Pvc - Advance Construction and Technology PDF

# Pvc ## Advance construction and technology - By- - Sumayya-17091AA051 - Younus-17091AA054 - Pujithaa -15121AA044 ## Introduction - What is PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride)? - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) is an economical and versatile thermoplastic polymer widely used in building and...

# Pvc ## Advance construction and technology - By- - Sumayya-17091AA051 - Younus-17091AA054 - Pujithaa -15121AA044 ## Introduction - What is PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride)? - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC or Vinyl) is an economical and versatile thermoplastic polymer widely used in building and construction industry to produce doors and window profiles, pipes (drinking and wastewater), wire and cable insulation, medical devices, etc. It is the world's third largest thermoplastic material by volume after polyethylene and polypropylene. - It is a white, brittle solid material available in powder form or granules. Due to its versatile properties, such as lightweight, durable, low cost and easy process ability, PVC is now replacing traditional building materials like wood, metal, concrete, rubber, ceramics, etc. in several applications. ## Discovery of PVC - PVC was accidentally synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left exposed to sunlight. In the early 20th century, the Russian chemist Ivan Ostromislensky and Fritz Klatte of the German chemical company Griesheim-Elektron both attempted to use PVC in commercial products, but difficulties in processing the rigid, sometimes brittle polymer thwarted their efforts. Waldo Semon and the B.F. Goodrich Company developed a method in 1926 to plasticize PVC by blending it with various additives. The result was a more flexible and more easily processed material that soon achieved widespread commercial use. ## First use of PVC - Around the early 20th century, B.F. Goodrich hired industrial scientist Waldo Semon to develop a novel, synthetic alternative for the increasingly expensive natural rubber. PVC was used as a water-resistant coating for fabrics. Soon enough, sales of the material rapidly took off, with demand peaking at the start of World War II, when PVC was adopted as an insulator for wiring on military ships. - 1932-First tubes were made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in Germany. - 1935-The first PVC pipes were manufactured (Germany). - By the 1950s, PVC production was soaring around the world. Five companies in particular started testing out revolutionary uses for "vinyl" PVC, finding new applications for the material in inflatable structures and fabric coatings. The construction industry soon welcomed the durable plastic, in large part due to its resistance to light, chemicals and corrosion, which made it a prime commodity for building structures - Further improvements were made to PVC's temperature resistance in the 1980s. It’s around this same time that thousands of American homes began incorporating the material into plumbing systems, and no sooner did twenty global companies start producing the versatile product we’ve come to love today. From healthcare to IT, transport, textiles and construction, PVC has proven itself to be a low-cost, excellent commodity in a variety of industries, as well as our everyday lives. ## Properties of pvc | PROPERTY | RIGID PVC | FLEXIBLE PVC | |---|---|---| | Density(kg/cm³) | 1.3-1.45 | 1.1-1.35 | | Thermal conductivity(W/m.K) | 0.14-0.28 | 0.14-0.17 | | Young’s modulus | 4500-8700 | 1450-1400 | | Yield to elongation | 19500 | 10 | | Tensile strength(Mpa) | 100.0 | 30-100 | | Compressive strength(Mpa) | 93.00 | 101-100 | | Coefficient of thermal expansion | 54x10 | 10x10 | | Resistivity(Ohm.m) | 10^14 | 30^1-40^1 | | Surface resistivity(Ohm) | 10^11-10^14 | 10^11-10^13 | **Mechanical properties** - PVC has high hardness and mechanical properties. - The mechanical properties enhance with the molecular weight increasing, but decrease with the temperature increasing. - The elastic modulus can reach to 1500-3,000 MPa. - The soft PVC (Flexible PVC) elastic is 