Recording Industry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between 'mechanical royalties' and 'performance royalties' in the music industry?

  • Mechanical royalties are paid to musicians while performance royalties are paid to record labels.
  • Mechanical royalties are collected by music streaming services, while performance royalties are collected by music publishers.
  • Mechanical royalties are paid for physical media sales, while performance royalties are paid for radio play or public performances. (correct)
  • Mechanical royalties are used to fund new music production, while performance royalties are used to promote existing music.

    • What is 'payola' in the context of the music industry?

  • The process of obtaining copyright clearance for music used in films and TV shows.
  • A system where recording artists pay radio stations to play their music. (correct)
  • A way to measure the popularity of a song based on its digital downloads and streaming figures.
  • A legal practice of promoting music through online streaming platforms.

    • What is the main impact of digital distribution and lower production costs on the music industry?

  • It has led to a decrease in the quality of music production.
  • It has reduced the need for traditional music labels to sign new artists.
  • It has made it easier for independent artists to produce and distribute their music. (correct)
  • It has caused a decline in the overall revenue generated by the music industry.

    • What is the 'value gap' and how does it threaten the music industry?

    <p>The gap between the amount of revenue generated by music streaming services and the revenue paid to musicians and rights holders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the A&R department in a recording company?

    <p>Developing and signing new artists to the company's label.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'format clock' in radio programming?

    <p>To schedule the different program elements within an hour of radio programming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between commercial and non-commercial radio stations?

    <p>Commercial stations rely on advertising revenue while non-commercial stations rely on listener donations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why radio stations utilize 'format consultations'?

    <p>To analyze the competition and choose a format that will attract the target audience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'narrowcasting' in the context of radio programming?

    <p>Focusing on specific niches or segments of the audience to attract advertisers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that governs the format of a music radio station?

    <p>Music production budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a 'treatment' in the television industry?

    <p>To create a detailed outline of a television show's story and characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a 'lineup' in the cable television industry?

    <p>A list of all the cable channels available to subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of 'big data' as described in the text?

    <p>High cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of 'profiling' in the context of online advertising?

    <p>To create a detailed description of a user based on data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'OPT in' mean in terms of data collection?

    <p>Companies can collect data from individuals only if they specifically grant permission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common challenge faced by television programmers?

    <p>Obtaining funding for new programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between 'local advertising' and 'national spot advertising' in the radio industry?

    <p>Local advertising is purchased by local businesses, while national spot advertising is purchased by national companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a 'talent agent' in the film industry?

    <p>To represent and negotiate contracts for actors, directors, and other creative personnel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a 'wide release' and a 'limited release' for a film?

    <p>Wide release films are generally shown in more theaters than limited release films</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of 'counterprogramming' in the television industry?

    <p>To attract a specific target audience during times when another program is airing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an 'ad network' in the online advertising world?

    <p>To connect advertisers with a large network of websites to display their ads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a 'casual gamer' and a 'core gamer'?

    <p>Casual gamers play games for short periods of time, while core gamers spend extensive hours gaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'playbor' refer to in the context of the video game industry?

    <p>The exploitation of video game developers and other workers in the industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Paramount Consent Degree' in the history of the film industry?

    <p>It ended the practice of vertical integration in the film industry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of 'streaming audio measurement' in the radio industry?

    <p>To track radio listenership across various platforms, including apps and websites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of 'syndication' in the television industry?

    <p>To license existing television shows to different outlets for broadcast or streaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recording Industry

    • Audio recording developed due to social and legal responses to technology.
    • Revolutions per minute (RPM) were a key element.
    • Struggles to control audio recordings and their impact on audiences shaped the industry's evolution.
    • Ownership, production, and distribution are key elements of the industry, often international, dispersed, and concentrated.
    • Digital music formats like downloading, streaming, and ringtones have transformed the industry.
    • Internet radio provides pre-chosen music streams based on genres, offered by both free and paid commercial advertisements.
    • Labels (divisions of recording firms) release specific music types.
    • A&R (artist and repertoire) personnel sign new artists.
    • Composers, publishers, and record labels receive performance royalties when their work is used.
    • Mechanical royalties are paid when physical media is sold.
    • AFM (Musicians' Union) is a key player.
    • Producers play a role in copyright clearance, scheduling, and budget control.
    • Payola (payment to station employees for playlist inclusion) is an illegal practice.
    • VEVO is a service that provides music videos.
    • Key industry issues include the analog-digital value gap, the spreading of production operations, reduced production costs from home studios, and globalization.

    Radio Industry

    • Streaming audio delivers sound to listeners.
    • Radio communication has evolved due to social, legal, and organizational responses to technology.
    • Patent trusts controlled industry access and practice.
    • The US broke the trust, opening the industry to other firms.
    • Advertising revenue is a means of support for radio.
    • Federal regulations govern radio broadcasts and the selection of radio firms to provide services to the public.
    • FM radio (frequency modulation) signals are superior to AM (amplitude modulation) signal quality.
    • Commercial and non-commercial radio formats exist.

