Fundamentals Of Anatomy And Physiology In Sports PDF

CHAPTER Fundamnentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports Learning Outcomes After completingthe unit, the students will be able to: dentify the Importance of Anatomy and Physiology. Recognize the Functions of the Skeleton. IInderstand the Funct...

CHAPTER Fundamnentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports Learning Outcomes After completingthe unit, the students will be able to: dentify the Importance of Anatomy and Physiology. Recognize the Functions of the Skeleton. IInderstand the Functions of Bones and ldentify various Types of Joints. Figure Out the Properties and Functions of Muscles and Understand How They Understand the Anatomy of Circulatory and RespiratorySystems &Describe it's Work. Working. Anatomy is the study of the shape and structure of the body of organisms or Eye Brain living beings. "The word 'anatomy' is Tooth Small derived from the Greek words 'ana' and intestine tomy' where 'ana' means 'apart and 9 Ear tomy' means 'to cut. In physiology, the functions of various systems such as Lungs respiratory system, digestive system, iStomach nervous system, skeleton system and J Large muscular system of organisms are Kidneys intestine studied. It can be said that physiology is the study of how the body and all its LIver Spleen parts function. It consists of two words, Heart namely, 'physio' and 'ology' where 'physio' Organs of human body means 'nature and 'ology means 'study'. Here, we will study human anatomy and human physiology. Hence it is essential for usto have a lear-cut understanding about Human Anatomy and Human Physiology. 1. DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN EXERCISE AND SPORTS Meaning and Definition of Human Anatomy iluman Anatomy is the study of structure, shape, size, weight and location of all the organs of human body. A detailed knowledge of the structure of Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.1 various systems of human body is provided in human anatomy. For example, the shape, size, weight, structure and location of all the organs of the excretory system such as lungs, kidneys, large intestine, liver, skin, etc., are studied in human anatomy. Human anatomy can be defined as the science dealing with human body structure and relationships among structures. Meaning and Definition of Human Physiology Human physiology is the study of all the systems of human body and their mutual relationships. In fact, through human anatomy we come to know about the mutual functions of all the organs of our body. For Anatomy of human body example, as aresult of human physiology, we get the knowledge of functions of human heart. Human physiology can be defined as the science dealing with t study of human body function. Importance of Study of Anatomy and Physiology in Physical Education The importance of anatomy and physiology is mentioned below. 1. Anatomy Provides the Knowledge of Structures of Various Organs: Human anatomy provides the detailed knowledge of the structure of various organs of body. We get the knowledge of structure, shape, size, location and weight of organs of all the systems of our body. We come to know about the length of various organs such as the length, size and shape of the bones. With the help of anatomy, we get the knowledge of the percentage of white fibres and red fibres present in an individual. As a result of such knowledge, the teachers and coaches working in the field of physical education and sports may easily select the suitable sports according tothe traits of students. For example, weightlifting is more appropriate for short statured students in comparison to volleyball and basketball. In the same way, the students who have more percentage of white fibres i.e., fast twitch fibres in comparison to red fibres i.e., slow twitch fibres can perform better in sprinting events instead of endurance events. 2. Physiology Provides the Knowledge about the Functions of Various Organs: Physiology provides detailed knowledge about the functions of various organs of body. We get the knowledge of capacities or capabilie detailed of cardiovascular system with the help of physiology. We also get a system, knowledge about the functions of nervous system, muscular 7.2 Health and Physical Education-X  excretory system, etc. So, for imparting physical training, a physical trainer should.aveproper knowledge of physiology. Without having the knowledge ofthefunctions öf various systems, the training imparted by a physical education teacher or a coach may be harmful for the students. 