1.5-15 MPa. However, elongation at break is up to 200%-450%. PVC friction is ordinary, the static friction factor is 0.4-0.5, the dynamic friction factor is 0.23. **Creep Modulus For PVC** - The stress-strain relationship must be computed for the PVC, the rate or duration of loading and the temperature. **Abrasion Resistance** - Plastics generally show excellent performance under abrasion conditions **Mechanical properties** - The heat stability of PVC is very poor, when the temperature reaches 140°C PVC starts to decompose. - Its melting temperature is 160°C. - The linear expansion coefficient of the PVC is small and has flame retardancy, the oxidation index is up to 45 or more. - Therefore, the addition of a heat stabilizer during the process is necessary in order to ensure the product’s properties. **Thermal properties** - PVC is a polymer with good insulation properties but because of its higher polar nature the electrical insulating property is inferior to non polar polymers such as polyethylene and polypropylene. - As the dielectric constant, dielectric loss tangent value and volume resistivity are high, the corona resistance is not very good, it is generally suitable for medium or low voltage and low frequency insulation materials. **Electrical properties** ## Basic Forms of PVC - Polyvinyl Chloride is widely available in two broad categories: Flexible and Rigid. - But, there are more types like CPVC, PVC-O and PVC-M. - Plasticized or Flexible PVC (Density: 1.1-1.35 g/cm³ ): Flexible PVC is formed by the addition of compatible plasticizers to PVC which lower the crystallinity. These plasticizers act like lubricants resulting in a much clearer and flexible plastic. This type of PVC is sometimes called as PVC-P. - Unplasticized or Rigid PVC (Density: 1.3-1.45 g/cm³): It is a stiff and cost-effective plastic with high resistance to impact, water, weather, chemicals and corrosive environments. This type of PVC is also known as UPVC, PVC-U or uPVC. - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride or perchlorovinyl: It is prepared by chlorination of PVC resin. High chlorine content imparts high durability, chemical stability and flame retardancy. CPVC can withstand a wider range of temperatures. - Molecular Oriented PVC or PVC-O: It is formed by reorganizing the amorphous structure of PVC-U into a layered structured. Bi-axially oriented PVC has enhanced physical characteristics (stiffness, fatigue resistance, lightweight, etc.). - Modified PVC or PVC-M: It is an alloy of PVC formed by addition of modifying agents, resulting in enhanced toughness and impact properties. ## Manufacturing of pvc - https://youtu.be/O8ihFOPd4tk - PVC is derived from common salt (chlorine) and carbon (predominantly from oil or gas). - There are five basic steps in the PVC manufacturing process: - The extraction of salt and hydrocarbons. - The production of ethylene and chlorine from salt and hydrocarbons. - The mixing of chlorine and ethylene to produce vinyl chloride monomer. - The polymerisation of vinyl chloride monomer to produce PVC. - The blending of PVC polymers with other materials such as plasticizers ## Applications of PVC Materials in different fields - PVC - Medical - Blood bags - Blood Vessels - Artificial skin - Storage bags - Medical devices - Blood transfusion sets - Building & Construction - Flooring - Roof/Covering - Pipes - Windows, Doors & Frames - Cables - Gutters - Shower curtains - Fascia & Weather boarding ## In detailed usage - Flooring - It is inexpensive, Durable, Easy to clean, Easily recyclable - Has variable thickness upto 5mm - Used in home, hospitals, offices, schools - Complex 3d designs are possible due to the prints available in a wide range of colors and patterns - These floors are protected by a clear wear layer and they have smooth and tough surface of upper wear layer which prevents from building up of dirt and also prevents from microbes from breeding in areas that are kept to be sterile, such as hospitals. - For maintenance only wet mopping is required. - The cost is around 9 - 150Rs/Sq.ft and in case of different variations like 3d flooring it is 550Rs/Sq.ft ## In detailed usage - Roof/Covering - Used as covering like sheds for railway platforms, air base shed, nurseries - Available in different colors and thickness range from 0.5mm to 5mm with different lifespans - Reinforced pvc roofing are easy to install, lightweight roofing membrane. - Has low maintenance requirements and slope is of like 5 to 10 is good/low slope roofs. - Lasts over 30 years, has high flame resistance. - However PVC in cold weather are prone to shattering and puncture and is not recommended to installed in cold weathers. - Installing a PVC roof building temperature cooler, reducing energy demand, unaffected by most chemicals, allows PVC to withstand harsh environments for a long period of time. - Cost is about 64-250Rs / Kg, 20-130Rs/Sq.ft, 400-550Rs/Sq.m ## In detailed usage - PVC Pipes and fittings - In use for more than 65 years. And can last more than 100 years. - They have resistance to bacteria growth, and no taste / smell is transferred to water. - The length obtained from 10KN of material is about 1100m. - CPCV Pipes are used for hot water pipe fittings. - They have good insulating properties and hence the temperature of water passing through such pipes is not affected by the outside temperatures. - They provide high, smooth and undiminished flow of water. - The fittings such as tees, elbows, caps, etc. used in PVC piping system should fit well with the pipes. If such fittings are too tight, they will develop stress in the system and if they loose, they will cause leakage of water through piping system. - They should not be used at places likely to be subjected to heavy loading. And should not be bent too much to avoid stress in them. - Cost is about 28Rs-1500 Rs / Piece, 52-100Rs/Kg, 25-180Rs/m. ## In detailed usage - Windows, Doors & Frames - They are totally rust proof, rot - proof, termite - proof and water - proof. - They are unaffected by coastal saline air, dry heat, sub-zero temperatures or tropical rains. - They do not fade, corrode, flake or warp and consequently, require no maintenance. It only requires occasional cleaning with ordinary soap and water. - They provide an alternative to wood. - They provide better thermal insulation and may be considered as ideal for air-conditioned and heated rooms. - They restrict dust penetration through openings and hence prove ideal for operation theatres, computer rooms, food processing plants, electronics factories, pharmaceutical plants, etc. - The price for these could be approx 500Rs/unit, 90-320Rs/Sq.ft ## In detailed usage - Cables and Gutters - Cables - first used as a cable insulation as a replacement for rubber during 2nd world war. - They do not harden and crack over time and find use in many application from Tele-communications to electric blankets and they are recyclable. - The cost varies depending upon the type of usage.... 53-90Rs/m and 2500Rs/piece. - Gutters - Inexpensive, easy to install, won't rust, but they can be easily damaged by a heavy ladder or falling tree branches. - They can deteriorate after prolonged exposure to UV rays and this can cause the gutters to become weak and possibly break. - Some can become cracked/break after too many seasons of extremely cold weather due to expanding and contracting during low temperatures. - Aluminium gutters are quite better in performance overall than PVC ones. - The cost is around 80-250Rs/m. ## Advantages of PVC - Lighter in weight as compared to traditional materials like copper, wood and tin etc. Easily available and producible. - Heat resistant and do not conduct electricity. - It has a wide range of different items as it can be used on a multitude of shapes, designs and product types. - Neat and tidy aesthetic that can be designed and manipulated in accordance to your preferences. - Can be recycled and reused. - Can be easily shifted from one place to another. - Allows you to keep production uniform and is likely to entitle you to more volume discounts, bringing overall costs down to a bare minimum. ## Disadvantages of PVC - It may not be the most environment-friendly of materials. - Harmful by-products are created as a result of the chemical composition of PVC, during both the creation