Understanding The Self (UTS) PDF

REVIEW INTEGRATED UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (UTS) **EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS** LAO TZU - Father of Eastern Philosophy - The founder of Taoism, his popular philosophy in the "TAO TE CHING" - YIN AND YANG THEORY , CONFUCIUS - CONFUCIANISM - Civil Service Exam - ANALECTS - GOLDEN RULE...

REVIEW INTEGRATED UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (UTS) **EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS** LAO TZU - Father of Eastern Philosophy - The founder of Taoism, his popular philosophy in the "TAO TE CHING" - YIN AND YANG THEORY , CONFUCIUS - CONFUCIANISM - Civil Service Exam - ANALECTS - GOLDEN RULE - FILIAL PIETY - He was able to establish the art of teaching as a vocation. SIDDHARTA GAUTAMA BUDDHA - Also known as Buddha - FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS - EIGHTFOLD PATH - NIRVANA FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS - Discuss the concept of suffering and selfish desire in connection with life. - **Dukkha**: Life is full of suffering. - **Samudaya**: Suffering is caused by desire and attachment. - **Nirodha**: There is an end to suffering. - **Magga**: The path to end suffering is the Eightfold Path. EIGHT-FOLD PATH Set of guidelines in Buddhism that the Buddha taught as part of the Four Noble Truths. - **Right View**: Understanding the Four Noble Truths. - **Right Intention**: Cultivating good intentions like kindness and renunciation. - **Right Speech:** Avoiding lies, harsh words, and gossip. - **Right Action:** Acting ethically, avoiding harm to others. - **Right Livelihood**: Choosing a moral and ethical way to earn a living. - **Right Effort**: Maintaining focus on positive thoughts and actions. - **Right Mindfulness**: Being fully aware and present in the moment. - **Right Concentration**: Developing deep focus through meditation. **WESTERN PHILOSPHERS** SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS Socrates Plato Aristotle SOCRATES - Father of Western Philosophers - Concerned with questioning the Human Ethics - Socratic Method - Know thyself PLATO - Great student of Socrates - Author of The Republic - He is an Idealist - Theory of Forms - Allegory of the Cave PLATO: ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE - Plato explains the allegory of the cave using theory of forms and the beauty of seeking the truth and thinking deeply. ARISTOTLE - Father of Political Science - Father of Logic - Goldean Mean ARISTOTLE - Logical Reasoning: Syllogism - Example "All men are mortal; Socrates is a man: Therefore, Socrates is mortal" ARISTOTLE THREE DISTINCTIONS OF SOUL 1. VEGETATIVE 2. SENSITIVE soul 3. RATIONAL soul ARISTOTLE Aristotle disagreed with Plato's theory of forms. For him, all ideas and views are based on perception, and our reality is based on what we can sense and perceive. JOHN LOCKE TABULA RASA "EMPTY MIND" - The human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, at birth. EMPERICISM - John Locke believed that all knowledge comes from experience. He argued that the mind is a \"tabula rasa\" (blank slate) at birth, and understanding is built through sensory experiences and reflection. For Locke, reason and learning are shaped by observation and interaction with the world. - is a philosophical theory that states knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. It emphasizes observation, experimentation, and evidence gathered through the senses, rather than relying on innate ideas or pure reasoning. Key proponents include John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY LOOKING GLASS SELF - people develop their self-image based on how they think others perceive them , RENÉ DESCARTES - Father of Modern Philosophy - Dualism - reality is divided into two parts - Mind: A non-extended, thinking thing - Body: An extended, non-thinking thing - "**Cogito, ergo sum" - I think, therefore I am** GILBERT RYLE - Rejects Dualism - I act therefore I am GEORGE HERBERT MEAD THEORY OF SOCIAL SELF - This explains that self has two division: "I" and "Me" GEORGE HERBERT MEAD 1. PREPARATORY STAGE - Start at 0-3 years old, The Children imitate people around them. 2. PLAY STAGE - Start at 3 to 5 years old, - children here learn to communicate through language and other symbols. 3. GAME STAGE - Begins in the early school years; about 8 or 9 years old. - At this point, children understand not only their own social position but those around them. SIGMUND FRUED CONSTRUCTION OF SELF AND PERSONALITY - **Id**: The primitive, unconscious part driven by desires and instincts (pleasure principle). - **Ego**: The rational part that balances the Id and reality (reality principle). - **Superego**: The moral conscience, representing societal and parental standards. SIGMUND FRUED Three Levels of Mind 1. The Conscious Mind 2. The Preconscious Mind 3. The Unconscious mind Oral - Age 0-1 - Focus on oral activities, sucking, tasting - Problems: Addiction to smoking or eating- oral fixation Anal - Age 1-3 - Focus on controlling bowels/ - bladder (toilet training) - Problem: Anal retentive or anal expulsive Phallic - Age: 3-6 - Focus on genitals and - differences between sexes - Problem: Vanity, envy, passivity. - confused identity Latent - Age 6-puberty - Peer/social relationships and gender roles - Problem: Critical stage to develop social skills and confidence Genital - Puberty- adult - Sexual desires and urges - directed toward others - Problem: Transfer of fixations from earlier stages - 8 stages of psychosocial development - Personality develops through eight stages from infancy to old age 8 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy, 0-1 year) - Key Question: \"Can I trust the world?\" - Virtue: Hope 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood, 1-3 years) - Key Question: \"Can I do things myself, or must I rely on others?\" - Virtue: Will 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool, 3-6 years) - Key Question: \"Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?\" - Virtue: Purpose 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age, 6-12 years) - Key Question: \"Can I make it in the world of people and things?\" - Virtue: Competence 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence, 12-18 years) - Key Question: \"Who am I, and what can I be?\" - Virtue: Fidelity 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood, 19-40 years) - Key Question: \"Can I love and be loved?\" - Virtue: Love 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood, 40-65 years) - Key Question: \"Can I make my life count?\" - Virtue: Care 8. Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity, 65+ years) - Key Question: \"Is it okay to have been me?\" - Virtue: Wisdom MASLOW HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (PYRAMID) - Maslow\'s theory states that our actions are motivated by psychological needs that progress from basic to complex. 5\. **Self-Actualization** - Fulfillment of potential, personal growth, creativity, and meaning. 4\. **Esteem Needs** - Recognition, respect, self-esteem, confidence, and achievement. 3\. **Love and Belonging Needs** - Relationships, friendships, family, intimacy, and social connections. 2\. **Safety Needs** - Protection, security, stability, freedom from fear, order, and law. 1\. **Physiological Needs** - Basic survival needs such as food, water, air, shelter, sleep, and warmth. VIKTOR FRANKL LOGOTHERAPHY - Emphasize the meaning of life even in the face of suffering ST. AUGUSTINE - The Human Person, being the creation of God is always geared towards good. - The self is only known through knowing god. OTHER IMPORTANT CONCEPT EUDAIMONIA - A Greek word that means \"happiness\" or \"well-being\". It can also be translated as \"flourishing\" or \"good spirit\" DUALISM - reality is divided into two parts - Mind: A non-extended, thinking thing - Body: An extended, non-thinking thing MATERIALISM - Materialism states that everything that truly exists is matter; everything is material, thus all phenomena we see are a result of material interactions. TABULA RASA - The human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, at birth. SUMMUM BONUM - The supreme good from which all others are derived. NATURE VS. NURTURE - a discussion about the relative importance of genetics (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) in shaping a person\'s characteristics.