Music PDF

Music Monophonic -- Single musical line without musical accompaniment Homophonic -- Movement accompanying parts in the same rhythms as the melody Heterophonic -- Musical texture where multiple variations of the melody are played at the same time Polyphonic -- Musical texture where 2 or more inde...

Music Monophonic -- Single musical line without musical accompaniment Homophonic -- Movement accompanying parts in the same rhythms as the melody Heterophonic -- Musical texture where multiple variations of the melody are played at the same time Polyphonic -- Musical texture where 2 or more independent melodies are played Sonata -- Solo instrument of a small group Concerto -- Composition for a solo instrument Kantata -- Composition for voices and instruments that originated in the 17^th^ century Symphony -- Large-scale composition of an orchestra or large group of musical things and people Opera -- Played live by an orchestra which tells a story through music Comic Opera -- Portrays humorous situations and characters, enhanced by spoken dialogue Opera Buffa -- Comic opera (usually in Italian) that dawns from everyday life Serria Opera -- Italian opera dominant in the 18^th^ century and thus frequently called Neapolitan Opera Serria -- Serious in Italian Classical -- Period that took place in 1750 -- 1820 in Central Europe \>Salzburg, Vienna, and Prague were in the hands of the Aristocrats Classical Music -- Having a contrast in mood because of the sudden change in expression \> Classical Composers communicated these emotions using unity and logic \> The most significant characteristic of this is the structure, especially in the sonata form \>Texture is homophonic but changes abruptly from one texture to another \>The melody is often balanced and symmetrical \>May have complex harmony and multiple melodies at the same time Classical Composition -- Various rhythmic patterns that result in sudden pauses, syncopations, and frequent changes in the duration of notes \>May begin with a melody and simple accompaniment and change to a more complex polyphonic texture \>Commonly composed of 2 different phrases of the same length Franz Joseph Haydn (1732 -- 1809) -- an Austrian composer was only 8 years old when he was enlisted to render song performances in the choir at St. Stephen's Cathedral located in Vienna, Austria \>He is known as the "Father of Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet" \>He died at the age of 77 and is remembered as the first great symphonist and the inventor of the string quartet \>Part of the Viennese School and an influence on both Mozart and Beethoven \>In service of the Esterhazy Family is the richest and most powerful Hungarian noble families \>In the 1780s, his music was published all over Europe and well-regarded in the music world \>He wrote sic symphonies for Concerts Spirituals in Paris and 12 symphonies for a concert in London \>His final works are mostly sacred for his patron and culminated in 2 large oratorios, The Creation(1798) and The Seasons (1801) which reflect his love of nature \>He helped transform the genre from a divertissement to chamber music, in which all parts play equally. These inspired Mozart to create six quartets dedicated to Haydn. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) -- Austrian musician who is talented and plays different instruments. He is a successful composer, violinist, and assistant concertmaster \>He began playing in public at the age of 6 and performed in various places in Europe \>He composed hundreds of works like Sonatas, Symphonies, Masses, Concertos, and Operas \>His works were characterized by vivid emotion and sophisticated textures 1761 -- He appeared in public as a keyboard performer 1762 -- Travelled with/ his sis to a court of Prince Maximillian III of Bavaria in Munich and the Court of Vienna and Prague 1763 -- Composed his first opera, La Finta Semplice 1770 -- Wrote the first carnival opera named Mitridate re di Ponto 1773 -- Composed the solo 3 movement motet, Exsultate, Jubilate 1775 -- Wrote the Italian opera, La Finta Giardiniera 1776-1777 -- Turned his efforts to composing piano concertos that culminated in the composing of the E-flat concerto 1778 -- Composed ballet music and a new symphony in Paris 1781 -- Composed the opera, Idomeneo 1791 -- Played his last piano concerto 1878 -- Beethoven arrived in Vienna to study with Mozart \>He is the son of Leopold and Anna Maria Pertl Mozart and has a sis Maria Anna nicknamed Nannerl \>He and his sis were both introduced to music at a young age \>His father was a minor composer and experienced teacher who made his lessons enjoyable while insisting on a strong work ethic and perfection \>The siblings traveled to the courts of Paris, London, The Hague, and Zunich performing as child prodigies \>He met several accomplished musicians and became familiar with their works \>He wrote 2 operas Ascanio in Alba (1771) and Lucio Silla (1772) \> He was employed as a court musician by the ruler of Salzburg, Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colloredo \>He was appointed as an assistant