8. Useful in the Prevention of Sports Injuries: Sports injuries such as sprain, strain, contusion, fracture, dislocation of joints, etc., are acommon phenomenon in the field of games and sports. Generally, it is seen that everysportspersonfalls prey to some or other sports injury during his/her sports career. The proper knowledge of human anatomy and physiology can prevent sports injuries up to some extent during sports training and competition. That is why, protective equipment in games and sports are used to provide protection to the soft and delicate organs. In fact, the appropriate knowledge about the mutual functions of bones, muscles, dons and ligaments is really helpful in the prevention of sports injuries. Corves in the Process of Rehabilitation: We are well aware of the fact that injuries in the held of games and sports are natural. Through the nrocess of rehabilitation, an injured player can get recuperated to give a good performance in sports again. However, the process of rehabilitation ie not, essential for all types of injuries. The knowledge of human anatomy is really essential for effective rehabilitative process. For example, the knowledge of types of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles is essential for providing proper rehabilitation. Without such knowledge we cannot provide rehabilitation properly. 6. Useful in the Selection of Sports: Humnan anatomy and physiology are helpful in the selection of sports. Its main reason is that there are different types of sports. Some type of sport requires different type of anatomical structure, whereas, the other type of sport may requiresome other type of anatomical structure. In the samne way, individuals have different types of physiological limits or capabilities, which are utilised optimally in different sports and games. With the help of anatomy and physiology, we come to know the shape, size or constitution of different organs of body and their functional capacities. For example,the body weight of a sportsperson for a long distance race should be less and he should have good cardiovascular endurance and morepercentage of red or slow twitch fibres. The knowledge of such traits or capacities is available only in human anatomy and physiology. 0. F'acilitates Preparation of Training Programmes: Good training programmes can be planned for different sportspersons with the help of appropriate knowledge of human anatomy and physiology. As a matter of tact, good training programmes can only be planned if physical education teachers or coaches have some basic knowledge of physiological capacities or limitations of every sportsperson. If they don't have enough knowledge Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.3  about the capabilities of sportspersons, they cannot plan a good programme for them. The knowledge of structures and limitations/capabilities of individuals/sportspersons can be through human anatomy and physiology. Hence, anatomy tpderhysiivoreàlaoingiinconlga y and are helpful in the planning of training programmes. 7. Helps to Know about Chemical Changes we participate in games and sports or do during Exercise:physiology exercise, a number of When changes take place in our body. The knowledge of such chemical can be achieved only through human physiology. On the chemi cal basischofanges knowledge, the essential or required changes can be done in the this diet and consequently, the sports performance of a enhanced. sportspersonbalacannced 8. Serves to Understand the Anatomical and Physiological D among Males and Females: As a result of the anatomy and physiology, the anatomical and knowledge physiological Dioff erhuman ences males and females can be understood properly. Due to the anatomical of differences physiological differences among males and females, the sports and and equipment are different for them. For example, there is a difference insports th structure of shoulder among males and females, therefore, the weight f equipment such as shot, discus, hammer and javelin is different for both So, anatomical and physiological differences among males and females can be understood properly with the help of human anatomy and physiology which is helpful in designing a particular sports programme for them. 9. Helpful in Providing First Aid to Sportspersons: It is quite natural to get injured during daily practice and competition. If first aid is not provided in time to the wounded person, the consequences can be fatal. A first aider should have proper knowledge of all the organs of various systems of body, only then can first aid be provided appropriately. Indeed, the knowledge of human anatomy provides a firm base for the protection and treatment of wounded sportsperson. 10. Useful in Developing Physical Fitness Administration: The knowledge of human anatomy and physiology is vital for developing physical fitness. We are well aware of the fact that the demand of the components of physical fitness is also different for different sports such as more speed and strength are required n 100 metre race and more endurance is reauired in long distance races. The different means of developing physical fitness can be used fitness. for the development of the above-mentioned components of physical ofthe For the proper development of these components, the knowledge composition of all the organs of our body and their workingefficiency and is essential. We can get this knowledge only from human anatomywhite physiology. Even the knowledge of the percentage of red fibres and 7.4 Education-XI Health and Physical  fibresofan individual is derived with the help of anatomy and physiology. get the knowledge of the percentage