    Music Radio Station Formats

    • Stations target specific audiences with music styles, time periods, and activity levels.
    • Music time periods and sophistication (simplicity or complexity of music) are crucial elements.
    • Format consultations help analyze competitors and shape formats for maximum audience appeal.
    • Narrowcasting seeks specific niche audiences
    • Listening patterns, on-air talents, dead air, and burn music testing help ensure popularity and content accuracy.
    • Core audiences and fringe listeners are different for each station.
    • Format clocks structure an hour of radio content.
    • Drive times are targeted for specific activities and traffic.
    • Various types of companies provide programming for radio stations.
    • Distribution through bartering is also involved.

    Advertising in the Radio Industry

    • Local, national spot, and network advertising are four types of advertising.
    • Network advertising involves purchase of airtime from the network, not a local station.
    • Revenue is sourced from multiple sources including websites and physical businesses.
    • Radio stations use portable people meters for data collection.
    • Streaming audio data collection tracks user behavior.
    • Radio promotions for content or events can be used to drive sales.

    Internet and the Industries

    • The internet is a system of interconnected networks that uses standard commands to connect worldwide users.
    • Packets (segments of messages) carry instructions allowing messages to be reassembled accurately.
    • Hyperlinks are highlighted words or images that connect users to other documents or files.
    • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a language to build internet documents.
    • User generated content (UGC) includes videos, music, other content.
    • Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide access to the Internet.
    • Wireless connection via Wifi (b, g, n, ac) are also part of internet infrastructure.
    • Net neutrality requires that Internet Service Providers treat all traffic equally.

    Film Industry

    • Film production companies and distributors have struggled to control distribution channels to target audiences.

    Entertainment Arcades, Videogames, and Television Industry

    • Entertainment arcades involve coin-operated machines.
    • Videogames have evolved due to social and legal issues pertaining to technology.
    • The average ages for male and female gamers are different based on research.
    • The popularity and use of hardware, or devices (Playstation, Xbox, etc) to make games has changed over time.
    • Casual gaming includes free games.
    • Handheld gaming devices are portable.
    • Freemium games provide core gameplay, with additional paid features, to attract users.
    • Social games benefit from user interactions.
    • Augmented and virtual reality enhance gaming experiences.
    • Video game publishers coordinate production.
    • Video games are categorized by genre.

    Television Industry

    • The 1950s were a golden age for television.
    • Syndication (licensing of media) is a key part of the business model for the industry.
    • Content codes of conduct (morality and suitability) affect programming decisions.
    • The 1960s saw significant social and political issues with violence and entertainment.
    • Television program ratings analyze viewers.
    • Television content (broadcasting, cable, and online/mobile access) is consumed via three major formats.
    • Non-commercial stations receive funding from viewer donations or private organizations, instead of from ads.

    Television Industry Operations

    • Billboards for product or sponsor mention on TV programming is discussed.
    • Underwriting, a pay-to-sponsor model for programs, for non-commercial stations, exists.
    • Television networks distribute programming to affiliates.
    • Retransmission fees pay local broadcasters to include network channels.
    • Cable and satellite firms pay for distribution rights to air content.
    • Channel packages involve tiered pricing for delivery of different types of programming.
    • Pay-per-view allows viewers to pay for specific programming.
    • Video-on-demand involves programming delivery via digital platforms.
    • Digital frequencies allow multiple streams of programming to be delivered.
    • Virtual multi-program distributors (vMVDPs) offer a less-linear view of television.
    • Reducing streaming television costs to consumers is a challenge.

    Television Measurement and Audiences

    • People meters (small boxes) monitor TV viewing habits.
    • "Sweeps" measure television audiences during specific periods.
    • Household and people ratings, and the sharing of such data to advertisers are part of the industry.
    • Reach is the percentage of target audiences that view specific content.
    • Rating points (and points-based percentages) estimate viewership by audience segments.
    • Commercial minute ratings measure the average number of viewers watching a commercial.
    • Content scheduling based on audience flow, or time in which content is shown, is common.
    • Lead in and lead out programs are used to attract and maintain audiences.

    Television Industry Business Practices

    • Barter agreements are used for exchange of television services among providers.
    • Content distribution through stripping and off-network syndication is prevalent.
    • Out-of-home, captive audience viewing locations for entertainment are examined.

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    Related Documents

    MPI 2 Recording Industry PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate dynamics of the recording industry, from technological advancements to legal implications. Understand the key roles of artists, producers, and labels in the music ecosystem. Dive into how digital formats and streaming have revolutionized music consumption.

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