concertmaster with a small salary \>Young Mozart had the opportunity to work in several different musical genres composing symphonies, string quartets, sonatas, serenades, and a few operas \>He turned his efforts to piano concertos, culminating in the Piano Concerto Number 9 in E flat major in early 1777. He turned 21 at that time \>Toured the cities of Mannheim, Paris, and Munich w/o funds \>His mother fell ill and died in 1778 \>Wrote a series of Church Works including the Coronation Mass \>Found work in Vienna, taking in pupils, writing music for the public, and playing in several concerts \>Began writing an opera titled The Abduction from the Seraglio \>He became interested in the work of Johannes Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel \>His work resulted in several baroque-style compositions that influenced much of his later compositions Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) -- Born in Germany and was a Pianist, Composer, and Music Innovator \>He widened the scope of several music forms: Sonata, Symphony, Concerto, and Quartet Musical Form \>He invented new ways of combining instruments and vocal forms \>Studied music with Christian Gottlob Neefe who was a Court Organist and Kapellmeister of the Electoral Court in Bonn \>He auditioned for Mozart \> At age 19, he was assigned to compose a musical memorial for the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II. His work was titled The Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II, it was his earliest masterpiece \>He studied in Vienna with/ the most eminent musicians of the age \>He played piano with Joseph Haydn, vocal compositions with Antonio Salieri, and counterpoint with Johann Albrechtsberger \> He won many patrons among the leading citizens of the Viennese aristocracy, who provided him with lodging and funds \> In 1793, he dedicated and played in the house of Prince Lichnowsky a series of three piano trios \> In 1800, He debuted his Symphony 1 at the Royal Imperial Theater in Vienna \> He composed musical pieces that earned him the reputation of being a masterful composer \>He published his Six String Quartets in 1801 \>He composed The Creatures of Prometheus in 1801, a wildly popular ballet that received 27 performances at the Imperial Court Theater \>He debuted his Symphony 3 in Napoleon's honor which he renamed the Eroica Symphony \>He struggled to accept that he was going to be deaf \>In his heroic period (1803 and 1812) he composed an opera, 6 symphonies, 4 solo concerti, 5 string quartets, 6 string sonatas, 7 piano sonatas, 5 sets of piano variations, 4 overtures, and 72 songs \>He composed Moonlight Sonatas, The Kreutzer Violin Sonata, and Fidelio, his only opera \>Beethoven never got married but he was really in love with a woman named Antonie Brentano \>He composed an extensive love letter but he never got to see her \>He became completely deaf in 1816 but that didn't stop him from composing \> His latest work Missa Solemnis \>Another composition is String Quartet 14 which is his latest symphony completed in 1824 Sonata -- A type of music composition or musical piece played on an instrument that usually consists of two or four sections where each is in a related key but is a unique music character \>Originally denoted as a musical piece played on the instruments \>Pertains to a music composition that is expressed using one or more instruments like Moonlight Sonata \> May also refer to a composition for a larger instrumental group having more than two or three parts, such as a string quartet or an orchestra Sonata-Allegro Form -- Has 3 parts: exposition, development, recapitulation \>Sonata-Allgero form movement usually has themes and ideas \> The first theme is the main key or tonic, and the second is five keys away from the main key \>Exposition -- Like an introduction of an essay that introduces themes in a composition \>Development -- Expands on the themes introduced in the exposition. The composer can improvise or move to other key tonalities and themes. It concludes back in the original key \>Recapitulation -- The composer returns to the home key and represents the original themes. It restates the major ideas of a musical work. Sometimes, it can come with a coda, a small section to bring the work to a close. Symphony -- Extended composition usually comprising four movements \>The 1^st^ and 4^th^ movements are usually lively or fast \>2^nd^ is usually slow and 3^rd^ can be several different forms and speed \> Symphony features the entire orchestra while having passages for many instruments Concerto -- Usually 3 movements that can be fast, slow, and feature a solo instrument \>One can easily find a solo instrument being played and accompanied by other significant instruments Arts Renaissance Period: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) -- Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who was active in many fields of work \>Most influential artist in history and left a legacy in the realm of art and science \>He painted the famous artwork Mona Lisa and The Last Supper \>The Last Supper -- Painted between 1494 