lean body mass, i.e., bones, We also muscles, tendons, water, ligaments, organs, etc. Aphysically fit individual normal percenntage of body fat. has Aidssin Sports. Massage: The knowledge of human anatomy and physiology 11. to is helpfulin.administering sports massage. In fact, sports massage is used rectifyor settle the imbalances in soft tissues, which are usually imbalanced by doing strenuous physical activity repeatedly. By administering sports massage before and after exercise or training, sports injuries can be prevented. It also helpsin enhancing the sports performance. If we do not have proper knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, the tissues may he ruptured while giving sports massage. So, the knowledge of anatomy and physiology is significant for giving sports massage. Pacilitates Understanding of the Environmental Effects on Sportspersons:The knowledge of anatomy and physiology is beneficial in understanding environmental effects on the sportspersons. For example, the number of red blood cells is increased during undergoing sports training at high altitude. Unused air sacs or alveoles in the lungs become active. Heart rate and respiratory rate are also increased at such altitude. The study of such effects on sportspersons is only possible through the knowledge of anatomy and physiology. It can be concluded that human anatomy and physilogy play a vital role in physical education and sports. Without their knowledge, a sportsperson cannot reach the heights in terms of sports performance. Study of human anatomy and physiology helps in multiple ways in the field of sports and games. 2. FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM,CLASSIFICATION OF BONES AND TYPES OF JOINTS Skeletal System Ths system is a combination of various bones. There are 213 bones in children and 206 bones in adults. These bones differ in shape and size. These bones are JOned together by ligaments. Bones provide support and protection to the delicate Organs of our body. Somne of the bones act as levers in our body. Bones also Provide surface for the attachment of the skeletal muscles. In fact, this system Sructure for of bones. Skeleton or skeletal system can be divided into two parts better understanding. 1. Axial Skeleton 2. Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton: This skeleton consists of the following bones. (a) Skull 28 (6) Sternum 1 Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.5  (c) Ribs 24 (d) Hyoid bone 1 (e) Vertebral column 26 for adults and 33 for children 2. Appendicular Skeleton: This skeleton consists of the (a) Upper limbs 64 following bones. (6) Lower limbs 62 Functions of Bones The important functions of bones are given below. 1. Provide Support: The bones are the principal organs of support the whole body. support. They 2. Provide Protection: Bones provide protection for somne of the sof. delicate organs of the body such as skull and pelvis. 3. Bony System Serves for the Attachment of Muscles: Bony provides surface for the attachment of the skeletal muscles. Thissystem bony framework affords attachment for the soft parts, maintains them in riok position, covers them, helps to control and direct varying internal pressures and gives stability to the whole body. 4. Bony System Gives Shape to the Body: Bones play a vital role in shaping the body. It may be responsible for the long or short stature. 5. Act asLevers: Bones act as levers in our body. These help in doing work easily. 6. Passive Instruments of Locomotion:Bones are the passive instruments of locomotion or movements. In fact, these enable us to move. EXTRA EDGE "Femur is the longest bone in human body. " Stapes is the smallest bone in human body. " Tendon is astrong piece of tissue in the body which connects a muscle to a bone. " Ligament binds the bones together at joints. " Pharynx is the common passageway of both the digestive and respiratory systems. Classification of Bones According tothe shape and formation of bones, there are various types of bones, which are as follows. 1. Long Bones: Long bones are found mainly in the upper and lower hmos. These bones act as levers in our body and help in making moveme possible. Long bones, such as humerus and femur, consist of a shatt au 7.6 Health and Physical Education-X  two extremities each. Only due to Cranium these are called theirlength, long bones. Short Bones: These bones are short Mandible 2. in length, hence these are called Clavicle short bones. For example, carpus tarsus are called short bones. and These bones are light in weight but Sternum are strong. These bones are made of cancellous bone tissues. These bones Humerus are covered with compact tissues. Ribs They help in exerting force. Vertebrae 3. Flat Bones: Usually these bones Ulna are found where protection is Radius required, such as the bones of skul Ilium Sacrum scapulae and ribs. "There is always Coccyx a large surface on flat bones for the -Ischium attachment of muscles. Carpus A Irregular Bones: These bones Metacarpus have a peculiar shape. So, these Phalanges bones cannot be grouped under any preceding heads. Avertebra is a good -Femur