of speed and accuracy. They are types of computers used in solving complex mathematical computations. They are capable of executing trillions of instructions per second, which is calculated in floating point operations per second (FLOPS). 34 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Mainframe computers - are large-sized computer types. They are equally powerful but fall short in terms of the computation ability in supercomputers. They are like big file servers, enabling multiple users from nearby and remote locations to access resources at the same time. Also known as big iron, these systems can handle massive amounts of data going in and out simultaneously. This makes them popular with businesses. 35 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 36 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Minicomputers - are general-purpose devices without the monumental expenses associated with a larger system. Their processing power is below that of mainframe systems but above the capabilities of personal computers. Also known as mid-range computers, these became popular in the late 1960s but have become almost extinct because of the popularity of personal computers. The latter can now perform most of the tasks reserved for minis. 37 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S 38 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S Microcomputers are the smallest, least expensive, and most used types of computers. They have small memories, less processing power, are physically smaller, and permit fewer peripherals compared to super and mainframe computers. They are more commonly known as personal computers or simply PCs. The term was initially used to refer to IBM-compatible computers. 39 C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F C O M P U T E R S T H A N K YO U COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER Components of a Computer System Hardware Software People ware Data ware Hardware refers to the physical and tangible components of the computer system. Components of the Internal Hardware 1.CPU The central processing unit (CPU) executes all the instructions and it is considered the brain of the computer system. The parts of the CPU are control unit (CU) and arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). Other parts that go along with the processor are bus, ports, expansion slots, and registers. Hardware CPU – Central Processing Unit Hardware Components of the internal hardware 2. Memory - It stores data and instructions before the execution and the processed data as well Types of Memory Internal Memory Random-Access Memory (RAM) – It is a volatile type of memory - refers to as Main Memory or Primary Memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) – contains permanently stored instructions that cannot be changed. External Memory Secondary Memory - Also known as Auxiliary Memory. - It is a non-volatile type of memory that is responsible foe keeping files permanently. Hardware Memory Hardware Components of the internal hardware 3. Input and Output Unit it allows communication between the computer and its outside world via input and output devices. Other parts that go along with the Processor: Bus - It is an electronic circuit that sends data and messages between the other components. Ports - It attach input and output devices to the computer. Expansion slots - It allow the addition of extra features. Registers - Are special temporary storage which quickly accepts, stores, and transfers data and instructions for immediate use. Hardware Motherboard Hardware Components of the external hardware Input hardware Processing hardware Storage hardware Output hardware Communication hardware Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware - it accept or collect data and convert it into a form suitable for processing. TYPES Keyboard- Entry Devices Keyboards. It is the most commonly used input device. Terminals. It consists of keyboard, video display screen and a communication line to a mainframe computer. THREE TYPES OF TERMINAL Dumb – can be used only to input data to and receive information from a computer system. Smart – can do input and output and has some limited processing capability. Intelligent – a full fledge microcomputer with a communication link. Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware TYPES Direct-Entry Devices Pointing Devices Mouse – a pointing device that allows you to control an on-screen cursor. Trackball – the upside-down version of the mouse. A ball mounted in box is rolled with the fingers to move the cursor. Joystick – a video display screen that picks up input from the user through the touch of a finger. Light pen –it is a point and draw input device that allows you to draw directly on screen. Digitizing tablet – a pen-like device with which the user “sketches” an image or puck Pen based systems – a pen like stylus to enter handwriting and marks into a computer.  