MPI 2 Recording Industry PDF

**MPI 2** **Recording industry** Audio recording as a forom of communication developed as a result of social and legal responses to the technology during different periods Revolutions per minute RPM The recording industry developed and changed as a result of struggles to control audio recordings...

**MPI 2** **Recording industry** Audio recording as a forom of communication developed as a result of social and legal responses to the technology during different periods Revolutions per minute RPM The recording industry developed and changed as a result of struggles to control audio recordings and their relations to audiences Compact disk CD 3 things about recording industry\ -ownership is international\ -production is dispersed\ -distribution is concentrated Digital music\ -downloading\ -streaming\ -ringtones Internet radio= pre chosen music streams based on certain genres, provided free and paid for by commercial advertisers Label= division of a recording firm that releases a certain type of music Person for signing new artist= A&R artist and repertoire Performance royalties= paid to composers, their publishers and record labels when material is used Mechanical royalties= collected as a result of a sale of physical media AFM= union for musicians Producer= obtaining copyright clearance, lining up session, staying on budget, creating quality Payola= payment of a promotion executive to a station to ensure the music is in the playlist illegal now VEVO= music videos Key issues\ -digital vs analog\ the value gap biggest threat to the future of music industry\ -dispersion of production\ digital distribution and lower production costs, home studios\ -globalization of the industry Two fold dilemma= 1 permission copyright issues 2 video platform don't hold hold the responsibility to pay copyright holders for illegal content The pan alley -- New York= collection of NYC publishers + musicians who were integral in developing an industry around popular music 1990's apex of record sales\ 2000's rise of music pirating\ 2010's rise of streaming Dispersed production= the digital distribution and lower production costs, home studios allowed for small firms to produce and distribute without signing by the majors Concentration of distribution= major recording companies still hold immense power in the marketplace through acces to radio stations, stores, media outlets, marketing budgets **Radio industry** Streaming audio= the flow of sounds to listeners in such a way that the sounds are meant to disappear after they are heard Radio as a form of communication developed as a result of social, legal and organizational responses to the technology during different periods Patent trust= company owned by a number of firms that is formed to share their patents to prevent other firms from entering their industry RCA US broke this monopoly\ 3 consequences\ -advertising as means to support radio\ -creation of networks to spread advertiser sponsored programming around the country\ -creation of federal regulatory body to decide which firms best serve public interest Radio industry developed and changed as a result of struggles to control audio channels and their relation to audiences FM radio= frequency modulation superior to AM= amplitude modulation Terms of funding 2 types\ -commercial\ -non-commercial Commercial= advertising, majority\ non-commercial= verly left of fm reserved by government Billboards= mention of a sponsors name or product at the start or end of an aired program Format= personality of a station designed to attract a particular audience segment Music radio station format governed by\ -music style\ -music time period\ -music activity level\ -music sophistication Music time period= the time of the musics release\ music activity level= measure of the musics dynamic impact\ Music sophistication= simplicity/complexity of musical structure Format consultations analyze competition and choose format to attract audience Narrowcasting= going after specific slices of the audience that are especially attractive to advertisers Listening patterns= peoples habits of radio use On air talent= on air personality Dead air= silence, big taboo Burn music test= playing many of the playlists songs for the people to see if it is still popular Fringe listeners= fall within target audience but rarely listen to particular station Core audience= people who spend a lot of time listening to particular station Format clock= circular chart that divides one hour of radio stations format into different timed program elements Drive time= when people drive to/ from work Network provides regular schedule of programming materials\ syndicator makes licensing deal for 1 show at a time Format networks= programming firms that provide subscribing radio stations with all the. Programming for 24 hours 7 days a week Barter= syndicator provides program but keeps number of minutes for sale of commericals 4 kinds of advertising\ -local advertising bought from local station by local advertisers\ -nation spot advertising local time is bought by national advertisers or their representatives (ford)\ -network advertising sponsors purchase airtime not from the station but from the network that serves the station\ -digital advertising all revenue coming from radio website or app Call of air revenue= revenue generated from businesses in the physical world that radio stations have been building Portable people meter= for tracking radio listening both at home and on the street Streaming audio measurement= brings together data it collects from peoples apps or web players 1 rating point= 1% of population in the market Radio promotion= content or event in which prices are given out Online radio better called audio streaming **Internet industry** Internet= global system of interconnective private, public, academic business and government computer networks that use a standard set of commands to link millions of users worldwide Packets= segments of messages that contain digital instructions that allow them to reassemble properly at the same time\] Hyperlinks= highlighted words/pictures