example of these bones. Some bones Patella of face are also incuded under this head. Tibia 5. Sesamoid Bones: The word sesamoid is derived from Greek Fibula word 'sesamon', a 'seed of the sesamum', and 'eidos', form' or Tarsus 'resemblance'. These bones are -Metatarsus found in knee (patella), hand and foot. -Phalanges Front view of the human skeleton EXTENSION ACTIVITY DKetch the front view of the human skeleton and discuss the various joints with your classmates. How many bones can you identify in the human skeleton? Write down their names. Joints of Bones Ajoint or an articulation is the union of only two or more bones of the skeleton. The study of joints is called arthrology. In fact, articulating surfaces of the bones Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.7  are sometimes separated by athin membrane, sometimes by or fibrocartilage and, in the freely moving joints, these are connective Classification of Joints completely tseparsatueed,, Joints are classified according to the amount of movement that they are capable of and their structural composition. So, according to the -Oc ipital capability of movement, we can classify the joints in three categories. verCertveibrcala 1. Immovable Joints or Synarthroses Joints -Scapula 2. Slightly Movable Joints or Ampharthroses Thor verteabrciac Joints Lumbar vertebra 3. Freely Movable Joints or Diarthroses Joints Sacrum 1. Immnovable Joints: These joints are Coccygeal vertebra also called fibrous joints, because the bones are connected by fibrous tissues. These joints are fixed and do not move. These joints are found in the bones of skull and -Talus face (with the exception of -Calcaneus Immovable joints of skull mandible). These joints are Side view of the shown in figure given alongside. human skeleton 2. Slightly Movable Joints: In these joints, surfaces of bones are separated by some intervening substance and only slight movement is possible. This joint includes two types-(a) symphysis and (b) synchondrosis. Inter-vertebral joint (a) Symphysis: It is a joint where two long bony surfaces are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage, e.g., symphysis pubis and inter-vertebral joints. Symphysis pubis (b) Synchondrosis: It is a joint temporary form of joint. The Slightly movable joints-symphysis pubis and inter-vertebral joints cartilage is changed to bone before adulthood. These joints are found between the diaphysis and epiphyses of the long boneS. 7.8 Health and Physical Education-XI  Freely Movable Joints: -Yellow bone marrow 3 Thesejoints are also called -Periosteum synovial These joints Ijoints. the Spongy bone Compact bone include most of joints of -Ligament the body. The adjacent ends -Synovial membrane bones are cOvered -Joint cavity ofthe (contains synovial fluid) hyaline cartilage and withsurrounded Articular cartilage -Joint capsule are by a fibrous (Reinforced by ligaments) which is articular capsule, strengthened by ligaments, Tendons of muscles pass overthese joints and play a Synovial Joint the vital role in stabilising joint. The hyaline cartilage provides a smooth surface for the opposing bones, lubricated by synovial fluid. These freely movable jonts are further classified into Inter phalangeal joints (hinge joints) six categories. la) Gliding Joints: These joints permit gliding movements only, as in the joints Metacarpo phalangeal between carpal bones of the wr1st and joint (condyloid joint) between tarsal bones of the ankle. b) Hinge Joints: These joints permit Hinge joint and condyloid joint angular movement in one direction, like a door on its hinges. The movements Ulna Radius of these joints are called flexion and Articular disc extension, e.g., humerus and ulna of cartilage (elbow), knee and ankle joints, and Triquetralm the joints of phalanges. (c) Condyloid Joints: These joints Lunate Scaphoid allow an angular movement in Wrist joint two directions, e.g., wrist joint. Ulna Movements of this joint include flexion, extension, adduction, -Radius abduction and circumduction, but no rotation. (d) Saddle Joints: These joints permit a great freedom of movements, e.g., Gliding point Carpals -Saddle joint of thumb. It enables the thumb joint tooppose the fingers. (e) Ball and Socket Joints. These Condyloid joint JOintshave an angular movement in Saddle joint and condyloid joint Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.9  this all directions anda pivot movement. In form of joint, a less rounded head lies in cup-like cavity. are the examples of ball and socket joints. Shoulder joint and) more t () Pivot Joint: These are the joints with a rotary hip i ta axis. In this form, aring rotates around a pivot or a movement rotates within a ring being formed of bone and pivot-like and axis bones at the top of the neck. llium of cartilage, e.gp,rocabasesa pelvic girdle Ball and socket joint Head of femur Pivot Balland socket joint Pivot joint 3. PROPERTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES Properties of Muscles Muscle cells are also called muscle fibres. These are the basic unite 8 muscles. Human beings have three types of muscles, i.e., skeletal smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. Skeletal muscles are called muscles, muscles because these muscles are under our consciOus control, whereas. smonl muscles are called involuntary muscle because these are not under our contral voluntary These muscles are found in the walls of our blood vessels and in our hollom visceral organs such as stomach, urinary bladder and respiratory passages. Cardiac muscles are found in the heart. In fact, these muscles form the walls of the heart. Cardiac muscle cells are striated as skeletal muscle cells but cardiac muscles are not voluntary. In fact, muscles have some specific properties that enable them toperform various functions. These properties are stated below. 