Animal-Assisted Therapy & Pain Management PDF

Animal-Assisted Therapy Further reading matrial https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1054 773820977198?casa_token=SyB6GaWL02kAAAAA%3 ANqYnJHTT9Isx0fH25ZupFFS75f7vK3VwdFwItKikotuh AKmS00S7xSAuoCjBCazjaz71bpunAwTmlw https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1471595321000780 ...

Animal-Assisted Therapy Further reading matrial https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1054 773820977198?casa_token=SyB6GaWL02kAAAAA%3 ANqYnJHTT9Isx0fH25ZupFFS75f7vK3VwdFwItKikotuh AKmS00S7xSAuoCjBCazjaz71bpunAwTmlw https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/ pii/S1471595321000780 Pharmacological Management Medications for managing pain include opioids and nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Opioids The most commonly used opioids in the critically ill are fentanyl, morphine, and hydromorphone. Adverse effects of opioids are common in critically ill patients. Respiratory depression Hypotension A depressed level of consciousness and hallucinations Gastric retention and ileus  When the patient feels pain or just before any pain inducing therapy, the Patient-Controlled patient can depress a button to receive the prescribed bolus of Analgesia medication. It is rarely appropriate for critically ill patients Epidural Analgesia Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Provide analgesia by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, a critical enzyme in the inflammatory cascade. Ibuprofen are used to treat mild to moderate pain. Patients are at risk for renal damage (ibuprofen). Renal functions are important.( initially & follow up) for Drug selection and titration Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Significant adverse effects gastrointestinal bleeding bleeding secondary to platelet inhibition, renal insufficiency. NSAID-induced renal insufficiency is higher in hypovolemic patients, elderly, and patients with preexisting renal impairment. NSAIDs should not be administered to patients with asthma and aspirin sensitivity. Recently, demonstrated effects of IV administration of ibuprofen is associated with significant reductions in opioid requirements. Acetaminophen preparations Acetaminophen is non-opioid analgesic that treat and manage mild to moderate pain Combination with an opioid, acetaminophen has a greater analgesic effect than higher doses of an opioid alone. Acetaminophen is administered cautiously in patients with hepatic dysfunction.