and decomposition of the product. - It is not recommended for use above 343K although it can be taken to 353K for short periods - Sensitive to UV and oxidative degradation. - HCl is evolved when it is decomposed. - Its production causes pollution. ## Applications of PVC in Architecture - PVC coated polyester fabrics, or PVC/PES, are strong and durable fabrics, a popular choice in tensile fabric and membrane architecture. - These fabrics are durable, translucent and waterproof and can withstand extreme environmental conditions, humidity and UV-radiation. These highly functional fabrics come in a wide range of colours, light transmissions and tensile strengths. - PVC/PES fabrics are the most economic material in tensile fabric and membrane architecture. The price coupled with the availability of dirt repellent surface lacquers makes it attractive for a variety of permanent and temporary architectural applications. ## Applications of PVC in London Olympics - Tensile fabric structures - Cables - Pipes - High performance sport surfaces and seating - A very large amount of pvc is used, especially in temporary structures, has been recycled and developed, with the support of vinyl 2010. some structures have been completely dismantled and shipped to Brazil where they will be re-used in the football arenas. ## Wuhan Train Station - The new train station for Wuhan, the capital for central China, is both refreshingly contemporary and at the same time, reverential to tradition and past times. - The roof is certainly the most notable feature of the building- it's sweeping form of nine overlapping wings is steeped in symbolism and lore; it acts as a landmark to the area while sheltering the platforms and various amenities below. - There it was glass, meeting the flexible curvilinear roof at a buffer zone of inflated PVC or some analogous material. - In the Wuhan station, the difficulties of differential expansion/contraction rates are not present, but the aesthetic dilemma is just as real. - The roof extends out far beyond the enclosing glass, giving the roof a clear visual hierarchy. A sort of semi-transparent mesh is used on the roof's underbelly, enabling the roof and glass to meet under similar circumstances. - The semi-transparency gives the roof depth; the glass meets something similar, not a stark solid field. Inside, once through the enclosing wall, natural light abounds. The wings of the roof overlap, allowing sunlight to stream in over the multiple levels of restaurants, departure halls, waiting rooms and platforms. The roof is also, itself translucent, which of course helps with the lighting. ## Pvc in market - | TYPE OF USE | ITEMS | RATESIRANGE | FACTORS ON WHICH RATE DEPENDS | LOCAL UNIT USED FOR MEASUREMENT | |---|---|---|---|---| | WATER SUPPLY & PLUMBING | PIPES TRAPS CISTERNS MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS | SSP 200-2200 per gram | depends on the diameter, length and thickness | RUNNING FEET | | ELECTRICAL FIXTURES | WIRES AND PIPES SWITCHBOARDS SOCKETS FAN BOXES CASING MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS | 25-40/per metre | depends on length of the wire and the ampere capacity of switches | RUNNING FEET IMPUT CURRENT(AMPERE VOLTS | | CONSTRUCTION | DOORS WINDOWS HANDLES LATCHES MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS | 1500-30,000+ 3000-15000+ (50/sheet) | depends on the volume (hollow or solid) | SQUARE FEET | ## Pvc doors | NO. | TYPE of PVC DOOR | RATE | PROPERTIES | |---|---|---|---| | 1 | HOLLOW SECTION | rupees 1500 to 1600 (per pack) | It is hollow with supports and stiffeners in between. | | 2 | BATHROOM DOORS | rupees 900 and above (per pack) | It's PVC powder with synthetic filler and chemical making a solid frame. | | 3 | UPVC | rupees 500- 800 (per feet) | Used mainly in front gates, for resistant and heavy and costly as it is suits solid | ## 2mm FRLS PVC Wire, Size: 0.25sqmm To 10.00 Sqmm - Color: Red, Blue, Yellow - Color Code: Red: Red, Blue: Blue, Yellow: Yellow - Number of Cores: 1.4, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 10.0 - Size: 0.25 Sqmm to 10.00 Sqmm - Brand: FRLS - Type: 90, 80, 80, 80 ## Blu PVC