Hardware JOYSTICK MOUSE TRACKBALL LIGHT PEN DIGITIZING TABLET PEN BASED SYSTEM Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware TYPES Scanning Device - It translates images of text, drawing, and photos and the like into forms of data that can be understood by the computer. Bar code readers – photoelectric scanner that translate the bar code symbols into digital forms. Mark and Character recognitions devices MICR (Magnetic-Ink Character Recognition) – it reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of bank checks OMR (Optical Mark Recognition) – it reads pencil marks OCR(Optical Character Recognition) – it reads special preprinted characters Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware Fax Machine (Facsimile Transmission Machine) – it scans an image and sends it as an electronic signals over telephone lines Imaging Systems/Image Scanner/ Graphics Scanner – it converts text, drawings, and photographs into forms Smart Cards and Optical cards Smart cards – it contain a microprocessor and a memory chip. Optical Cards – it s a plastic, laser-recordable card used with an optical card reader. Hardware Components of the external hardware Input Hardware Other Devices Voice Recognition Systems – they convert human speech into digital code. Audio- Input Device – they record or play analog sounds Video- Input Devices – signals that come from VCR o r a camera recorder Electronic cameras – they capture images in electronic form Sensors – it collects specific kinds of data directly from the environment Hardware Components of the external hardware Processing Hardware - It is used to retrieve and execute the instructions provided by the computer Main Components CPU Main Memory System Unit –it contains electrical components that make the computer works. Power supply – is a device that converts AC to DC power to run the computer. Motherboard – it is the main circuit board in the system unit. CPU – the microprocessor chip. Specialized Processor chips – used to speed up your computer system System clock – it controls how fast all operations within a computer are performed. Hardware Components of the external hardware Processing Hardware System Unit (continue) RAM chips - chips that temporarily hold data and instructions ROM chips – chips containing programs that are built into the computer Cache memory – is the special high-speed memory that the CPU can access quickly. Expansion slots and boards- are sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards or boards. Bus line – the electrical pathways through which nits are transmitted within the CPU and between the CPU and other devices in the system unit. Port – the sockets on the outside of the system unit that each connected to an expansion board on the inside of the system unit. PCMICIA slots and cards – it represents a new bus standard for notebooks, subnotebooks and pocket computers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Storage Hardware. It temporarily or permanently store data used for processing and the output of such processing. Two types: Primary Storage – refers to main memory (RAM). Secondary Storage- refers to storage devices that retain data and instruction in a relatively permanent (non-volatile) form. Diskettes Hard disks Optical storage – use a laser beam to pack information densely on are movable disk Magnetic tapes – a sequential file storage represented by various arrangements of magnetized spots along the width of the tape Magnetic disk – a metal plotter where data is represented by magnetized spots on the tracks. Hardware Components of the external hardware Storage (continue) Magnetic strip – a recording of a data cell device capable of storing 400 million of data Paper tape – a continuous strip of paper wound on a reel where data is represented by holes punched on the paper. Drum – a recording medium of data represented by magnetized spots that is coated with a magnetically sensitive material divided into tracks. Continuous forms – a long sheets of paper where data is represented thru print out. Computer Output Microfilm (COM)- stores large volume of information printed or photographed as a very small images on sheets or roll of film called Microfiche. Hardware Components of the external hardware Output Hardware - It provide a means for the user to view information produced by the computer system. Two forms: Hardcopy – it is when an information has been recorded in a tangible medium, such as paper or microfilm Softcopy – it is when an output is temporarily displayed on the screen Hardcopy Output Hardware: Printer – it is capable of printing characters, symbols and graphics. Categories: Impact printer – it has contact with papers like daisy wheel printers, dot-matrix printers and line printers Non-impact printers –it has no contact with the paper like laser printer, ink-jet printers and thermal printers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Output Hardware (continue) Hardcopy Output Hardware: Plotter – they are specialized output devices that can produce high quality graphics in a variety of colors. 3 types: Pen plotter – the most popular type of plotter Electrostatic plotter – electrostatic charges create tiny dots on specially treated paper. Thermal plotter – its pins are electronically heated and are used with heat-sensitive paper to produce images. Softcopy Output Hardware: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – the most popular softcopy output device used on microcomputers Flat Panel Displays – they are used with portable computers. Hardware Components of the external hardware Communication Hardware It facilitate the connection between computers connected with a network of computers over phone lines and other channels. Includes: Modems - it converts digital signals to analog signals. Cable – commonly used in networking, to facilitate the communication between those computers. Fax modems – a modem with fax capability installed as a circuit board in the motherboard of a computer Multiplexers – it combines several low-speed transmission into one high-speed transmission. Concentrator- it collects data in a temporary storage area, then send it forward when enough has been accumulated. Front-end Processor- a computer that handles communications for mainframes. Software Categories of Software 1. System software- facilitating applications programs. Types of system software a. operating system - refers to a group of related programs that supervise the execution of an application program b. operating environment - refers to programs that sit on top of OS c. utilities - a single term for all types of programming aids