1. Excitability: Excitability refers to the ability to activate muscles,Contractility thereby causing them to contract. If the excitability of the muscle is greater, its force, velocity and Excitability endurance properties will be greater. As a matter of fact, a Extensibility muscle is excited by the release of calcium into the cell, which acts as the trigger for contraction. Elasticity Adinosine triphosphate (ATP) Properties of muscle 7.10 Education-X! Health and Physical  worksby increasing and sustaining the amount of calcium available to the muscles. which b00sts muscular excitability. For example, in case of a weightlifter, he/she will lift more weight and produce a greater number of repetitionsperset. Contractility: Contractility is the ability of the muscle to shorten forcibly whenitis stimulated adequately. 3. Elasticity: Elasticity is the ability of the muscle tissue to return to its normalIresting length and shape after being stretched. If the muscle tissue 1not have elasticity, it would remain at its stretched length. Extensibility: Extensibility is the ability of muscle to be extended.In fact, muscle fibres shorten while contracting, but stretched or they can be stretched,,even beyond their ressting length when relaxed. If muscle tissue could not stretch, you would not have the mobility or range of motion you have. Functions ofMuscles Muscular system is just like a machine which converts chemical energy into mechanical energy. We know that there are three types of muscles in our body,viz., skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Each type of muscle performs specific function in our body. Along with this, there are two types of skeletal muscle Eheog in a human body, namely, red fibres and white fibres. They are also dslow twitch fibres and fast twitch fibres, respectively. These fibres also have different functions. The various types of muscles and fibres perform the following functions. 1. Muscle contractions usually carry out one of the two maintain a posture or they cause movement. thingseither they 2. Skeletal muscles provide the force for movement of the skeletal system. These muscles perform movements at our will. 3. Cardiac muscles perform pumping action of the heart. 4. Smooth muscles are concerned with the movements of internal organs, such as those of the stomach, intestines, visceral and blood vessels. 5. The two types of skeletal muscle fibres, i.e., slow twitch fibres and fast twitch fibres perform different types of functions. Slow twitch fibres Contract at a slow rate. These fibres play a vital role in endurance activities or aerobic activities, such as in cross country race or long distance The fast twitch fibres contract at a fast rate. These fibres produce races. explosive power. These fibres perform fast repetitive contractions. These fibres are usually at work in 100 m race or sprint races, high jump, weightlifting, basketball, football, etc. These fibres play a vital role while performing anaerobic activities. b. Muscles also provide shape to the human body. 7. Some muscles help in increasing the range of movements. O. Big muscles provide protection to the bones Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.11  CIRCULATORY SYYSTEM 4. FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF AND HEART Meaning of Circulatory System Circulatory system is a group of organs that transport the blood substances to and from all parts of the body. For the body to be and other in a state of good health, the individual cells, tissues and organs must continuous supply of oxygen and other nutrients. Along with this, there a mainhavetained be continuous removal of carbon dioxide and waste products. must The body with the specialised function of transporting these materials to and from system various parts of the body, is the circulatory system. The heart and blood vessels which the blood is constantly moving are the parts of the circulatory thsystroughem, The circulatory system includes the heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins capillaries) and is a closed system through which blood flows continuously. and For abetter understanding, this system can be studied underthe following heads. 