Electrical Pipe, Size: 25 Mm - Color: Blue - Length: 40/ Meter - Size: 25 MM (Round) - Material: PVC - Type: Round - Thickness: Available in 1 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, 3.0 mm # Pvc in electronics | NO. | ITEMS | TYPE | RATES | |---|---|---|---| | 1 | PIPE | For wall ( 15 mm dia) | Rupees 60/- per feet | | 2 | PIPE | For roof (20 mm dia) | Rupees 60/- per feet | | 3 | WIRES | 1.5mm dia | Rupees 40/- per 50 meters | | | | 2.5mm dia | Rupees 45/- per 50 meters | | | | 4 mm dia | Rupees 50/- per 50 meters | | | | 6 mm dia | Rupees 60/- per 50 meters | | | | 8 mm dia | Rupees 70/- per 50 meters | | 4 | BOXES | Modular box | Rupees 500/- per unit | | | | Gimm dia | Come the form of modules | | | | Ordinary fitting flush or | Rupees 90/- per box | ## BRASS ELBOW - SIZE(MM)- - 15 15,20*20,25*20 - RS-76.00 TO 135.00 - USE -ONE SIDE OF BRASS ## FBT TEE - SIZE(MM)- - 15.20.25,32,40,50 - RS.-86.60RS TO 237.00 - USE-ONE SIDE JOINT WITH TAP ## ELBOW 90 (THREAD) - SIZE(MM) 15.20.20,50 - USE-ONE SIDE OF THREAD AND 90 DEGREE TURN ## REDUCER TEE (SOC) - SIZE (MM) - 20,15,25,15......15,50*40 - RS. 14.70 TO 87.10 - USE-REDUCER TEE IN ONE SIDE 15MM SO ANOTHER TWO SIDE 20MM THAT'S CALLED REDUCER TEE ## TEE (SOC) - SIZE (MM)- - 15,20,25,32,40,50,150 - RS-10.30 RS. TO 1115 - USE-TEE JOINT IN THREE SIDES FOR JOINT WITH PIPE AND ALL SIDES HAVE THE ## ELBOW 90 (SOC) - SIZE (MM) - 15,20,25,32,150 - RS.-7.80 RS TO 820.00 - USE-90 DEGREE TURN USED FOR SMALL TURN ## CROSS(SOC) - RS-13:20 RS TO 18.50 - USE -CROSS JOINT FOUR SIDE JOINT ## ELBOW 45 (SOC) - SIZE (MM)- - 15.20.25,5O - RS. -8.50 RS TO 49.70 - USE 45 DEGREE TURN. ## COUPLER(SOC) - SIZE(MM) - 15,20,25,32,150 - RS - USE-JOINT TWO PIPES TWO SIDE ## REDUCER COUPLING(SOC) - SIZE(MM) - 20,15,25,15,50*40 - RS 7.25RS TO 39.00 - USE-ONE SIDE 25MM FOR HIGH TO LAW WATER SUPPLY THA'S ## FAPT (PVC THREAD) - SIZE-15,20,25,100. - RS. 5.20RS TO 158.00RS - USE-JOINT TWO LINES IN TIGHT FITTING BOTH SIDES HAVE A THREAD. ## REDUCER BUSHING - SIZE-20,15,100*80 - RS. 3.00 TO 100.00 - USE JOINT TWO LINES IN TIGHT FITTING BOTH SIDES HAVE A ## UNION - SIZE-15,25,50MM - RS. 22.20 TO 127,00 - LINES ## PART BRASS THREAD) - SIZE (MM) - 15,20,25,15 - RS. 4.10RS TO 161.00RS - USE-ONE SIDE JOINT WITH FABT BRASS THREAD AND ANOTHER ## FEMALEI - SIZE (MM) - 15.20.25.32 50.25 15 - RS - USE-ONE SIDE JOINT WITH MAPT BRASS ## TANK ADAPTER - SIZE(MM) - 15,20,25,32 50 - RS. 1.10 RS TO 147.85 - USE-ONE SIDE JOINT WITH TANK AND ANOTHER SIDE AVAILABLE REDUCER ## LONG RADIUS BEND - SIZE (MM) - 20, 24, 25 - USE-LONG TURN PIPE JOINT. ## Top Companies That Produce PVC Pipes and Fittings - Astral Poly Technik Ltd. (Website: www.astralpipes.com) - Finolex Industries Ltd. (Website: www.finolexwater.com) - Jain Irrigation Systems Limited (Website: www.jains.com) - Shenco Valves PVT. LTD - Captain Pipes LTD (Website: www.captainpipes.com) - Kankai Pipes & Fittings Private Limited (Website: www.kankaipipes.com) - Sudhakar Marketing Agencies Pvt Ltd (Website: www.sudhakarpipes.com) - PRINCE PIPES & FITTINGS PVT. LTD (Website: www.princepipes.com) - Miraj Pipes & Fittings (Website: www.mirajpipes.com) ## Top Companies That Produce PVC Windows and Doors - Lingel windows India - Kommerling - Profine India Window Technology Pvt Ltd - Fenesta doors - Window Magic India - LG Hausys - Lesso doors - Deceuninck India - Encraft India Private Limited - Torfenster Systems India - Arrc windows - Bansal Roofing Products Ltd - For Roof - Premier Polyfilm Ltd. - (https://www.premierpoly.com/index.php)- IN GENERAL ## Pvc as a composite material - A composite material is a material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual components. - Mixing PVC with natural fibres is an interesting alternative. During the mixing with PVC, some natural fibres may acts as reinforcing materials while other natural fibres only act as filler, which contribute less to mechanical strength improvement. However, generally natural fibres also give positive outcome to the stiffness of the composites while decreasing the density. - Some examples of pvc mixed with natural fibres are wood-PVC composite, sugarcane bagasse reinforced pvc