when clicked connects user to particular file Hypertext markup language HTML= computer language system allowed people to access a system of interlinked documents through the internet User generated content UGC= creative products such as videos and music generated by people on apps Internet service provider=company that sells internet acces Wifi= radio technology to provide secure reliable fast wireless connectivity 4 types of wifi b, g, n, ac\ each provides a faster connection Net neutrality= proposition that LSP's should treat all traffic on the internet equally Social media site= online location where people can interact Webspiders/webcrawlers= programs used by search engines that search the internet to retrieve and catalog the content of websites Natural/ organic results= website based on a search engines algorithm without any influence from advertisers Social search= carried out to find out what people in a persons social circle say about an item Keyword advertising= software uses words in search box to send that person ads that are related to the topic Contextual advertising= software determines what a person is reading and sends the person ads for products advertisers consider related Profiling= creating description of someone based on data Cookie= information a website puts on your computer hard drive so it can remember something about you Clickstream= used to describe user movement through websites Behavioral targeting= following people's behavior and send them material tailored to what was learned about them Data mining= gathering and storing information to be used in audience profiling and interactive marketing Big data= data about audiences that can be described by high levels of 3v's 3V's=volume, variety, velocity Ad network= collection of many websites that a company knits together in order to sell ads Ad exchanges= electronic auctions with various publishers and ad networks Personal identifiable information= name, address or other info that allows tracking a person General data protection regulation EU OPT in= markets can't collect data unless person explicitly says its okay OPT out= markets can collect personal data as long as they inform people what they do and give them option to refuse **Film industry** The movie industry developed and changed as a result of struggles to control its distribution channels to audiences Star systems= find and cultivate actors under long term contracts intention to make them famous stars A film= expensively produces films, glamourous high paid stars B film= more quickly, smaller budgets Paramount consent degree 1940 ended vertical integration Theatrical films= films created to be shown first in traditional movie theatres Box office receipts=sum of money taken in for admission Blockbuster=films that bring in more then 200 million The majors= 5 biggest companies associated with Hollywood\ Disney, Universal Pictures, Warner Bros., Columbia, and Paramount Film production firms= coming up with movie ideas finding scriptwriters hiring pesonnel Fil distribution firms= responsible for finding theatres and promoting the films Independent producers= production firms that are not owned by a distributor Scriptwriters= individuals who create plays for the movies with scenes and dialog Talent agents= individual who represent various creative personnel Treatment= detailed outline after pitch On spec= less established writers write whole scripts before getting paid Green light= when movie production firm thinks it will success Back end deal/percentage of the gross= when actor/director takes lower base salary but gets a percentage the film receives Guilds= unions established by writers, directors, actors Distribution rights= rights to circulate a particular movie in different parts of the world Line producer= individual who makes sure equipment and personnel are there when needed Completion bond companies= insurance companies that for a large fee pay any costs that exceed an agreed upon amount Day and date release= simultaneous release for movies in different countries 2 basic release patterns\ -wide release= most common, opening a film in more then 600 theatres simultaneously/ saturation release opening a film in more then 2000 theatres\ -limited release= fewer theatres, small numbers of areas when they feel film needs time for media reviews Block booking= when movie distributors force exhibitors to book blocks of their films Title testing\ previewing Tracking studies= research on the publics awareness of and interest in the film Negative costs= total costs of marketing+ editing movie Bookers= people who license movies from distributors to theatres Exhibition license= date, how many weeks, when, where competing theatres can show the fim, financial agreement Percentage above the nut approach= percentage above standard costs is what distributor gets Digital cinema package DCP= harddrive encrypted and shipped to the theatre that has the password Satellite cinema package SCP= theatre downloads movie from satellite and projects it Sell through outlets= stores in which consumers buy video rather than renting them\ rental outlets rents movie out Film piracy= unauthorized duplication of copyrighted films for profit Data locker= websites that rent secure password protected areas to store files Art films= movies created on small budget that do not fit in Hollywood stereotypes **Videogame industry** The videogame can be traced back to developments unrelated to the computer pinballmachine Entertainment arcades= commercial locations featuring coin operated machines The video game as a medium of communication developed as a result of social and legal responses to the technology during different periods Internet bulletin boards= many users could send messages to each other and share a game Multiuser dungeons= fantasy chatroom multiplayer games Predecessor of massively multiplayer online role playing games (world of warcraft) The videogame industry developed and changed as a result of struggles to control its channels to audiences Average age men gamers 32 55% of population\ Average age female gamer 36 45% of population