1.Heart 2. Arteries 3. Veins 4. Capillaries Blood flow to head and arms Superior vena Aorta Inferior cava vena cava Pulmonary Pulmonary artery arteries Pulmonary veins Left atrium Left Heart Right ventricle Aorta atrium Inferior vena cava Blood flow to Right digestive system ventricle and lower limbs Interventricular septum Heart anatomy Blood flow in human circulatory system Heart The human heart is made up of cardiac muscles. It is a hollow, cone-shaped muscular organ. It is a sort of pump. The pumping action of the heart is fundamental to adequate nutrition of cells and maintenance of internal environment. Without the pumping action of the heart, cells would starve; waste products such as C0,, lactic acid and acid phosphate would build up; and life of the cell and of the individual would cease. 1. Location of the Heart: The heart is located in the thorax between the lungs and above the central depression of the diaphragm. Its weight is approximately 300 g. The base of the heart remains above and the apex below. It is about the size of the closed fist of a person. The apex is inclined towardsthe lert side. As placed in the body, it has an oblique position and the right side s almost in front of the left. The impact of heart during contraction 18 Tel 7.12 Health and Physical Education-XI  against the chest wall in the space between the fifth and little belowthe left nipple and about 8cm to the left of the sixth ribs, median line.a 2. Structure of the Heart: The heart is divided by a septum into two sides, left and right. Each side of the heart is further chambers. The upper chambers are called sub-divided into two atrium or auricles. The lower chambers are called ventricles. So, there are four chambers in the heart- left auricle, right auricle, left ventricle and right ventricle. The walls of auricles are thinner in comparison to those of communicates with right ventricle, whereas left ventricles. Right auricle auricle communicates with left ventricle. Blood is controlled by various valves. of 8. Function the Heart: The circulation of blood ainly depends upon the heart. The course of thethroughout blood from the body ventricle through arteries, arterioles and capillaries, and then the left in the right auricle by veins is its return called systemic circulation. The course f hlood from the right ventricle through the lungs to the left auricle is called pulmonary circulation. Systemic circulation has greater force and pulmonary circulation has lesser force. (a) Systemic Circulation: In systemic the left ventricle of the heart circulation, blood comes out from through small arteries which carry it to variousaorta. Then, it passes through are further divided and sub-divided into parts of the body. The arteries These have narrow passages and thus, resist arterioles to supply blood. the flow of blood. These perform two functions, viz., maintenance of arterial blood and regulation of the flow of blood into pressure capillaries. have very thin walls so that exchange can take These capillaries place plasma and the interstitial fluid. Then, capillaries unite between the venules, which in turn, become veins and eventually becomeand form and inferior vena cava (see figure below). superior (6) Pulmonary Circulation: Fromn the right the right ventricle.When right ventricle auricle,the blood passes into contracts, blood goes pulmonary artery. This is divided to carry the blood to the right into and left lungs. The blood is resisted very little in lungs. In lungs, each artery breaks up into smaller arteries, then into arterioles and lastly into pulmonary capillaries. Blood gets enriched with 0, there and leaves behind CO,. Then pulmonary capillaries unite until veins are formed. Then blood comes back to the heart by four pulmonary veins which release the purified blood into left auricle. Again, the blood passes into left ventricle from where it is sent into aorta for systemic circulation again. In this way, blood circulation takes place throughout the body. Fündamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.13  Arteries Arteries contain blood under high pressure and are, therefore, elastic and thick-walled., The structure and relative thickness vary with artery. The great extensibility of the arteries enables them to receive themusSiczule arof amount of blood forced intothem during each contraction of the arteries were rigid, the systolic blood pressure would be markedly addititohesnale heart. If These arteries do not collapse when they are empty. Only the contracts to some extent in the region of opening. increasecoatd. muscular Classification of Arteries Arteries may be divided into three classes. (a) Elastic Arteries: These arteries include those large arteries leading from the heart (the aorta and pulmonary artery). These are also directly called conducting arteries because they conduct blood from the heart to the arteries. These are very large and may be up to 3cm in diameter. These muscular more elasticity to bear the shock of contraction of heart. have (6) Muscular Arteries: These arteries are of medium size. These ara o called distributing arteries because these distribute the blood to the organs. various (c) Arterioles: These are also muscular arteries but these are much smaller in size. They maintain the blood pressure of the body in general. Veins The veins return