d. programming damages - the programs used to write other programs e. language processor - used to convert source program into a form suitable for execution compliers assemblers interpreters Software Categories of Software 2. Application software- use program designed to solve problem. Types of application software Types of Package Programs Package program a. word processing h. groupware software - commonly called application i. software suites package. b. desktop j. desktop publishing accessories Custom program software k. personal - specifically written for an c. spread sheet information software organization. manager d. data base l. project management Levels of programming languages management system software 1. Machine language e. graphic software m. multimedia 2. Symbolic language f. communication software software 3. High level language g. integrated software Peopleware refers to the personnel involved in data processing operations Functional Areas of Peopleware: Systems Programming System analysts Application programming Computer Operations Personnel: Data Entry Operator Computer Operator Computer Programmer System Analysts Computer Center Director THANK YOU! I N F O R M AT I O N A G E Week 2 2 TOPICS o Information Age o Digital Age o New Media Age 3 W H AT I S T H E I N F O R M AT I O N A G E ? o The Information Age is the idea that access to and the control of information is the defining characteristic of this current era in human civilization. o The Information Age -- also called the Computer Age, the Digital Age and the New Media Age -- is coupled tightly with the advent of personal computers. But many computer historians trace its beginnings to the work of the American mathematician Claude E. Shannon, known as the "father of Information Theory." 4 O R I G I N O F T H E I N F O R M AT I O N A G E o In 1948, at age 32 and as a researcher at Nokia Bell Laboratories, Shannon published a landmark paper proposing that information can be quantitatively encoded as a series of ones and zeroes. o Shannon showed how all information media, from telephone signals to radio waves to television, could be transmitted without error using this single framework. 5 M I L E S T O N E S O F T H E I N F O R M AT I O N A G E o By the 1970s, with the development of the Internet by the United States Department of Defense and the subsequent adoption of personal computers a decade later, the Information, or Digital, Revolution was underway. 6 M I L E S T O N E S O F T H E I N F O R M AT I O N A G E o More technological changes, such as the development of fiber optic cables and faster microprocessors, accelerated the transmission and processing of information. The World Wide Web, used initially by companies as an electronic billboard for their products and services, morphed into an interactive consumer exchange for goods and information. Electronic mail (email), which permitted near-instant exchange of information, was widely adopted as the primary platform for workplace and personal communications. 7 M I L E S T O N E S O F T H E I N F O R M AT I O N A G E o The digitization of information has had a profound impact on traditional media businesses, such as book publishing, the music industry, and -- more recently -- the major television and cable networks. As information is increasingly described in digital form, businesses across many industries sharpened their focus on how to capitalize on the Information Age. 8 W H AT I S D I G I TA L A G E ? o The Digital Age, refers to a historical era and information technology-based economy originating in the twentieth century. It is marked by a rapid transition from the industrialized economy brought about by the Industrial Revolution to a knowledge-based economy. o The Digital Age intersects with the Internet Age, which describes the time since the public first had access to the Internet, as well as the fundamental changes it brought about in terms of information availability and worldwide communication. 9 D I G I TA L A G E T I M E L I N E o There have been many technological developments that led to the era that we currently live in. Below is a timeline of the major developments in almost every decade of the Digital Age. o 1940s: this was the beginning of the discipline of information science. o Late 1940s: universities, the military, and companies created computer systems to digitally copy and automate previously done mathematical operations by hand. o 1970s: the Altair Microcomputer Kit, the first home computer, was released. The video game console, the first coin-operated video games, and the heyday of arcade video games all came into existence. 10 D I G I TA L A G E T I M E L I N E o 1980s: computers entered semi-ubiquity (almost everywhere) as people brought them into homes, businesses, and industries. o Late 1980s - 1990s: Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, which became publicly accessible. The Internet quickly spread, entered popular culture, and many companies mentioned websites in their advertisements. Despite their invention, phones were not widely used. 11 D I G I TA L A G E T I M E L I N E o 2000s: cell phones outpaced phones of the 90s in terms of technological advancement and became as commonplace as computers. Text messaging exploded in popularity. The developing world became heavily involved in the digital revolution. o 2010s to the present: both smartphone use and console ownership increased in popularity. The number of individuals using the Internet expanded dramatically over time, reaching 63.5% of the global population today. The use of cloud computing became widespread. 