Hardware= devices on which videogames are played Nintendo, Microsoft (Xbox), Sony (playstation)\ contemporary gaming\ convergence streaming Netflix etc Casual gamer= plays games for free Handheld game devices= portable primarily designed for gameplay Freemium= free game but pay to get rid of ads, additional levels Social games= games through social networks Augmented reality= real time use of information in the form of text, graphics, audio and other virtual enhancements integrated with real world objects Virtual reality= computer generated 3d environment that surrounds the user Video game publishers= coordinate production of video games Largest number of games are made by third party publishers= companies unaffiliated with hardware companies Game genres\ -action\ -shooter\ -competitive (1 on 1 combat)\ -platform (traveling running jumping super mario bros)\ -adventure (exploration and story rather then challenges)\ -casual\ -simulation\ -strategy\ -real time strategy\ -turn based strategy\ -sports\ -edutainment Rewarded ads= ask player to watch short ad in return for reward Google admob= marketplace by which firms can bid to advertise in games Dynamic in game advertising= change ads depending on criteria 22% women in gaming industry harassed Transactional databases= store and sort large quantities of data that reflect transactions Video game is a product of convergence and remediation= blending of old and new media forms Golden age video games 1972-1983 Playbor= dream job status used to excuse exploitation of laborers **Television industry** 1950's golden age of television Syndication= the licensing of mass media material to outlets on a market by market basis Code of good practices= regarding morality in content that in many words mirrored self regulated film industry code 1960's political and social problems, violence, idiotic entertainment Television program ratings= audits of people's viewing behaviors that gauge which shows households view and how many people are viewing TV 3 domains\ -television broadcasting\ -subscription cable or satellite services\ -online mobile playforms Commercial station= make money by selling time to advertisers\ non commercial station= viewer donations, private foundations and commercial films in exchange for billboards Billboards= mention of a sponsors name or products at the start or end of an program Underwriting= company pays to sponsor a program on a non commercial station Television network= organization that distributes television programs to all its affiliated stations Big 4 commercial networks= ABS, CBS, FOX, NBC\ owned and operated stations within= o&o Station not affiliated with big 4= independent broadcast station Retransmission fees= money television networks and local station charge cable & satellite firms for the right to carry their material Multichannel subscription video programming distributors= organization that delivers video programming services usually for subscription fee Cable television system= company that physically installs cable\ firms that own 2 or more cable systems= multiple system owner Lineup= menu of channels cable tv system offers potential subscriber License fees= the costs that particular networks charge exhibitors for carrying the networks lineups in the cable/satellite systems Tiering= charging different amounts for different levels of programming Pay per view= pay for an individual program (boxing match) Video on demand Head end= the systems regional delivery location Digital frequencies allow high frequency television Multichannel broadcasting= splitting digital signals in 1,2,3,4 separately programmed channels vMVDP's= virtual multiple program distributors, less linear television channels but lower price\ slim bundels= smaller channel collection cutting the cord= dropping cable telco or satellite cord savers=keep cable, telco satellite but drop tiers ratings= audits to determine where the moneey for programming and advertising should go people meter= small box, sample of US population, every meber of family special code gives watch information to Nielsen sweeps= survey tv viewing in February, may, august, November competition between programmers especially keen household ratings= number of households the channel was turned on compared with number of households in the channels universe people ratings= particular demographic categories of individuals within each household household share= number of households in which channel was turned on compared with number of tv owning households in the area channel could be viewed reach=percentage of entire target audience to which they circulate national rating point= measure of percentage of tv sets in US that are tuned to a specific show average commercial minute= determining rating and household viewing during commercials c3 rating= measuring rating of average commercial minute of a program within a 3 day window\ c7= 7 day window prime time= largest amount of people are viewing series= a set of programs that revolve around the same ideas or characters (house hunters) challenge is to maximize audience flow lead in= program what comes before and leads in to another program sampling= trying a new series lead out= program that follows a serie hammock= placing program between the right lead in and out counterprogramming= target another audience when you know an audience is watching another show treatment= multipage elaboration of an idea concept testing= reading 1 paragraph description to people who fit the profile, phone or in preview theatres pilot= sample script test program license= to air episodes barter= distributor provides a program to an exhibitor in exchange for the right to sell ad time to advertisers stripping= 5 day a week placement of a television show off network syndication= distributor takes program that has already been shown and rents episodes to tv stations for local airing (the big bang theory) out of home locations/captive audience locations= airline waiting aread and checkout lines social television= person using 1 screen. For viewing while he or she uses another screen for discussing it with others