the blood to the heart. The structure of the veins is similar to that of arteries. These veins tend to collapse when not filled with blood. In general, the total diameter of the veins returning blood from any organ is at least twice the diameter of the arteries carrying blood to the organ. The veins of lower limbs have greater number of valves than those of the upper limbs. These valves are not found in many veins. Capillaries The capillaries are minute vessels that connect the arterioles with the venules. Types of Capillaries There are three types of capillaries. (a) Continuous Capillaries: These are found in all types of muscles, in connective tissue and in the central nervous system. (b) Fenestrated Capillaries: These are found in renal organ, endocrine glands and in intestines. (c) SinusoidalCapillaries: These are enlarged capillaries found in the liver spleen and bone marrow. Function of Capillaries In the capillaries,exchange of materials takes place. It has been estimated that ther indeed, are about 7,000 sg metres of blood capillaries in an adult's body. This is, 7.14 Health and Physical Education-X  large exchange of substances between the blood andthe tissue fluid. areafor a the glandular organs, the capillaries supply the substances required for secretion; in the alimentary canal, they take up some of the digested food; in In thelungs, they get oxygen and give up CO,; in the kidneys, they discharge the wasteproductscollected from other parts. Every time, everywhere in the body andwalls,an interchange is going on through their walls which is essential for thelite ofthe body. The greater the metabolic activity of the tissue, the denser thecapillarynets. Functions: of Circulatory System The primaryfunction of the blood circulatory system is to ensure the preservation oftheconstant internal environment by transporting oxygen, food material and hormones to the tissue cells and by removing the waste products. As a matter of fact, different organs, including blood, perform different functions, follows. which are as Heart works like a pump, which circulates the blood throughout the body. Arteries allow the pure blood to pass through them throughout the body. Veins bring the impure blood to the heart from every part of the body. AIn capillaries, the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products takes place. K Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to different parts of the body and CO, from the cells of the body to the lungs. 6 Blood carries digested food or nutrients to all parts of the 7 Blood carries hormones from the endocrine body. glands to different organs of the body. 8. Blood carries waste products like urea, lactic acid, uric acid, sulphates, etc., to the kidneys for excretion. 9. Blood regulates the body temperature. 5. FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Structure of Respiratory System Respiration is the process of obtaining and using oxygen, while eliminating carbon dioxide. It is the process by which human Irom their environment and give out carbon dioxidebeings take in oxygen a result of some chemical changes within the that is produced as cells. The Oxygen is indispensable for the human body. If the intakerequirement of of oxygen is cOmpletely suspended for more than four minutes, the person usually dies. So, our body needs a continuous supply of oxygen. Some chemical changes ake place in tissue cells. The main product of these A chemical changes is CO,. fold continuous process. elimination One is of C0, is essential. In fact, respiration is a two- called internal respiration and the other is external Tespiration. The inhalation of oxygen is followed by some chemical changes in which, waste products are formed. Then exhalation of waste products takes Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.15  place. The process of inhalation of0, and exhalation of CO,+H,0 is called respiratory process. There are various organs of respiratory system, which Nasal cavity play avital role in respiration. These Nostril are mentioned below. Eplglottis 1. Nose 2. Pharynx Pharynx 3. Larymx 4. Trachea Larynx 5. Bronchi 6. Diaphragm 7. Lungs Trachea Nose brPriomnchusary Pleural The nose is a special organ of smell and cavity it has a significant role in respiration. It consists of two parts-the external feature, and the internal cavities. (a) External Feature: It is composed Right lung Diaphragm -Left lung of a triangular framework of bone Structure of respiratory system and cartilage, covered by skin. On the inner side of the nose, there are twO Oval-shaped openings, callod nostrils. (6) Internal or Nasal Cavities: These two cavities are separated hy a partition or septum. At the entrance, each cavity or vestibule has numerous coarse hair. These hair of the cavities serve as the fltee tx remove particles that may be taken in with the inhaled ajr. Pharynx Pharynx lies behind the nose. It is a muscular tube which extends from the base of the skull to its junction with the oesophagus at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Larynx After pharynx the air passes through larynx or voice box. It is mainly