12 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E New Technology and Society o One of the central features of the digital age is referred to as new technology. o Every day, people create new, small-scale technology. The majority are minor upgrades to already-developed technologies. However, they occasionally create a technology that has a significant impact on human life. The phrase "new technology" mostly refers to these advances. The printing press was a novel invention in the year 500. Computers, satellites, and the Internet are the three main components of modern technology for us. 13 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E New Technological Networks o The internet and other networks enable communication and interaction between numerous machines and people, all over the world. o This is the result of the dramatic evolution of communications. Face-to-face speaking or written notes passed from person to person used to be some of the only means of communication. Today, we can message, call, learn about world events in real time, and access all forms of media in a matter of moments. 14 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E Mobility Due to New Technology o Digital tools and the internet have allowed us to carry out activities such as employment or social engagement from any location while remaining mobile, e.g., remote working. Where international travel used to be extremely difficult and/or inaccessible, it is now possible for almost anyone to travel the entire world in a few hours, thanks to affordable and widely available air travel. 15 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E Consumerization Due to New Technology o In the past, businesses typically purchased equipment that was unreachable for the average customer. For instance, the first computers were extremely expensive mainframes and supercomputers. o As the years passed, consumer-level computers improved to the point where businesses stopped using specialized business computers in favor of consumer models. Numerous businesses are likely to experience this consumerization process. 16 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E Misinformation and Disinformation Due to New Technology o The internet enables everyone to take part in the global exchange of information and opinion. This offers a significant alternative to the domination of big media firms but also permits the quick spread of false and misleading information. 17 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E New Technology and Globalization o Globalization is the blending of systems, economies, communities, and politics beyond geographical boundaries. As a medium for communication and shared experience, the internet significantly speeds up this lengthy process. o The result of this is not only cultural diffusion but cultural leveling, which is the process by which cultures become increasingly similar to each other. Globalized capitalism brings Western culture as well as technology to other parts of the world. For instance, Japan has incorporated elements of both Western and Eastern traditions into its culture by embracing capitalism and Western fashion and music. 18 F E AT U R E S O F T H E D I G I TA L A G E Security Concerns Due to New Technology o Information security is becoming almost as crucial as physical security as economies, society, companies, and people grow more and more reliant on technology. The rapid speed of progress in information technology also tends to expose technologies to cybercrime and cyber warfare. 19 W H AT I S T H E N E W M E D I A A G E ? o The “new media age” refers to the development of interactive technologies that began during the late 20th century and has continued into the 21st century. o Various forms of new media have emerged from the Internet since it first became widely-available in homes during the mid to late 1990s, including blogs, Internet video and other social networking tools. 20 W H AT I S T H E N E W M E D I A A G E ? o The new media age also encompasses cellular technologies and applications that are compatible with the Internet and its various platforms of interactivity. o The new media age has especially changed the way people look at such issues as privacy, social interaction, and access to information. 21 W H AT I S T H E N E W M E D I A A G E ? o For better or worse, the new media age has changed the way people communicate, most noticeably by minimizing face-to-face communication. o What started out as simply “emailing” has expanded into multiple other forms of electronic communication, including instant messaging, texting, Tweeting ™, and blogging. o These increasingly quicker and shorter forms of communication have given rise to a type of shorthand abbreviation also known as “text lingo.” Some criticize that this new language is negatively affecting people’s spelling and grammar abilities, particularly those who haven’t yet been educated in correct spelling and grammar. 22 W H AT I S T H E N E W M E D I A A G E ? o The new media age has also made information more easily and quickly accessible for both individuals and major organizations. Large news networks are frequently employ such new media tools as Twitter, Google, and Wikipedia to source and verify the most up-to-the-minute stories from around the world. o Independent news bloggers, also known as “citizen journalists,” have carved a niche in the new media age by reporting on stories in real-time and often without the political biases typically attached to left-wing and right-wing news conglomerates. 23 EVOLUTION OF NEW MEDIA 24 NEW MEDIA: NEW PROBLEMS o Multi Identity o Cyber Crime o Collapse of Traditional Economic Models o Privacy Issues o Hate Speech 25 NEW MEDIA: NEW HORIZONS o Virtual Socialization o Cyber Entrepreneurship o New Business Models o Global Political Organizations and Movements 26 NEW MEDIA: NEW FORMS & CONTENTS 27 NEW MEDIA: NEW JOBS 28 NEW MEDIA: FUTURE T H A N K YO U