and 1498 under the government of Ludovico il Moro. It represents the last dinner between Jesus and his disciples in Jerusalem before the Crucifixion \>Mona Lisa -- Archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance and based on Lisa del Giocondo. It was believed to be painted between 1503 and 1506 Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) -- Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance \>His work was inspired by models from classical antiquity and had a lasting influence on Western Art \>He was defined as an archetypal Renaissance Man \>The Creation of Adam -- Fresco painting illustrating God giving life to Adam, the first man. It was the most replicated religious painting of all time. It was also known as "The Creation of Man" \>The Pieta -- Sculpture of Jesus Christ and Virgin Mary representing the Sixth Sorrow. It was also known as "The Pity" Raphael Sanzio (1483-1520) -- Italian painter and sculptor of the High Renaissance \>His work is admired for its clarity, ease of composition, and visual achievements \>La Belle Jardiniere -- Also known as the "Madonna and Child with Saint John the Baptist". It depicts the Madonna, a young Christ, and John the Baptist. It was the most famous Madonna portrait. Donatello (1386-1466) -- Italian sculptor of the Renaissance Period \>He studied classical sculpture and developed an Early Renaissance style of sculpture \>Penitent Magdalene -- It depicted St. Mary Magdalene. It was a sculpture that depicted the saint as a haggard and thin figure that highlights spiritual depth rather than physical beauty. Baroque Period: Michael Caravaggio (1571-1610) -- Italian painter active in Rome for most of his life \>He moved to 3 cities during his final 4 years until his death \>his art was a realistic observation of the human state with a dramatic use of lighting that influenced Baroque paintings \> The Calling of Saint Matthew -- An oil painting that depicts the moment Jesus calls on Matthew. It was completed in 1599 -- 1600. It was a commission for a church in France. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) -- Flemish artist and diplomat who was considered the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition \>His compositions referenced the erudite aspects of classical and Christian history \>His unique and popular Baroque style emphasized movement, color, and sensuality \>Venus with a Mirror -- Originally painted by Titian, it celebrates the ideal beauty of the female form. Peter copied it \> Prometheus Bound -- an oil painting that depicts an eagle eating a man. His influence in creating this was a Greek Play and he worked together with Frans Snyders. Diego Velazquez (1599-1660) -- Spanish painter and the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV \>He was an individualistic artist of the Baroque Period \>He began painting in a precise Tenebrist style later developing to a free manner characterized by a bold brushwork \>Las Meninas -- It was known as the "The Maids of Honor" that became the most analyzed work in Western Painting for its complex compositions raised questions about reality and illusion \>Portrait of Pope Innocent X -- Oil painting created during a trip to Italy in 1650. It was the finest portrait ever created Rembrandt (1606-1669) -- Dutch Golden Age Painter, printmaker, and draughtsman \>He is considered the greatest visual artist in the history of Western Art \>Estimated that he produced about 300 paintings, 300 etchings, and 2k drawings \>The Return of the Prodigal Son -- Oil painting that is among Rembrandt's final works. It depicts the moment of the prodigal son's return to his father. \>St. Andrew -- Oil painting depicting St. Andrew on the left with his cross and St. Longinus on the right with the spear that pierced Christ\'s side \>St. Thomas -- Known as "The Incredulity of Saint Thomas" that depicts the biblical moment when he doubts the resurrection of Christ Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) -- Italian sculptor and architect who was the creator of the Baroque style of sculpture \>He was a major figure in the world of architecture and a leading sculptor of his age \>David -- Life-size marble sculpture that depicts the biblical David about to throw the stone that will bring down Goliath. It was completed in 8 months Sonata-Allegro Form -- The most important form developed during the classical era The Enlightenment -- The Age of Reason Sonare -- the Italian word for Sonata which means "to make a sound" Serria Opera -- The term for Italian opera Concerto -- multi-movement work for solo instrument Homophonic -- The general texture of classical music Serria Opera -- The term for serious opera Exposition -- S section of the sonata-allegro form where the themes are introduced Concerto -- Musical work with different movements for and instrumental soloist and orchestra Symphony -- Musical composition designed to be played by the full orchestra The Heavens are Telling = Joseph Haydn Moonlight Sonata = Ludwig van Beethoven Eine Kleine Nachtmusik = Wolfgang Mozart The Clock = Joseph Haydn Don Giovanni = Wolfgang Mozart