composite, banana particulate reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite,etc ## Wood pvc composite - The effects of wood flour type and content, PVC resin K value, as well as specific wood-PVC compatibilisers, It is concluded that PVC is the most suitable polymer matrix for wood-plastic composites applications. - outdoor deck floors, used for railings, fences, landscaping timbers, cladding and siding, park benches, molding and trim, - prefabhouses, window and do or frames, and indoor furniture ## sugarcane bagasse reinforced pvc composite - Sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous material obtained as a residue from the sugarcane after crushing to extract the juice. - Bagasse fiber which is abundantly available as waste after processing of sugarcane is used as reinforcement with an epoxy polymer in forming the natural fiber reinforced composites. ## Banana particulate reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite - A banana particulate reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composite was developed with low cost materials having an overall light-weight and good mechanical properties. The specimen composite material was produced with the banana (stem) particulate as reinforcement using compression molding. - Demand for engineering material with low density, high specific property, minimal corrosivity and low cost is on the increase for application in the aerospace and automobile industries - Nigerian banana stem particulate was used as the reinforcement in the thermoplastic poly vinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. - The composite is a three-constituent composition consisting PVC as matrix, banana stem particulate as reinforcement and Kankarakaolin clay as corresponding filler. ## Advancements in pvc - Gerflor flooring - TOPLENCE - the quietest laminate flooring, TOPLENCE - laminar that absorbs sound waves from fibre layer of acoustic insulator that also provides improved comfort, install and realize laminated to standard quality - WALLCOVERING PUMBILICIA - Molecor Technology S.L. (GRANTH) - Himsur where honour is due to the Spanish innovation have been awarded the Solomon award for their company Molcor. The innovation signs the way company of 450 Km for large PVC pipes. With a paper-white mark in common which are 25% bigger that than to its competitors, resistant to 30% longer than previous generations. - Pvc penta sheets - Pvc-p ## Advancements in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) technology are improving - for use in pipe, construction applications, wires and cabling, medical tubing, flooring, fabrics and other consumer items. As a thermoplasti resin, manufactured from industrial salts and carbon, PVC is also less dependent on oil or gas and considered a more natural resource. ## Wall Coverings - Vinyl-based materials are commonly used for durable, easy-to-clean hospitality and health-care facilities. Vinyl requires only half as much energy to manufacture as the same amount of paper wall coverings. ## Windows- - PVC window frames are inherently energy efficient and save the U.S. nearly two trillion thermal units of energy per year, helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions, associated with energy generation-and at the same time reducing maintenance time, materials and other costs. ## REFERENCES - https://omnexus.specialchem.com/selection-guide/polyvinyl-chloride-pvc-plastic#PVCforms - https://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-plastic-gutters.htm - https://www.slideshare.net/Alok Mishra36/pvc-as-a-construction-material - https://www.slideshare.net/kaiwan1996/pvc-51474110 - https://www.slideshare.net/Pankaj Das19/polyvinylchloridepvc - https://www.slideshare.net/Vinay Kumar778/pvc-48295625 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride#:~:text=PVC%20is%20commonly%20used%20as,w ith%20calcium%2Dzinc%20based%20systems. - https://www.to-experts.com/en/membranes/pvc-pes/#:~:text=PVC%20coated%20polyester%20fabrics%2C%20or, is%20applied%20to%20both%20sid es. - https://www.arch2o.com/wuhan-train-station-arep/ - books - ENGINEERING materials, by Rangwala ## THANK YOU