composed of cartilage. It consists of two pairs of membranes. Air causes the vocal cords to vibrate, thus producing sound. Trachea Trachea is also called wind pipe. It is a kind of tube with cylindrical shape. Its length is about 11.2cm with a diameter of 2 to 2.5 cm. It lies in front of the oesophagus and extends from the larynx. Then it gets divided into two bronchi, one for each lung. The walls of trachea are made of hyaline cartilage. On the mouth the trachea there is a valve, called epiglottis. The epiglottis prevents the food to enter the trachea. Bronchi The two bronchi, intowhich trachea divides, differ slightly. The right bronchus is shorter, wider and more vertical than the left bronchus. These enter tne 7.16 Health and Physical Education-X right and left lungs, respectively and then Vestibule Terminal into a greater number of smaller bronchiole break up which are called bronchial tubes branches, andbronchioles, Infundibulum Diaphragm Diaphragmis a sheet of internal skeletal Atrium extends across the bottom of muscle that the ribcage. The diaphragm separates the thoraciccavity (heart, lungs and ribs) from the Alveoli abdominal cavity and performs an important functionin respiration. When it contracts, the Division of bronchiole into alveoli volume of thoracic cavity increases and air is drawn into the lungs. Lungs Thereare two lungs in our body. Lungs are the Trachea vital organs of respiration. R. Bronchus L. Bronchus Lungs are cone-shaped organs with the apex above. The base of the lungs lhes resting on the floor of the thoracic cavity on the diaphragm. The lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. The left lung has two lobes and the right lung Bronchioles has three lobes. Each of these lobes enters a lobule and as it divides and sub-divides, its walls become thinner and thinner and finally. Bifurcation of trachea these end in the air sacs of the lungs. Visceral pleura Types of Respiration Internal structure of lungs There are two types of respiration, i.e., external respiration and internal respiration. The details are given below. External Respiration 0, is taken in when we inhale. It moves through nose, tubes to alveoli, where it comes into a close contact trachea and bronchial with the blood in the pulmonary capillaries. Only single membrane separates the oxygen from the blood. O, passes through this membrane and is taken up by the RBC, After that, it is carried tothe heart, from where it is haemoglobin of Cne body. In the same way, in the lungs CO, passes through pumped the throughout blood to alveoli. CO, comes out membrane from through bronchi, trachea and the nose. Internal Respiration ne exchange of 0, and CO0, in the tissues constitutes internal consists of the passage of 0, from the blood into the tissue fluid,respiration. It and from the tissue fluid into the tissue cells and the of the blood. CO, from the cells into the tissue fluid, and from the tissue fluid intopassage Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology in Sports 7.17  Now it is clear that external respiration is a process that takes place in and internal respìration is a process that takes place in the cells that the lungs the tissue. make Functions of Respiratory System The continuous supply of oxygen is indispensable for survival. If this suspended for more than four minutes, the individual usually dies. So supplmaiy nis function of the respiratory system is to supply oxygen to the cells of the continuously. the body The next important function of this system is to exhale carbon dioxide, vapour and other waste products from the body. These two water performed by internal and external respiration. functions are Mechanism of Respiration Respiration is a process by which the lungs expand to take in air and after that.a contract to expel the air outside. The complete respiration process inyolves the muscles of the head, neck, thorax and abdomenin addition tothe muscles of larynx, trachea and bronchi. However, the main muscles of inrespi volurntataioryn in normal breathing are the intercostal muscles and diaphragm. Mechanism of respiration involves inspiration and expiration, which are stated below. Inspiration When we inspire or inhale,the intercostal muscles contract actively to expand the chest cavity. Ribs and sternum move upwards and outwards. Width of the chest increases from side to side from front to Nasal Cavity back and from top to bottom. The diaphragm Pharynx also contracts, moves downwards and the depth of the chest increases. The capacity Larynx of the thorax increases. The pressure Trachea between pleural surfaces is reduced. Lungs Bronchioles Bronchi expand to fill thoracic cavity. Air pressure within alveoli is now less than atmospheric Lung pressure. Air is sucked into alveloi from atmosphere. Expiration When we exhale or expire, the intercostal Diaphragm muscles relax, Ribs and sternum move Mechanism of respiration downward and inwards. Diaphragm moves thorax decreases. upwards. The depth of the chest diminishes. The capacity of The pressure increases and forces the air to go out of the lungs. Education-X 7.18 Health and Physical